Indian Navy Explained

Unit Name:	Indian Navy
Start Date:	(as current service)---- (as East India Company's Marine)^[1] ----
Country:	India
Type:	Navy
Role:	Naval warfare, force projection, sealift, nuclear deterrence
Size:	64,000 active personnel^[2] 50,000 reserve personnel^[3] (250 including auxiliaries) Approx. 300 aircraft
Garrison:	Integrated Defence Headquarters, Ministry of Defence, New Delhi
Garrison Label:	Headquarters
Motto:	(ISO)
Colours:	Navy blue, gold and white
Colours Label:	Colours
March:	Quick: Jai Bharati (Victory to India) Slow: Anand Lok (Realm of Joy)
Titlestyle:	background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
Major wars and Operations

}

The Indian Navy is the maritime branch of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Navy. The Chief of Naval Staff, a four-star admiral, commands the navy. As a blue-water navy, it operates significantly in the Persian Gulf Region, the Horn of Africa, the Strait of Malacca, and routinely conducts anti-piracy operations and partners with other navies in the region. It also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in the South and East China seas as well as in the western Mediterranean sea simultaneously.

The primary objective of the navy is to safeguard the nation's maritime borders, and in conjunction with other Armed Forces of the union, act to deter or defeat any threats or aggression against the territory, people or maritime interests of India, both in war and peace. Through joint exercises, goodwill visits and humanitarian missions, including disaster relief, the Indian Navy promotes bilateral relations between nations.

As of June 2019, the Indian Navy has 67,252 active^[4] and 75,000 reserve personnel in service and has a fleet of 150 ships and submarines, and 300 aircraft.^{[5] [6]} As of September 2022, the operational fleet consists of 2 active aircraft carriers and 1 amphibious transport dock, 4 landing ship tanks, 8 landing craft utility, 12 destroyers, 12 frigates, 2 ballistic missile submarines, 16 conventionally-powered attack submarines, 18 corvettes, one mine countermeasure vessel, 4 fleet tankers and numerous other auxiliary vessels, small patrol boats and sophisticated ships. It is considered as a multi-regional power projection blue-water navy.^{[7] [8]}

History

See main article: History of the Indian Navy.

Early Maritime History

See main article: Indian maritime history. The maritime history of India dates back 6,000 years to the pre-Indus Valley civilisation.^[9] A Kutch mariner's log book from 19th century recorded that the first tidal dock in India was built at Lothal around 2300 BC during the Indus Valley Civilisation, near the present-day harbor of Mangrol on the Gujarat coast. The Rig Veda credits Varuna, the Hindu god of water and the celestial ocean, with knowledge of the ocean routes and describes the use of ships having hundred oars in the naval expeditions by Indians. There are also references to the side wings of a ship called Plava, which stabilise the vessel during storms. Plava are considered to be the precursors of modern-day stabilisers.^[10]

Alexander the Great, during his campaigns in India, built a harbour at Patala.^[11] His army retreated to Mesopotamia using ships built at Sindh. In the period after his conquest, records show that the Emperor of Maurya Empire, Chandragupta Maurya, as a part of his war office, established an Admiralty Division. Many historians from ancient India recorded Indian trade relations. Indian trade reached Java and Sumatra. There were also references to the trade routes of countries in the Pacific and Indian Ocean. India also had trade relations with the Greeks and the Romans. At one instance Roman historian Gaius Plinius Secundus mentioned Indian traders carrying away large masses of gold and silver from Rome, in payment for skins, precious stones, clothes, indigo, sandalwood, herbs, perfumes, and spices.

During 5–10 AD, Kalinga conquered Western Java, Sumatra and Malaya. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands served as an important halt point for trade ships en route to these nations and as well as China.^[12]

Middle Ages

See main article: Chola Navy. Medieval Empires in the Indian subcontinent further developed their naval forces. During 844–848 AD the daily revenue from these nations was expected to be around 200 maunds of gold. During 984–1042 AD, under the reign of Raja Raja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I and Kulothunga Chola I, a naval expedition by the Chola dynasty captured parts of Burma, Sumatra, Sri Lanka, and Malaya, and simultaneously repressed pirate activities by Sumatran warlords.

.

During the 14th and 15th centuries, Indian shipbuilding and maritime abilities skill set exceeded European capabilities at the time. Their ships could carry over a hundred crew and were compartmentalized to limit the effect of damage keeping the ship afloat.

Decline

By the end of 15th century Indian naval power had started to decline, and had reached its low by the time the Portuguese entered India. Soon after they set foot in India, the Portuguese started to seize all Asian vessels not permitting their trade. Amidst this, in 1529, a naval war at Bombay Harbour resulted in the surrender of Thane, Karanja, and Bandora. By 1534, the Portuguese took complete control over Bombay Harbour. The Zamorin of Calicut challenged the Portuguese trade when Vasco da Gama refused to pay the customs levy as per the trade agreement. This resulted in two major naval wars, the first one—Battle of Cochin, was fought in 1504, and the second engagement happened four years later off Diu. Both these wars exposed the weakness of Indian maritime power and simultaneously helped the Portuguese to gain mastery over the Indian waters. However, in 1526 the Zamorin launched the siege of Calicut on the Portuguese forts in Calicut, successfully eliminating Portuguese influence in the city.^[13]

Later revival

By the later seventeenth century Indian naval power revived. The Mughal Empire maintained a significant navel fleet although it was the weakest branch of the military.^[14] Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani maintained large fleets of trade ships including the Rahīmī and Ganj-i-Sawai.^{[15] [16]} The Rahimi was the largest of the Indian ships trading in the Red Sea.^[17] After being sacked by pirates, this ship was replaced by the Ganj-i-Sawa. This ship was eventually sacked by English Pirate Henry Every.^[18] The Navy mainly patrolled coastal areas. The navy was active in the Siege of Hooghly and the Anglo-Mughal War. ^{[19] [20]} One of the best-documented naval campaign of the Mughal empire were provided during the conflict against kingdom of Arakan, where in December 1665, Aurangzeb dispatched Shaista Khan, his governor of Bengal to command 288 vessels and more than 20,000 men to pacify the pirate activities within Arakan territory and to capture Chittagong,^[21]

The Maratha Confederacy had a significant coastal navy. The alliance of the Moghuls and the Sidis of Janjira was marked as a major power on the west coast. On the southern front, the 1st Sovereign of the Maratha Kingdom, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, started creating his own fleet. His fleet was commanded by notable admirals like Sidhoji Gujar and Kanhoji Angre. The Maratha Navy under the leadership of Angre kept the English, Dutch and Portuguese away from the Konkan coast. However, the Marathas witnessed remarkable decline in their naval capabilities following the death of Angre in 1729.

The origins of the current Indian Navy date to 1612, when an English vessel under the command of Captain Thomas Best defeated the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally. Although the Portuguese were defeated, this incident along with the trouble caused by the pirates to the merchant vessels, forced the British to maintain fleet near Surat, Gujarat. East India Company (HEIC) formed a naval arm, and the first squadron of fighting ships reached the Gujarat coast on 5 September 1612. Their objective was to protect British merchant shipping off the Gulf of Cambay and up the Narmada and Tapti rivers. As the HEIC continued to expand its rule and influence over different parts of India, the responsibility of Company's Marine increased too.^[22]

Over time, the British predominantly operated from Bombay, and in 1686, the HEIC's naval arm was renamed the Bombay Marine. At times the Bombay Marine engaged Dutch, French, Maratha, and Sidi vessels. Much later, it was also involved in the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824.

East India Company to independence

See main article: Royal Indian Navy (1612–1950). In 1834, the Bombay Marine became Her Majesty's Indian Navy. The Navy saw action in the First Opium War of 1840 and in the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852. Due to some unrecorded reasons, the Navy's name reverted to the Bombay Marine from 1863 to 1877, after which it was named Her Majesty's Indian Marine. At that time, the Marine operated in two divisions—the Eastern Division at Calcutta under the Superintendent of Bay of Bengal, and the Western Division at Bombay Superintendent of Arabian Sea. In 1892 the Marine was renamed the Royal Indian Marine, and by the end of the 19th century it operated over fifty ships. The Marine participated in World War I with a fleet of patrol vessels, troop carriers, and minesweepers. In 1928, D. N. Mukherji was the first Indian to be granted a commission, in the rank of an Engineer Sub-lieutenant. Also in 1928, the RIM was accorded combatant status, which entitled it to be considered a true fighting force and to fly the White Ensign of the Royal Navy. In 1934, the Marine was upgraded to a full naval force, thus becoming the Royal Indian Navy (RIN), and was presented the King's colours in recognition of its services to the British Crown.

During the early stages of World War II, the tiny Royal Indian Navy consisted of five sloops, one survey vessel, one depot ship, one patrol vessel and numerous assorted small craft; personnel strength was at only 114 officers and 1,732 sailors. The onset of war led to an expansion in numbers of vessels and personnel. By June 1940, the navy had doubled its number in terms of both personnel and material, and expanded nearly six times of its pre-war strength by 1942. The navy was actively involved in operations during the war around the world and was heavily involved in operations around the Indian Ocean, including convoy escorts, mine-sweeping and supply, as well as supporting amphibious assaults.

When hostilities ceased in August 1945, the Royal Indian Navy had expanded to a personnel strength of over 25,000 officers and sailors. Its fleet comprised seven sloops, four frigates, four corvettes, fourteen minesweepers, sixteen trawlers, two depot ships, thirty auxiliary vessels, one hundred and fifty landing craft, two hundred harbour craft and several offensive and defensive motor launches. During World War II the Navy suffered two hundred and seventy five casualties—twenty seven officers, two warrant officers and 123 ratings killed in action, two ratings missing in action and a further 14 officers, two warrant officers and 123 ratings wounded. For their role in the war, the officers and ratings of the Navy received the following honours and decorations—a KBE (Mil.), a knighthood, a CB (Mil.), 10 CIEs, two DSOs, a CBE, 15 DSCs, an OBE, 28 DSMs, eight OBIs, two IOMs, 16 BEMs, 10 Indian Defence Service Medals, a Royal Humane Society Medal, 105 mentions in dispatches and 118 assorted commendations. Immediately after the war, the navy underwent a rapid, large-scale demobilisation of vessels and personnel.

From the inception of India's naval force, some senior Indian politicians had voiced concerns about the degree of "Indianisation" of the Navy and its subordination to the Royal Navy in all important aspects. On the eve of WWII, the RIN had no Indian senior line officers and only a single Indian senior engineer officer.^[23] Even by the war's end, the Navy remained a predominantly British-officered service; in 1945, no Indian officer held a rank above engineer commander and only a few Indian officers in the executive branch held substantive senior line officer rank.^[24] This situation, coupled with inadequate levels of training and discipline, poor communication between officers and ratings, instances of racial discrimination and the ongoing trials of ex-Indian National Army personnel ignited the Royal Indian Navy mutiny by Indian ratings in 1946. A total of 78 ships, 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in the strike, which spread over much of India. After the strike began, the sailors received encouragement and support from the Communist Party in India; unrest spread from the naval ships, and led to student and worker hartals in Bombay. The strike ultimately failed as the sailors did not receive substantial support from either the Indian Army or from political leaders in Congress or the Muslim League.^[25] On 21 July 1947, H.M.S. Choudhry and Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman, both of whom would eventually command the Pakistani and Indian Navies, respectively, became the first Indian RIN officers to attain the acting rank of captain.^[26]

Independence to the end of the 20th century

See main article: 1961 Indian annexation of Goa and Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts.

Following independence and the partition of India on 15 August 1947, the RIN's depleted fleet of ships and remaining personnel were divided between the newly independent Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan. 21 per cent of the Navy's officer cadre and 47 per cent of its sailors opted to join the portion of the fleet which became the Royal Pakistan Navy. The Indian share of the Navy consisted of 32 vessels along with 11,000 personnel. Effective from the same date, all British officers were compulsorily retired from the Navy and its reserve components, with Indian officers being promoted to replace British senior officers. However, a number of British flag and senior officers were invited to continue serving in the RIN, as only nine of the Navy's Indian commissioned officers had more than 10 years' service, with the majority of them only having served from five to eight years.^[27] Rear Admiral John Talbot Savignac Hall headed the Navy as its first Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) post-Independence. In January 1948, D.N. Mukherji, the first Indian officer in the RIN, became the first Indian to be promoted acting engineer captain.^[28] In May 1948, Captain Ajitendu Chakraverti became the first Indian officer to be appointed to the rank of commodore.^[29] When India became a republic on 26 January 1950, the Royal prefix was dropped and the name Indian Navy was officially adopted. The prefix for naval vessels was changed from His Majesty's Indian Ship (HMIS) to Indian Naval Ship (INS). At the same time, the imperial crown in insignia was replaced with the Lion Capital of Ashoka and the Union Jack in the canton of the White Ensign was replaced with the Indian Tricolour.^[30]

By 1955, the Navy had largely overcome its post-Independence personnel shortfalls. During the early years following independence, many British officers continued to serve in the Navy on secondment from the Royal Navy, due to the post-Independence retirement or transfer of many experienced officers to the Royal or the Pakistan navies. The first C-in-C of the Navy was Admiral Sir Edward Parry who took over from Hall in 1948 and handed over to Admiral Sir Charles Thomas Mark Pizey in 1951. Admiral Pizey also became the first Chief of the Naval Staff in 1955, and was succeeded by Vice Admiral Sir Stephen Hope Carlill the same year The pace of "Indianising" continued steadily through the 1950s. By 1952, senior Naval appointments had begun to be filled by Indian officers, and by 1955, basic training for naval cadets was entirely conducted in India. In 1956, Ram Dass Katari became the first Indian flag officer, and was appointed the first Indian Commander of the Fleet on 2 October. On 22 April 1958, Vice Admiral Katari assumed the command of the Indian Navy from Carlill as the first Indian Chief of Staff of the Indian Navy. With the departure in 1962 of the last British officer on secondment to the Navy, Commodore David Kirke, the Chief of Naval Aviation, the Indian Navy finally became an entirely Indian service.

The first engagement in action of the Indian Navy was against the Portuguese Navy during the liberation of Goa in 1961. Operation Vijay followed years of escalating tension due to Portuguese refusal to relinquish its colonies in India. On 21 November 1961, Portuguese troops fired on the passenger liner Sabarmati near Anjadip Island, killing one person and injuring another.^[31] During Operation Vijay, the Indian Navy supported troop landings and provided fire support. The cruiser sank one Portuguese patrol boat,^[32] while frigates and destroyed the Portuguese frigate . The 1962 Sino-Indian War was largely fought over the Himalayas and the Navy had only a defensive role in the war.

At the outbreak of Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Navy had one aircraft carrier, two cruisers, nineteen destroyers and frigates, and one tanker. Of these twenty-ships ten were under refit. The others were largely involved coastal patrols. During the war, the Pakistani Navy attacked the Indian coastal city of Dwarka, although there were no military resources in the area. While this attack was insignificant, India deployed naval resources to patrol the coast and deter further bombardment. Following these wars in the 1960s, India resolved to strengthen the profile and capabilities of its Armed Forces.

The dramatic change in the Indian Navy's capabilities and stance was emphatically demonstrated during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Under the command of Admiral Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda, the navy successfully enforced a naval blockade of West and East Pakistan. Pakistan's lone long-range submarine was sunk following an attack by the destroyer off the coast of Visakhapatnam in the midnight of 3–4 December 1971.^[33] On 4 December, the Indian Navy successfully executed Operation Trident, a devastating attack on the Pakistan Naval Headquarters of Karachi that sank a minesweeper, a destroyer and an ammunition supply ship. The attack also irreparably damaged another destroyer and oil storage tanks at the Karachi port.^[34] To commemorate this, 4 December is celebrated as the Navy Day.^[35] This was followed by Operation Python on 8 December 1971, further deprecating the Pakistan Navy's capabilities.^[34] Indian frigate, commanded by Captain M. N. Mulla was sunk by, while was damaged on the west coast.^[36] In the Bay of Bengal, the aircraft carrier was deployed to successfully enforce the naval blockade on East Pakistan. Sea Hawk and the Alizé aircraft from INS Vikrant sank numerous gunboats and Pakistani merchant marine ships.^[37] To demonstrate its solidarity as an ally of Pakistan, the United States sent Task Force 74 centred around the aircraft carrier into the Bay of Bengal. In retaliation, Soviet Navy submarines trailed the American task force, which moved away from the Indian Ocean towards Southeast Asia to avert a confrontation.^[38] In the end, the Indian naval blockade of Pakistan choked off the supply of reinforcements to the Pakistani forces, which proved to be decisive in the overwhelming defeat of Pakistan.^[39]

Since playing a decisive role in the victory, the navy has been a deterrent force maintaining peace for India in a region of turmoil. In 1983, the Indian Navy planned for Operation Lal Dora to support the government of Mauritius against a feared coup. In 1986, in Operation Flowers are Blooming, the Indian Navy averted an attempted coup in the Seychelles. In 1988, India launched Operation Cactus, to successfully thwart a coup d'état by PLOTE in the Maldives. Naval maritime reconnaissance aircraft detected the ship hijacked by PLOTE rebels. and Indian marine commandos recaptured the ship and arrested the rebels.^[40] During the 1999 Kargil War, the Western and Eastern fleets were deployed in the Northern Arabian Sea, as a part of Operation Talwar.^[41] They safeguarded India's maritime assets from a potential Pakistani naval attack, and also deterred Pakistan from attempting to block India's sea-trade routes.^[42] The Indian Navy's aviators flew sorties and marine commandos fought alongside Indian Army personnel in the Himalayas.^[43]

In October 1999, the Navy along with the Indian Coast Guard rescued MV Alondra Rainbow, a pirated Japanese cargo ship.^[44]

21st century onwards

In the 21st century, the Indian Navy has played an important role in maintaining peace for India on the maritime front, in spite of the state of foment in its neighbourhood. It has been deployed for humanitarian relief in times of natural disasters and crises across the globe, as well as to keep India's maritime trade routes free and open.^[45]

The Indian Navy was a part of the joint forces exercises, Operation Parakram, during the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff. More than a dozen warships were deployed to the northern Arabian Sea.^[46] In October, the Indian Navy took over operations to secure the Strait of Malacca, to relieve US Navy resources for Operation Enduring Freedom.^[47]

The navy plays an important role in providing humanitarian relief in times of natural disasters, including floods, cyclones and tsunamis. In the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the Indian Navy launched massive disaster relief operations to help affected Indian states as well as Maldives, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Over 27 ships, dozens of helicopters, at least six fixed-wing aircraft and over 5000 personnel of the navy were deployed in relief operations.^[48] These included Operation Madad in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, Operation Sea Waves in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Operation Castor in Maldives, Operation Rainbow in Sri Lanka and Operation Gambhir in Indonesia.^[49] Gambhir, carried out following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, was one of the largest and fastest force mobilisations that the Indian Navy has undertaken. Indian naval rescue vessels and teams reached neighbouring countries less than 12 hours from the time that the tsunami hit.^[50] Lessons from the response led to decision to enhance amphibious force capabilities, including the acquisition of landing platform docks such as, as well as smaller amphibious vessels.^[51]

During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, the Indian Navy launched Operation Sukoon and evacuated 2,280 persons from 20 to 29 July 2006 including 436 Sri Lankans, 69 Nepalese and 7 Lebanese nationals from war-torn Lebanon.^{[52] [53]} In 2006, Indian naval doctors served for 102 days on board to conduct medical camps in the Philippines, Bangladesh, Indonesia and East Timor.^[54] In 2007, Indian Navy supported relief operations for the survivors of Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh.^[55] In 2008, Indian Naval vessels were the first to launch international relief operations for victims of Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar.^{[56] [57]} In 2008, the navy deployed and into the Gulf of Aden to combat piracy in Somalia.^[58] Tabar prevented numerous piracy attempts, and escorted hundreds of ships safely through the pirate-infested waters.^[59] The navy also undertook anti-piracy patrols near the Seychelles, upon that country's request.^{[60] [61]}

In February 2011, the Indian Navy launched Operation Safe Homecoming and rescued Indian nationals from war torn Libya.^[62] Between January–March, the navy launched Operation Island Watch to deter piracy attempts by Somali pirates off the Lakshadweep archipelago. This operation has had numerous successes in preventing pirate attacks.^{[63] [64] [65]} During the 2015 crisis in Yemen, the Indian Navy was part of Operation Raahat and rescued 3074 individuals of which 1291 were foreign nationals.^[66] On 15 April 2016, a Poseidon-8I long-range patrol aircraft managed to thwart a piracy attack on the high seas by flying over MV Sezai Selaha, a merchant vessel, which was being targeted by a pirate mother ship and two skiffs around 800nmi from Mumbai.^[67]

India enacted its first domestic anti-piracy legislation as the Maritime Anti-Piracy Act 2022, on 20 December 2022 criminalizing maritime piracy and empowering the Indian Navy and other government agencies with the authority to respond to threats at sea.^[68] In 2024, Chief Admiral R. Hari Kumar referred to the new law as a "great enabler" in the navy's anti-piracy success.^[69] That year, The Economic Times referred to the Indian Navy's commitment in combating maritime piracy as "unwavering".^[68]

In January 2024, the Indian Navy deployed over 10 warships under Operation Sankalp to protect commercial shipping in the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea in the wake of Houthi-led attacks on merchant vessels. Some of the ships deployed included guided missile destroyers like the INS Kolkata, INS Kochi, INS Chennai and INS Mormugao, as well as frigates like the INS Talwar and INS Tarkash. On 5 January, the INS Chennai prevented the hijacking of the Liberian merchant vessel MV Lila Norfolk. Although India declined to join the multinational US-led Operation Prosperity Guardian, the Indian Navy continued to share information and coordinate operations with the United States, United Kingdom, and France.^[70]

In May 2024, the Navy officially replaced the terms "Jack" and "Jackstaff" with "National Flag" and "National Flag Staff". The words Jack and Jackstaff orignates from the Royal Navy's traditions which implies for national flag and the short pole on the bow of the ship to host the flag in 'naval parlance', respectively.^[71]

Current role

As of August 2015, the Indian Navy is classified as a Rank 3 navy (Power projection to regions adjacent to its own) on the Todd-Lindberg navy classification system of naval strength^{[72] [73]} . The principal roles of the Indian Navy are:^{[74] [75]}

• In conjunction with other Armed Forces of the Union, act to deter or defeat any threats or aggression against the territory, people or maritime interests of India, both in war and peace;
• Project influence in India's maritime area of interest, to further the nation's political, economic and security objectives;
• In co-operation with the Indian Coast Guard, ensure good order and stability in India's maritime zones of responsibility.
• Provide maritime assistance (including disaster relief) in India's maritime neighbourhood.

Command and organisation

Organisation

See main article: List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy. While the President of India serves as the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces, the organisational structure of the Indian Navy is headed by the Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), who holds the rank of Admiral.^[76] While the provision for the rank of Admiral of the Fleet exists, no officer of the Indian Navy has yet been conferred this rank.^[77] The CNS is assisted by the Vice Chief of Naval Staff (VCNS), a Vice Admiral; the CNS also heads the Integrated Headquarters (IHQ) of the Ministry of Defence (Navy), based in New Delhi. The Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (DCNS), a vice-admiral, is a Principal Staff Officer (PSO), along with the Chief of Personnel (COP) and the Chief of Materiel (COM), both of whom are also vice-admirals.^[76] The Director General Medical Services (Navy) is a Surgeon Vice-Admiral, heads the medical services of the Indian Navy.^[78]

The Indian Navy operates three operational commands and one training command. Each command is headed by a Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief (FOC-in-C) of the rank of Vice Admiral.^[79] The Eastern, Western and Southern commands each have a Fleet commanded by a Rear Admiral. The Western Fleet based at Mumbai is commanded by the Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet (FOCWF), the Eastern Fleet, based at Visakhapatnam, is commanded by the Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet (FOCEF) and the Southern Command, based at Kochi, is commanded by the Flag Officer Commanding Southern Fleet (FOCSF). They each also have a Commodore commanding submarines (COMCOS) - the Commodore Commanding Submarines (East) and the Commodore Commanding Submarines (West).^[80] The Flag Officer Submarines, the single-point class authority for submarines is based at the Eastern Naval Command. The Southern Naval Command is home to the Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST).^[81]

Additionally, the Andaman and Nicobar Command is a unified Indian Navy, Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and Indian Coast Guard theater command based at the capital, Port Blair.^[82] Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command (CINCAN) receives staff support from, and reports directly to the Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) in New Delhi. The Command was set up in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 2001.^[83]

+ At Integrated Headquarters-Ministry of Defence (Navy) level^[84] ^[85]	Post	Location	Current Holder
Chief of the Naval Staff	New Delhi	Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi, PVSM, AVSM, NM^[86]
Vice Chief of the Naval Staff		Vice Admiral Krishna Swaminathan, AVSM, VSM^[87]
		Vice Admiral Tarun Sobti, AVSM, VSM^[88]
		Vice Admiral Sanjay Bhalla, AVSM, NM^[89]
Chief of Materiel		Vice Admiral Kiran Deshmukh, AVSM, VSM^[90]	+ At operational command level	Commands	HQ Location	Current FOC-in-C
		Vice Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh, AVSM, NM^[91]
		Vice Admiral Rajesh Pendharkar, AVSM, VSM^[92]
		Vice Admiral Vennam Srinivas, AVSM, NM^[93]

Facilities

See main article: List of Indian Navy bases. Indian Navy has its operational and training bases in Gujarat, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, Lakshadweep, Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These bases are intended for various purposes such as logistics and maintenance support, ammunition support, air stations, hospitals, MARCOS bases, coastal defence, missile defence, submarine and missile boat bases, forward operating bases etc.^{[94] [95] [96]} Of these, INS Shivaji is one of the oldest naval bases in India. Commissioned in February 1945 as HMIS Shivaji, it now serves as the premier Technical Training Establishment (TTE) of the Indian Navy.^[97]

In May 2005, the Indian Navy commissioned at Karwar, from Goa.^[98] Built under the first phase of the Project Seabird, at first it was an exclusively Navy controlled base without sharing port facilities with commercial shipping.^[99] The Indian Navy also has berthing rights in Oman and Vietnam.^[100] The Navy operates a monitoring station, fitted with radars and surveillance gear to intercept maritime communication, in Madagascar. It also plans to build a further 32 radar stations in Seychelles, Mauritius, Maldives and Sri Lanka.^[101] According to Intelligence Online, published by a France-based global intelligence gathering organisation, Indigo Publications, the Navy is believed to be operating a listening post in Ras al-Hadd, Oman. The post is located directly across from Gwadar Port in Balochistan, Pakistan, separated by approximately of the Arabian Sea.^[102]

The navy operates, a VLF and ELF transmission facility at Vijayanarayanapuram near Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu.^[103] INS Abhimanyu and are two bases dedicated for MARCOS.^{[104] [105]} Project Varsha is a highly classified project undertaken by the Navy to construct a hi-tech base under the Eastern Naval Command. The base is said to house nuclear submarines and also a VLF facility.^{[106] [107]}

Training

See main article: Military academies in India. Indian Navy has a specialized training command which is responsible for organisation, conduct and overseeing of all basic, professional and specialist training throughout the Navy. The Commander in Chief of Southern Command also serves as the Commander in Chief of Training Command. The Chief of Personnel (CoP) at HQ of Indian Navy is responsible for the framework of training and exercises the responsibility through Directorate of Naval Training (DNT).^[108] The training year of Indian Navy is defined from 1 July to 30 June of the following year.^[109]

Seaman training is held at INS Chilika, Orissa.

Officer training is conducted at Indian Naval Academy (INA) at Ezhimala, on the coast of Kerala. Established in 2009, it is the largest naval academy in Asia. Cadets from National Defence Academy also move to INA for their later terms.^[110] The Navy also has specialized training establishments for gunnery, aviation, leadership, logistics, music, medicine, physical training, educational training, engineering, hydrography, submarines etc. at several naval bases^[111] along the coastline of India.^[112] Naval officers also attend the tri-service institutions National Defence College, College of Defence Management and Defence Services Staff College for various staff courses to higher command and staff appointments. The Navy's War college is the Naval War College, Goa.^[108] A dedicated wing for naval architecture under Directorate of Naval Architecture at IIT Delhi is operated by the Navy.^[113] Indian Navy also trains officers and men from the navies of friendly foreign countries.^[109]

Rank structure

See main article: Naval ranks and insignia of India., the Navy has 10,393 officers and 56,835 sailors against a sanctioned strength of 11,827 officers and 71,656 sailors.^[114] This is inclusive of naval aviation, marine commandos and Sagar Prahari Bal personnel.^[115]

Officers

India uses the Midshipman rank in its navy, and all future officers carry the rank upon entering the Indian Naval Academy. They are commissioned Sub-lieutenants upon finishing their course of study.^{[116] [117]}

While the provision for the rank of Admiral of the Fleet exists, it is primarily intended for major wartime use and honour. No officer of the Indian Navy has yet been conferred this rank. Both the Army and Air Force have had officers who have been conferred with the equivalent rank – Field Marshals Sam Manekshaw and Cariappa of the Army and Marshal of the Indian Air Force (MIAF) Arjan Singh.

The highest ranked naval officer in organisation structure is the Chief of Naval Staff, who holds the rank of admiral.^[117]

Rating personnel

See main article: Naval rating. In the Indian Navy, the sailors are initially listed as, Seaman 2nd class. As they grow through the ranks they attain the highest rank of enlisted personnel, Master chief petty officer 1st class. Sailors who possess leadership qualities and fulfill requisite conditions in terms of education, age etc. may be commissioned through Commission worthy and Special Duties (CW & SD) scheme.

Rank group	Junior commissioned officers										Non commissioned officer																Enlisted

Navy MCPO

See main article: Navy Master Chief Petty Officer. Indian Navy has appointed Rajendra Kumar Behera MCPO I as the first Navy MCPO on 1 May 2022.^[118]

Naval Air Arm

See main article: Indian Naval Air Arm. The naval air-arm of the Indian Navy currently operates twenty-one air squadrons. Of these, ten operate fixed-wing aircraft, eight are helicopter squadrons and the remaining three are equipped with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Building on the legacy inherited from the Royal Navy prior to Indian independence, the concept of naval aviation in India started with the establishment of Directorate of Naval Aviation at Naval Headquarters (NHQ) in early 1948. Later that year officers and sailors from the Indian Navy were sent to Britain for pilot training. In 1951, the Fleet Requirement Unit (FRU) was formed to meet the aviation requirements of the navy.

On 1 January 1953, the charge of Cochin airfield was handed over to the navy from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation. On 11 March, the FRU was commissioned at Cochin with ten newly acquired Sealand aircraft. The navy's first air station, INS Garuda, was commissioned two months later. From February 1955 to December 1958, ten Firefly aircraft were acquired. To meet the training requirements of the pilots, the indigenously developed HAL HT-2 trainer was inducted into the FRU. On 17 January 1959, the FRU was commissioned as Indian Naval Air Squadron (INAS) 550, to be the first Indian naval air squadron.

Currently the air arm operates an aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya with ability to carry over thirty aircraft including MiG 29K, Kamov 31, Kamov 28, Sea King and domestic-built HAL-Dhruv and Chetak helicopters.^{[119] [120]} The Kamov-31 choppers also provide the airborne early warning cover for the fleet.^[121] In the anti-submarine role, the Sea King, Ka-28, and the domestic built HAL Dhruv are used.^[122] The MARCOS also use Sea King and HAL Dhruv helicopters while conducting operations. Maritime patrol and reconnaissance operations are carried out by the Boeing P-8 Poseidon^{[123] [124]} and the Ilyushin 38.^{[125] [126] [127]} Indian Navy is also procuring 24 Lockheed Martin MH-60R Multi Role Helicopters under the foreign military sales from the US.^[128]

The UAV arm consists of the IAI Heron and Searcher-IIs that are operated from both surface ships and shore establishments for surveillance missions.^{[129] [130] [131]}

The Indian Navy also maintains an aerobatic display team, the Sagar Pawan. The Sagar Pawan team will be replacing their present Kiran HJT-16 aircraft with the newly developed HJT-36 aircraft.^[132]

MARCOS

See main article: MARCOS.

The Marine Commando Force (MCF), also known as MARCOS, is a special operations unit that was raised by the Indian Navy in 1987 for Amphibious warfare, Close Quarter Combat Counter-terrorism, Direct action, Special reconnaissance, Unconventional warfare, Hostage rescue, Personnel recovery, Combat search and rescue, Asymmetric warfare, Foreign internal defence, Counterproliferation, Amphibious reconnaissance including Hydrographic reconnaissance.^[104] Since their inception MARCOS proved themselves in various operations and wars, notable of them include Operation Pawan, Operation Cactus, UNOSOM II, Kargil War and Operation Black Tornado.^{[133] [134]} They are also actively deployed on anti-piracy operations throughout the year.^{[135] [136]}

Equipment

See main article: List of active Indian Navy ships.

See also: List of ships of the Indian Navy.

Ships

The names of all in service ships and naval bases of the Indian Navy are prefixed with the letters INS, designating Indian Naval Ship or Indian Navy Station,^[137] whereas the sail boats are prefixed with INSV (Indian Naval Sailing Vessel). The fleet of the Indian Navy is a mixture of domestic built and foreign vessels,, the surface fleet comprises 2 aircraft carriers,^{[138] [139]} 1 amphibious transport dock,^[140] 7 landing ship tanks,^{[140] [141]} 12 destroyers, 12 frigates,^{[142] [143]} 18 corvettes,^{[142] [144] [145] [146]} 10 large offshore patrol vessels,^[147] 4 fleet tankers,^[148] 7 Survey ships,^[149] 1 research vessel, 3 training vessels^[150] and various auxiliary vessels, Landing Craft Utility vessels,^[141] and small patrol boats.^{[148] [151]}

The Navy has two aircraft carriers in active service, one of which is the INS Vikramaditya, which serves as the flagship of the fleet. Vikramaditya (formerly Admiral Gorshkov) is a modified procured at a total cost $2.3 billion from Russia in December 2013. A second aircraft carrier, the indigenously built INS Vikrant was commissioned on 2 September 2022.^[152] The Navy has an amphibious transport dock of the, renamed as INS Jalashwa in Indian service. It also maintains a fleet of landing ship tanks.

The navy currently operates three, three, three and three -class guided-missile destroyers. The ships of the Rajput class are being replaced by the next-generation s (Project 15B) which feature a number of improvements.^[153]

In addition to destroyers, the navy operates several classes of frigates such as three (Project 17 class) and six -class frigates. Seven additional modified Shivalik-class frigates (Project 17A class frigates) are on order, all of which are under various stages of construction. Smaller littoral zone combatants in service are in the form of corvettes, of which the Indian Navy operates the Kamorta,,, and corvettes. Replenishment tankers such as the Jyoti-class tanker, and the new help improve the navy's endurance at sea.

Aircraft

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Variant	In service	Notes
Combat Aircraft
MiG-29	Russia	multirole	MiG-29K	45^[154] ^[155]
Kamov Ka-31	Russia	AEW		14^[156]	employs a Planar array radar
Maritime patrol
Boeing P-8	United States	ASW / patrol	P-8I	12^[157]
Dornier 228	Germany	surveillance	228–201	25	12 on order
Britten-Norman BN-2	United Kingdom	utility / patrol	BN-2B/2T	10^[158]
Helicopters
HAL Dhruv	India		MK. I	7^[159]	11 on order
MK. III	6^[160] ^[161]
Kamov Ka-27	Russia	ASW	Ka-28	14^[162]	4 on order
Westland Sea King	United Kingdom	SAR / utility	Mk.42B/C	31	six are UH-3H variants
HAL Chetak	India	liaison / utility		51 (as of July 2019)^[163]	6 on order^[164]
SH-60 Seahawk	United States	ASW / SAR	MH-60R	2^[165] ^[166]	5 delivered, of which 3 are used for training, with 19 on order.^[167] ^[168]
Trainer Aircraft
MiG-29	Russia	Conversion trainer	MiG-29KUB	8^[169] ^[170]
BAE Hawk	United Kingdom	Jet trainer		17
HAL Kiran	India	Jet trainer		20
UAV
IAI Heron	Israel	surveillance	Heron 1	^[171]
IAI Searcher^[172]	Israel	surveillance	Mk. I / II
DRDO Lakshya	India	target drone		39^[173]
General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper	United States of America	surveillance drone	SeaGuardian	2^[174]	On Lease For One year
Drishti-10 Starliner	India	surveillance drone	Licensed version of Hermes 900	2^[175] ^[176]	2 on order^[177]

Submarines

See main article: List of submarines of the Indian Navy.

, the Navy's sub-surface fleet includes one Arihant-class SSBN and 16 conventionally-powered attack submarines.^[178] The conventional attack submarines of the Indian Navy consist of five (French design), seven (Russian design), and the four (German Type 209/1500 design) classes.^{[179] [180] [181]}

India previously possessed a single -class nuclear-powered attack submarine named . She was leased to India for a period of ten years, between 2012 and 2021. Three hundred Indian Navy personnel were trained in Russia for the operation of these submarines.^[182] Negotiations are on with Russia for the lease of the second Akula-class submarine.^[183]

was launched on 26 July 2009 in Visakhapatnam, and was secretly commissioned into active service in August 2016.^[184] The Navy plans to have six nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines in service in the near future.^[185] Arihant is both the first boat of the nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines and the first nuclear-powered submarine to be built in India.^[186]

India is planning to entirely modernise its submarine fleet. Initially, it was planned that 24 conventionally powered attack submarine would be acquired. First 12 submarines (6 Project 75 and 6 Project 75I) would be inducted by 2012 and the next 12 indigenous Project 76 submarines would be inducted by 2030. However, this was revised in 2015. Now, the planned numbers stand at 4 SSBNs, 6 SSNs and 18 conventionally powered attack submarines. The clearance for Project 75 Alpha submarines was approved by the Government in 18 February 2024.^[187], the Navy's planned acquisitions of submarines include :–

• 4 Arihant-class submarines (1 operational, 1 launched, 2 under construction)^[188]
• 3 S5-class submarine^[189]
• 6 Project 75 Alpha-class nuclear attack submarines in 2 phases (also called Project 77 submarines)
• 9 Project 75 (Kalvari) class submarines (5 operational, 1 launched and 3 more planned)^{[190] [191]}
• 6 Project 75I-class (Field Evaluation Phase)^{[192] [193]} and
• 6 indigenous Project 76 submarines^{[194] [195]}

Weapon systems

See main article: Weapon systems of the Indian Navy.

The Navy use a mix of indigenously developed and foreign made missile systems. These include submarine-launched ballistic missiles, ship-launched ballistic missiles, cruise and anti-ship missiles, air-to-air missiles, surface-to-air missiles, torpedoes, air-to-air guns, main guns and anti-submarine rocket launchers. Its inventory comprises 100mm AK 190 gun with a range of, KH-35E 4 Quad Uran, ASW RBU-2000 etc.^[196]

In recent years, BrahMos has been one of the most advanced missile system adapted by the Indian Navy. It has been jointly developed by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Russian NPO Mashinostroyeniya. BrahMos is the world's fastest anti-ship cruise missile in operation.^[197] The BrahMos has been tailored to meet Indian needs and features a large proportion of India-designed components and technology, including its fire control systems, transporter erector launchers, and its onboard navigational attack systems. The successful test of Brahmos from provides Indian Navy with precision land attack capability.^[198]

India has also fitted its Boeing P-8I reconnaissance aircraft with all-weather, active-radar-homing, over-the-horizon AGM-84L Harpoon Block II missiles and Mk 54 All-Up-Round Lightweight Torpedoes.^[199] Indian warships' primary air-defence shield is provided by Barak 1 surface-to-air missile while an advanced version Barak 8 is in development in collaboration with Israel.^[200] India's next-generation submarines will be armed with Exocet anti-ship missile system. Among indigenous missiles, ship-launched version of Prithvi-II is called Dhanush, which has a range of 350km (220miles) and can carry nuclear warheads.^[201]

The K-15 Sagarika (Oceanic) submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), which has a range of at least 700 km (some sources claim 1000 km) forms part of India's nuclear triad and is extensively tested to be integrated with the Arihant class of nuclear submarines.^{[202] [203]} A longer range submarine launched ballistic missile called K-4 is under induction process, to be followed by K-5 SLBM.^[204]

Electronic warfare and systems management

Sangraha is a joint electronic warfare programme between Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy. The programme is intended to develop a family of electronic warfare suites, for use on different naval platforms capable of detecting, intercepting, and classifying pulsed, carrier wave, pulse repetition frequency agile, frequency agile and chirp radars. The systems are suitable for deployment on various platforms like helicopters, vehicles, and ships. Certain platforms, along with ESM (Electronic Support Measures) capabilities, have ECM (Electronic Countermeasure) capabilities such as multiple-beam phased array jammers.^[205]

The Indian Navy also relies on information technology to face the challenges of the 21st century. The Indian Navy is implementing a new strategy to move from a platform centric force to a network centric force by linking all shore-based installations and ships via a high-speed data networks and satellites.^{[206] [207] [208]} This will help in increased operational awareness. The network is referred to as the Navy Enterprise Wide Network (NEWN). The Indian Navy has also provided training to all its personnel in Information Technology (IT) at the Naval Institute of Computer Applications (NICA) located in Mumbai. Information technology is also used to provide better training, like the usage of simulators and for better management of the force.^[209]

The Navy has a dedicated cadre for matters pertaining to information technology cadre named as Information Technology Cadre,^[210] under the Directorate of Information Technology (DRI). The cadre is responsible for implementation for enterprise wide networking and software development projects, development activities with respect to cyber security products, administration of shore and on-board networks, and management of critical Naval Networks and software applications.^[211]

Naval satellite

India's first exclusive defence satellite GSAT-7 was successfully launched by European space consortium Arianespace's rocket from Kourou spaceport in French Guiana in August 2013. GSAT-7 was fabricated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to serve for at least seven years in its orbital slot at 74°E, providing UHF, S-band, C-band and Ku-band relay capacity. Its Ku-band allows high-density data transmission, including both audio and video. This satellite also has a provision to reach smaller and mobile terminals.^[212]

GSAT-7 approximately has a footprint of 3500– over the Indian Ocean region, including both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal region. This enables the Navy to operate in a network-centric atmosphere having real-time networking of all its operational assets at sea and on land.^[212]

On 15 June 2019 the navy placed an order for GSAT-7R satellite as a replacement for GSAT-7. The satellite costs Rs 1589 crores (US$225.5 million) and is expected to be launched by 2020.^{[213] [214]}

Activities

See also: List of Indian Naval Deployments.

Fleet reviews

See main article: President's fleet review. The President of India is entitled to inspect his/her fleet, as he/she is the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The first president's fleet review by India was hosted by Rajendra Prasad on 10 October 1953. President's reviews usually take place once in the President's term. In all, twelve fleet reviews have taken place, including two International fleet reviews in 2011 and 2016. The latest fleet review was held in February 2022 at Visakhapatnam, by President Ram Nath Kovind.^[215]

The Indian Navy also conducted an International fleet review named Bridges of Friendship in February 2001 in Mumbai. Many ships of friendly Navies from all around the world participated, including two from the US Navy.^[216] The second international fleet review, the International Fleet Review 2016, was held off Visakhapatnam coast in February 2016 where Indian Navy's focus was on improving diplomatic relations and military compatibility with other nations.^[215]

Naval exercises

India often conducts naval exercises (like Maritime Partnership Exercise) with other friendly countries designed to increase naval cooperation and also to strengthen cooperative security relationship. Some such exercises take place annually or biennially:

Exercise	Navy/Navies	First Edition	Last Edition	Total Editions	Notes/ References
Milan	Multilateral	1995	2024	12	^[217]
Varuna	French Navy	1993	2023	21	^[218]
Konkan	Royal Navy	2004	2023	16	^[219] ^[220]
INDRA	Russian Navy	2003	2021	12	^[221] ^[222]
MALABAR	US Navy, JMSDF, Royal Australian Navy	1992	2023	26	^[223] ^[224]
SIMBEX	Singapore Navy	1994	2021	28	^[225]
IBSAMAR	Brazilian Navy, South African Navy	2008	2022	7	^[226]
SITMEX	Singapore Navy, Thai Navy	2019	2021	3	^[227]
SLINEX	Sri Lanka Navy	2012	2020	8	^[228] ^[229]
NASEEM-AL-BAHR	Oman Navy	1993	2022	13	^[230] ^[231]
AUSINDEX	Australian Navy	2015	2023	5	^[232]
JIMEX	JMSDF	2012	2023	11	^[233]
ZA'IR-AL-BAHR	Qatari Navy	2019	2021	2	^[234] ^[235]
SAMUDRA SHAKTI	Indonesian Navy	2018	2023	4	^[236]
BONGOSAGAR	Bangladesh Navy	2019	2023	5	^[237]
Zayed Talwar	UAE Navy	2021	2023	2	^[238]
Al-Mohed Al-Hindi	Saudi Navy	2021	2023	2	^[239]

Coordinated patrols include: Indo–Thai CORPAT (28 editions),^[240] Indonesia–India CORPAT (33 editions),^[241] IMCOR with Myanmar (8 editions).^[242] The Indian Navy conducted a naval exercise with the People's Liberation Army Navy in 2003,^[243] and also sent ships to the South China Sea to participate in the fleet review.^[244] In 2005, TROPEX (Theatre-level Readiness Operational Exercises) was held during which Indian Navy experimented the doctrine of influencing a land and air battle to support the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.^[245] TROPEX has been conducted annually every year with an exception to 2016.^[246] In 2007, Indian Navy conducted naval exercises with Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force and U.S. Navy in the Pacific,^[247] and also signed an agreement with Japan in October 2008 for joint naval patrolling in the Asia-Pacific region.^[248] In 2007, India conducted naval exercises with Vietnam,^[249] Philippines,^[250] and New Zealand. In 2007, India and South Korea conducted an annual naval exercise,^[251] alongside India's participation in the South Korean International Fleet Review in 2008.^[252] The first Atlantic Ocean deployment of the Indian Navy happened in 2009. During this deployment, the Indian Naval fleet conducted exercises with the French, German, Russian and British navies.^[253] Once in two years navies from the Indian Ocean region meet at the Andaman and Nicobar Islands for the Exercise MILAN.^[254] In 2021 India assisted in US-led Exercise Cutlass Express as a trainer.^{[255] [256]}

In 2007 India held the first Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) with an objective to provide a forum for all the littoral nations of the Indian Ocean to co-operate on mutually agreed areas for better security in the region.^{[257] [258]} Since the past decade, Indian naval ships have made goodwill port calls to Israel,^{[259] [260]} Turkey,^[261] Egypt,^[262] Greece,^[263] Thailand,^[264] Indonesia,^[265] Australia,^[266] New Zealand,^[267] Tonga,^[268] South Africa,^[269] Kenya,^[270] Qatar,^[271] Oman,^[272] United Arab Emirates,^[273] Bahrain,^[274] Kuwait,^[275] and various other countries.

Exploration

The Indian Navy regularly conducts adventure expeditions. The sailing ship and training vessel began circumnavigating the world on 23 January 2003, intending to foster good relations with various other nations; she returned to India in May 2004 after visiting 36 ports in 18 nations.^[276]

Lt. Cdr. M. S. Kohli led the Indian Navy's first successful expedition to Mount Everest in 1965;^[277] the Navy's ensign was again flown atop Everest on 19 May 2004 by a similar expedition. Another Navy team also successfully scaled Everest from the north face, a technically more challenging route.^[278] The expedition was led by Cdr Satyabrata Dam of the submarine arm. Cdr. Dam is a mountaineer of international repute and has climbed many mountains including the Patagonias, the Alps among others.^[279] In 2017, to commemorate 50 years of the Navy's first expedition in 1965, a team set off to climb Mount Everest.^[277]

An Indian Navy team comprising 11 members successfully completed an expedition to the Arctic pole. To prepare, they first traveled to Iceland, where they attempted to summit a peak.^[280] The team next flew to eastern Greenland; in the Kulusuk and Angmassalik areas, they used Inuit boats to navigate the region's ice-choked fjords. They crossed northward across the Arctic Circle, reaching seventy degrees North on skis. The team scaled an unnamed peak of height 11000feet and named it Indian Peak.^[281]

The Indian Naval ensign first flew in Antarctica in 1981.^[282] The Indian Navy succeeded in Mission Dakshin Dhruv 2006 by traversing to the South Pole on skis. With this historic expedition, they have set the record for being the first military team to have successfully completed a ski traverse to the Geographic South Pole.^[283] Also, three of the ten member team—the expedition leader—Cdr. Satyabrata Dam, leading medical assistants Rakesh Kumar and Vikas Kumar are now among the few people in the world to have visited the two poles and summited Mt. Everest.^[284] Indian Navy became the first organisation to reach the poles and Mt. Everest. Cdr. Dilip Donde completed the first solo circumnavigation by an Indian citizen on 22 May 2010.^[285] Cdr. Abhilash Tomy became the first Indian to complete a solo, non-stop circumnavigation of the world on a sailboat not fitted with any technology or navigational aids.^{[286] [287]}

Future of the Indian Navy

See main article: Future of the Indian Navy. By the end of the 14th Plan (2020), the Indian Navy was expected to have over 150 ships and close to 500 aircraft. In addition to the existing mission of securing both sea flanks in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, the navy was tasked with responding to emergencies far away from the Indian mainland. Marine assault capabilities were to be enhanced by setting up a new amphibious warfare facility at Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh.^[288]

Since then, the Indian Navy has initiated Phase II expansion of INS Kadamba, its third largest naval base, near Karwar. Phase II will involve expansion of the berthing facilities to accommodate 40–45 more front-line warships, including the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya, raise manpower to 300 officers and around 2,500 sailors, and build a naval air station with a 6,000-foot runway. This is to be followed by Phase IIA and IIB, at the end of which INS Kadamba will be able to base 50 front-line warships.^{[289] [290] [291] [292]} The Indian Navy is also in the process of constructing a new naval base, INS Varsha, at Rambilli for its Arihant class submarines.^[293]

India's planned second aircraft carrier, INS Vishal (formerly known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier-II), will displace around 65,000 tonnes and is expected to be delivered to the Indian Navy in the mid-2030s. With the future delivery of Vishal, the Navy's goal to have three aircraft carriers in service, with two fully operational carriers and a third in refit, will be achieved.^{[294] [295]} In November 2011, the Defence Acquisition Council launched the Multi-Role Support Vessel. The Indian Navy has subsequently sent out an international RFP for up to 2 large landing helicopter docks. The contenders are expected to tie up with local shipyards for construction of the ships.^[296]

In addition to aircraft carriers and large amphibious assault ships, the Indian Navy is acquiring numerous surface combatants such as the Visakhapatnam-class destroyers, ^[297] and ^[298] frigates, ASW shallow water corvettes,^[299] ASuW corvettes,^[300] and MCM vessels.^[301] It plans to build Project 18 class destroyers. New submarine classes under various stages of planning and construction include the Project 75 Alpha, the conventional,^[302] Project 75I,^[303] and the nuclear-powered .^[304] New auxiliary ships include; five replenishment oilers, a Missile Range Instrumentation Ship (MRIS) and an Ocean Surveillance Ship.^[305]

The Indian Navy is planning to procure 22 General Atomics Sea Guardian drones at an estimated cost of $2 billion.^[306] This is the first instance of General Atomics drones being sold to a non-NATO military.

Indian Naval Ensign

See main article: Indian Naval Ensign.

The Indian Navy from 1950 to 2001 used a modified version of the British White Ensign, with the Union flag replaced with the Indian Tricolour in the canton. In 2001, this flag was replaced with a white ensign bearing the Indian Navy crest, as the previous ensign was thought to reflect India's colonial past.^[307] However complaints arose that the new ensign was indistinguishable as the blue of the naval crest easily merged with the sky and the ocean. Hence in 2004, the ensign was changed back to the St. George's cross design, with the addition of the emblem of India in the intersection of the cross. In 2014, the ensign as well as the naval crest was further modified to include the Devanagari script: सत्यमेव जयते (Satyameva Jayate) which means 'Truth Alone Triumphs' in Sanskrit.^[308]

The traditional crest of Indian Navy ships is topped by a crown featuring three sailing ships symbolising India's rich maritime history. The ribbon of the crown depicts the Ashoka Chakra surrounded by a horse and a bull. Each ship has a unique motif which is encircled by a ring of lotus buds.^[309]

In August 2022, the Prime Minister's Office announced that the naval ensign featuring the Saint George's Cross would be irrevocably disposed of, in favour of a newer design derived from octagonal shaped imperial seal of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his Maratha Navy that would "do away with the colonial past" and reflect the "rich Indian maritime heritage".^[310] The new ensign is slated to be revealed by prime minister Narendra Modi on 2 September 2022, coinciding with the commissioning ceremony of INS Vikrant, the Indian Navy's first indigenously built aircraft carrier. The new ensign retains much the design of the 2001-04 ensign with the national flag as the canton, but with the addition of an octagonal navy blue shield based on Shivaji's royal seal surrounding the heraldic arms in gold and the addition of the official motto of the Navy May the Lord of Waters Be Auspicious Unto Us (Shaṁ No Varunaḥ) in the Devanagari script.

Documents

Indian Maritime Doctrine
Books:	2004, 2009, 2014
Author:	Maritime Doctrines and Concepts Centre (MDCC)
Publisher:	Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy)
Website:	https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-maritime-doctrine-2015-version
Italic Title:	no

The Indian Maritime Doctrine is a foundational primer document of the Indian Navy. Three editions have been published in 2004, 2009 and 2014. It has to be considered along with other foundational documents such as the naval strategy Freedom to Use the Seas (2007) and the updated edition Ensuring Secure Seas (2015).^[311]

The 2004 edition (INBR 8) was published amidst a larger strategic overhaul in the country. It contains a large number of key words along with their definitions and grouped into a number of sections.^[312] Select themes pervade throughout the document. Some themes are subtle such as the ongoing and future transition to a blue-water navy and others are louder such as the text related to nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers. There is justification and explanation for India's need for these transitions and acquisitions. The 2009 edition was updated to include counter-terror, counter-piracy and coordination with other navies in these aspects.

See also

• Indian Coast Guard
• Indian Ocean Naval Symposium
• Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC)
• Naval ranks and insignia of India
• Integrated Defence Staff, tri-services
• Exclusive economic zone of India, protected by the Indian Navy
• List of ships of the Indian Navy
• List of Indian Naval accidents
• Indian Navy Football Team

Media

In the year 2009, the National Geographic Channel created and broadcast a documentary series on the Indian Navy. It was titled Mission Navy^[313]

Notes and References

1. News: Genesis of Indian Navy. 8 January 2022.
2. Web site: Strength of Defence Forces. 31 July 2024.
3. Book: The International Institute of Strategic Studies. The Military Balance 2017. 14 February 2017. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated. 9781857439007. en.
4. Web site: 24 July 2019. Strength of Defence Forces. 16 October 2019. pib.gov.in.
5. Web site: Dutta. Amrita Nayak. 2020-11-18. Hit by budget crunch, Indian Navy now plans to buy 2 Landing Platform Docks instead of 4. 2020-11-27. ThePrint. en-US. [...] current strength of 150 ships and submarines..
6. Web site: FAQ Department Of Defence. 2020-11-27. www.mod.gov.in. Q 1. What are the current Force Levels of the Indian Navy? [...] Ans. The Indian Navy's present force level comprises about 150 ships and submarines. [...].
7. Book: Daniel . Todd . Michael . Lindberg. Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis. 1996. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9780275953102. 56–57. 30 November 2015. Todd-1996.
8. Book: Kirchberger. Sarah. 911616881. Assessing China's Naval Power: Technological Innovation, Economic Constraints, and Strategic Implications. 2015. Heidelberg. Springer. 9783662471272. 60.
9. Web site: Interesting facts about India. India. Government of India. 17 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20071206014250/http://india.gov.in/myindia/facts.php. 6 December 2007. dead.
10. Web site: Early History of the Indian Navy. Indian Navy. 17 June 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160921190102/http://indiannavy.nic.in/node/1402. 21 September 2016.
11. Web site: Alexander the Great: Invasion of India. 6 June 2024.
12. Web site: Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga. 5 June 2024.
13. Book: Mathew, K. M. . History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497-1600 . 1988 . Mittal Publications . 978-81-7099-046-8 . en.
14. Roy . Atulchandra . 1961 . Naval Strategy of the Mughals in Bengal . Proceedings of the Indian History Congress . 24 . 170–175 . 44140736 . 2249-1937.
15. Safdar . Aiysha . Khan . Muhammad Azam . 2021 . History of Indian Ocean-A south Indian perspective . Journal of Indian Studies . 7 . 1 . 186–188 . The Empress, Mariam Zamani then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns and placements for over 400 musket men. It was named Ganj-i-Sawai, and it was in its day the most fearsome ship on the seas, and its objective was to trade and take pilgrims to Mecca, and on the way back convert all the goods sold into gold and silver as well as bring the pilgrims back. But then the English, posing as pirates, attacked with a 25-ship armada of alleged pirates. At Mecca, they claimed they were slave traders..
16. Web site: 11 April 2021 . Harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships .
17. Findly . Ellison B. . 1988 . The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 108 . 2 . 227–238 . 10.2307/603650 . 0003-0279 . 603650.
18. 1812 . The trial of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, Wm. Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Old-Bailey, for felony and piracy . A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors . 13 . 392, column 451.
19. Book: H. C. Das . Glimpses of History and Culture of Balasore . Indu Bhusan Kar . 1988 . Orissa State Museum . Pani . Subas . 66 . en . 3 July 2023.
20. Book: Bhattacharya . Sudip . Unseen Enemy The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617-1847 . 2014 . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . 9781443863094 . En . ebook . 3 July 2023.
21. de la Garza . Andrew . February 2014 . Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy . World History Connected . Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois . 12 . 1 . 23 May 2023.
22. Web site: Genesis of Indian Navy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170706075113/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/1410 . 6 July 2017 . 18 June 2017 . Indian Navy.
23. Book: 620–622. The Navy List for August 1939. HM Stationery Office. 1939.
24. Book: 2098–2101. The Navy List for August 1939. HM Stationery Office. 1939.
25. Meyer. John M.. The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946: Nationalist Competition and Civil-Military Relations in Postwar India. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 45. 46–69. 13 December 2016. 10.1080/03086534.2016.1262645. 159800201.
26. Web site: Higher Ranks for Indian Officers of the R.I.N.. Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 21 July 1947. 26 January 2020.
27. Web site: Nationalisation of Armed Forces. Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 20 December 1947. 4 January 2021.
28. Web site: Press Note. 29 December 1947. Press Information Bureau of India – Archive. 28 August 2021.
29. Web site: Press Note. Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 8 May 1948. 8 March 2020.
30. Web site: New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services. Press Information Bureau of India – Archive. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf. 8 August 2017.
31. News: 2020-12-19 . When the Navy's Operation Chutney evicted Portugal from Anjadiv . The Times of India . 2023-11-29 . 0971-8257.
32. Web site: Goa Operations 1961. Indian Navy. 22 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20050905091051/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/goa.htm. 5 September 2005. dead.
33. Web site: Commander Muhammad Azam Khan (retd.). Maritime Awareness and Pakistan Navy. Defence Journal. 25 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20160309235258/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/maritime.htm. 9 March 2016. dead.
34. Web site: Vice Admiral G. M. Hiranandani (retd.). Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani. 1971 War: The First Missile Attack on Karachi. Indian Defence Review. 25 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170217084537/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/1971-war-the-first-missile-attack-on-karachi/. 17 February 2017. 11 July 2015. dead.
35. Web site: In 1971, The Indian Navy Attempted One of the World's Most Daring War Strategies on Karachi. Scoop Whoop. 25 June 2017. En. 9 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161209141754/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/In-1971-The-Indian-Navy-Attemped-One-Of-The-Worlds-Most-Daring-War-Strategies-On-Karachi/. 9 December 2016.
36. Web site: Russell Phillips. The sinking of INS Kukhri. Russell Phillips Books. 25 June 2017. 3 June 2013.
37. Web site: Items in India/Pakistan/Bangladesh – Report of the high level consultants mission to Bangladesh . United Nations . 26 July 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110728142411/http://archives-trim.un.org/webdrawer/rec/423368/view/Items-in-IndiaPakistanBangladesh%20-%20general%20-%20report%20of%20the%20high%20level%20consultants%20mission%20to%20Bangladesh%20MarchApril%201972.PDF . 28 July 2011 .
38. Web site: Vice Admiral Swaraj Prakash (retd.). Cold War Games. Bharat Rakshak. 25 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20060915093344/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html. 15 September 2006.
39. Web site: A leaf from history: When the war began. Dawn. Inpaper Magazine. 25 June 2017. 8 April 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170222055336/http://www.dawn.com/news/708855. 22 February 2017.
40. Web site: Operation Cactus. Bharat Rakshak. 25 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20081203103631/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/History/1970s/Operation-Cactus.html. 3 December 2008.
41. Web site: Major General Ashok K Mehta (retd.). India's national interest had been made coterminus with maritime security. Rediff. 25 June 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214611/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/04ashok.htm. 3 March 2016.
42. Web site: 2023-07-26 . Kargil Vijay Diwas: How Indian Navy's Operation Talwar squeezed Pakistan out of the Arabian Sea . 2023-11-29 . The Indian Express . en.
43. Web site: Ministry of Defence Report . 6 January 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120322012643/http://mod.nic.in/reports/cap3.pdf . 22 March 2012 .
44. Web site: Navy, Coast Guard nab pirates, rescue hijacked merchant vessel off Goa coast. Express India. 26 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20120114192601/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19991117/ige17049.html. 14 January 2012. 17 November 1999. dead.
45. Web site: Indian Navy's Vision . Indian Navy . 3 August 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101216112716/http://indiannavy.nic.in/vision.pdf . 16 December 2010 .
46. Web site: Naval Diplomacy: Indian Initiatives . Bharat Rakshak . 16 July 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090413170826/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE6-1/Sakhuja.html . 13 April 2009 .
47. Web site: President Discusses Strong U.S.-India Partnership in New Delhi, India. 3 March 2006. The White House. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20110311105310/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/03/20060303-5.html. 11 March 2011.
48. Web site: Tsunami diplomacy improves India's global image . Express India . 9 February 2005 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050506142222/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=41752 . 6 May 2005 .
49. Web site: Vijay . Sakhuja . https://web.archive.org/web/20090108110646/http://www.ipcs.org/Military_articles2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=1652&keyArticle=1019&status=article&mod=a . Indian Naval Diplomacy: Post Tsunami . 8 January 2009 . Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies . 8 February 2005.
50. News: Giridharadas . Anand . 22 September 2008 . India is projecting its military power . International Herald Tribune . 6 January 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080925061837/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/09/22/asia/power.php . 25 September 2008 .
51. Web site: INS Jalashwa joins Eastern Fleet. 25 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20071112040310/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/14/stories/2007091454111600.htm. 12 November 2007. The Hindu. 2007-09-14. dead.
52. Web site: Operation Sukoon for the evacuation of Indian Nationals from Lebanon. Press Information Bureau. Government of India. 26 June 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731153033/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=20224. 31 July 2017.
53. Web site: 'Op SUKOON' – Making 'Sweet Music' : 24 July 2006. Indian Navy. 26 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20070701035923/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sukoon.pdf. 1 July 2007. dead.
54. Web site: Indian Navy Doctors Serve on U.S. Navy Hospital Ship Mercy's Aid Mission in South and Southeast Asia. Embassy of United States (New Delhi, India). U.S. Department of State. 26 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20060922193601/http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr090706.html. 22 September 2006.
55. Web site: India sends rice for Bangladesh storm victims. Reuters. 26 June 2017. 8 December 2007. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731153345/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-30889820071208. 31 July 2017.
56. Web site: India – Myanmar Relations. Ministry of External Affairs. 26 June 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161219070157/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/myanmar-july-2012.pdf. 19 December 2016.
57. Web site: Asian Legal Resource Centre. India's assistance to Myanmar must reflect its regional role. Relief Web. 26 June 2017. 7 May 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731152111/http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/indias-assistance-myanmar-must-reflect-its-regional-role. 31 July 2017.
58. Web site: India 'to step up piracy battle'. BBC News. 26 June 2017. 21 November 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170227015737/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7741287.stm. 27 February 2017.
59. Web site: India 'sinks Somali pirate ship'. BBC News. 26 June 2017. 19 November 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170614130617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7736885.stm. 14 June 2017.
60. Web site: Navy responds to SOS from Seychelles. The Indian Express. 26 June 2017. 20 April 2009.
61. Web site: Indian Navy in 2010. Indian Navy. 26 June 2017. 6–7. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170706073459/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/themes/indiannavy/images/pdf/year-gone-by-2010.pdf. 6 July 2017.
62. Web site: Naval ships to bail out Indians stranded in Libya. The Times of India. 27 June 2017. 27 February 2011.
63. Web site: Pirate Mother Ship Prantalay Sinks off Lakshadweep during Anti Piracy Operations by India. Marine Buzz. 27 June 2017. 30 January 2011. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160403182538/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2011/01/30/pirate-mother-ship-prantalay-sinks-off-lakshadweep-during-anti-piracy-operations-by-india/. 3 April 2016.
64. Web site: Suman Sharma. Indian Navy captures 61 pirates, rescues 13 sailors. DNA India. 27 June 2017. 14 March 2011.
65. Web site: Ben Arnoldy. India pushes back on Somali pirates' new 'mother ship' offensive. The Christian Science Monitor. 27 June 2017. 7 February 2011.
66. Web site: The great Yemen escape: Operation Rahat by numbers. The Hindu. 27 June 2017. 10 April 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170201231510/http://www.thehindu.com/specials/the-great-yemen-escape-operation-rahat-by-numbers/article7089422.ece. 1 February 2017.
67. Web site: Rajat Pandit. Navy plane thwarts piracy bid in Arabian Sea. The Times of India. 27 June 2017. 19 April 2016.
68. News: 9 pirates being brought to India to face legal action, says Navy a day after rescuing 23 Pakistani crew from Iranian fishing vessel. 9 May 2024 . The Economic Times.
69. News: Anti-piracy Act has been a great enabler: Navy chief . 9 May 2024 . The Hindu.
70. News: 2024-01-09 . Over 10 warships sent to deter pirates of the Arabian Sea . 2024-01-13 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
71. Web site: 2024-05-24 . Navy does away with ship terms ‘Jackstaff’ and ‘Jack’, replaces with National Flag Staff, National Flag . 2024-05-24 . The Indian Express . en.
72. Book: Bratton . Patrick C . Sea Power and the Asia-Pacific . Till . Geoffrey . Routledge . 2012 . 978-1136627248 . London, United Kingdom.
73. Book: Kirchberger . Sarah . Assessing China's Naval Power: Technological Innovation, Economic Constraints, and Strategic Implications . 2015 . Springer . 9783662471272 . Heidelberg . 60 . 911616881.
74. Web site: Admiral Arun Prakash. Shaping India's Maritime Strategy – Opportunities and Challenges. Indian Navy. Government of India. 27 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20060502124216/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/cns_add2.htm. 2 May 2006. November 2005. dead.
75. Web site: Vision of the Indian Navy. Indian Navy. Ministry of Defence (Navy). 27 June 2017. 12 October 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170602042516/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vision. 2 June 2017.
76. Web site: Organisation of Indian Navy. Indian Navy. 16 June 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170602045953/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/organisation. 2 June 2017.
77. Web site: Anwesha Madhukalya. Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks in the Indian Armed Forces?. ScoopWhoop. 7 July 2017. En. 24 February 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170104090735/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Highest-ranks-in-Indian-Armed-Forces. 4 January 2017.
78. Web site: Director Generals. www.indiannavy.nic.in. 7 July 2017. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170602044619/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/director-generals. 2 June 2017.
79. Web site: The Commands. Indian Navy. Government of India. 7 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170602055919/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/commands. 2 June 2017.
80. Web site: WNC Mumbai Organisation. Indian Navy. 7 July 2017. en.
81. Web site: Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST). Indian Navy. 7 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170602043753/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/flag-officer-sea-training-fost. 2 June 2017.
82. Web site: ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR COMMAND. Integrated Defence Staff. Ministry of Defence. 7 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170108131338/http://www.ids.nic.in/ancommand.htm. 8 January 2017.
83. Web site: Admiral Arun Prakash (retd.). Arun Prakash. INDIA'S HIGHER DEFENCE ORGANIZATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY AND JOINTNESS. Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis. 7 July 2017. 13–31. August 2007. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232945/http://www.idsa.in/system/files/JDS1%281%292007_0.pdf. 3 March 2016.
84. Web site: Principal Staff Officers, Indian Navy. 11 July 2019.
85. Web site: DGs and Controllers, Indian Navy. 11 July 2019.
86. Web site: ADMIRAL DINESH K TRIPATHI PVSM, AVSM, NM ASSUMES COMMAND OF THE INDIAN NAVY AS 26th CHIEF OF THE NAVAL STAFF . pib.gov.in . 10 May 2024.
87. Web site: VICE ADMIRAL KRISHNA SWAMINATHAN, AVSM, VSM ASSUMES CHARGE AS VICE CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF . pib.gov.in . 10 May 2024.
88. Web site: VICE ADMIRAL TARUN SOBTI, AVSM, VSM ASSUMED CHARGE AS DEPUTY CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF . pib.gov.in . 1 October 2023.
89. Web site: VICE ADMIRAL SANJAY BHALLA, AVSM, NM ASSUMES CHARGE AS THE CHIEF OF PERSONNEL OF INDIAN NAVY . pib.gov.in . 10 May 2024.
90. Web site: VICE ADMIRAL KIRAN DESHMUKH, AVSM, VSM, ASSUMES CHARGE AS THE CHIEF OF MATERIEL . pib.gov.in . 1 January 2024.
91. VICE ADMIRAL SANJAY J SINGH TAKES OVER AS FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF, WESTERN NAVAL COMMAND. PIB. 2024-01-03.
92. Web site: VICE ADM RAJESH PENDHARKAR TAKES OVER AS THE FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF, ENC . pib.gov.in . 1 August 2023.
93. Web site: VICE ADMIRAL V SRINIVAS TAKES OVER AS THE FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF, SOUTHERN NAVAL COMMAND, KOCHI . pib.gov.in . 31 December 2023.
94. Web site: WNC Authorities & Units. Indian Navy. 16 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731153909/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/5184. 31 July 2017.
95. Web site: Eastern Naval Command Authorities & Units. Indian Navy. 16 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170722091156/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/1435. 22 July 2017.
96. Web site: Southern Naval Command Authorities & Units. Indian Navy. 16 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731185419/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/1437. 31 July 2017.
97. Web site: INS Shivaji. Indian Navy. 16 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731151842/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/1527. 31 July 2017.
98. Web site: INS Kadamba. Indian Navy. 16 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731160529/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-kadamba. 31 July 2017.
99. News: Ravi Sharma. INS Kadamba commissioned. 16 July 2017. The Hindu. June 2005.
100. Web site: Overseas Military Bases of a budding Super Power – India. Defence News. 16 July 2017. 28 November 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731150253/http://www.defencenews.in/article/Overseas-Military-Bases-of-a-budding-Super-Power---India-119322. 31 July 2017.
101. News: Peri . Dinakar . 2020-12-20 . India looks at integrating more countries into coastal radar network . en-IN . The Hindu . 2023-11-29 . 0971-751X.
102. Web site: Indian Listening Station in Oman Monitoring Pakistan's Naval Communications. AA Me, IN. 16 July 2017. 27 February 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731145401/http://www.aame.in/2013/02/indian-listening-station-in-oman.html. 31 July 2017.
103. Web site: INS Kattabomman. Indian Navy. 16 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160930184839/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/5237. 30 September 2016.
104. Web site: INS Abhimanyu. Indian Navy. 16 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160930192553/http://indiannavy.nic.in/node/5059. 30 September 2016.
105. News: G. S. Subrahmanyam. Admiral Lanba commissions Marine Commandos unit 'INS Karna'. The Hindu. 16 July 2017. 12 July 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161223224633/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Admiral-Lanba-commissions-Marine-Commandos-unit-%E2%80%98INS-Karna%E2%80%99/article14485015.ece. 23 December 2016.
106. News: Jyoti Malhotra. How India's pride INS Arihant was built. Business Standard India. 16 July 2017. New Delhi. 12 August 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170211090449/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/how-india-s-pride-ins-arihant-was-built-113081100745_1.html. 11 February 2017.
107. Web site: Rajat Pandit. India readies hi-tech naval base to keep eye on China. The Times of India. 16 July 2017. 26 March 2013.
108. Web site: The Training Command. Indian Navy. 7 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160803044008/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/themes/indiannavy/images/pdf/the-training-command.pdf. 3 August 2016.
109. Web site: Foreign Training. Indian Navy. 7 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170602054933/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/foreign-training. 2 June 2017.
110. Web site: History of INA. Indian Naval Academy. Indian Navy. 7 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161130081110/http://ina.gov.in/?q=History. 30 November 2016.
111. Web site: Training Establishments. Indian Navy. 7 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170606183508/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/training-establishments. 6 June 2017.
112. Web site: Geographical Location of Training Academies. Indian Navy. 7 July 2017. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170602040411/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/geographical-location. 2 June 2017.
113. Web site: Naval Construction Wing (NCW). Indian Navy. 7 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160803004726/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/themes/indiannavy/images/pdf/naval-construction-wing.pdf. 3 August 2016.
114. News: 20% Sailor Shortage in Navy, 15% Officer Posts Vacant In Army, Nirmala Sitharaman Tells Parliament. Rana. Uday Singh. 27 December 2017. News18.
115. Web site: Subhash Bhamre. Subhash Bhamre. Strength of Manpower. Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Defence. 8 July 2017. 17 March 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731154753/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A159474%29. 31 July 2017.
116. Web site: Rank, rating and promotion. Nausena Bharati. Indian Navy. 8 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170606034633/http://nausena-bharti.nic.in/rank.php. 6 June 2017.
117. Web site: Indian Navy – Rank and Ratings. Nausena Bharati. Indian Navy. 8 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228175021/http://www.nausena-bharti.nic.in/uniform4.php. 28 December 2016.
118. SpokespersonNavy . indiannavy . 1520759285629612033 . 1 May 2022 . Congratulations to Rajendra Kumar Behera MCPO I for being appointed as the #First Navy MCPO. A bold step towards ensuring seamless integration, effective communication and driving the change for a #futureproof #IndianNavy. #IndianNavy #Credible #Cohesive #OurMen #OurPride. https://t.co/ofdRdwnDIg . en . 13 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220529081630/https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/1520759285629612033 . 29 May 2022 . live.
119. Web site: Antony to commission MIG-29 K fighters into Navy. News 18. 17 July 2017. 6 May 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161115193746/http://www.news18.com/news/india/antony-to-commission-mig-29-k-fighters-into-navy-607512.html. 15 November 2016.
120. Web site: About INS Vikramaditya – The newest & largest ship of Indian Navy. Indian Navy. 17 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731153146/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/about-ins-vikramaditya-newest-largest-ship-indian-navy. 31 July 2017.
121. Web site: Kamov Ka-31 Helix Airborne Early Warning Helicopter. Military Today. 17 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731162627/http://www.military-today.com/helicopters/kamov_ka31.htm. 31 July 2017.
122. Web site: Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH- DHRUV). Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. 17 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170702093758/http://hal-india.com/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=24. 2 July 2017.
123. Web site: Indian Navy to induct 24 Long Range Maritime Reconnaissance Aircraft. India Strategic. 17 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20111206232151/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1272_Navy_to_induct_P8I.htm. 6 December 2011.
124. Web site: Gulshan Luthra. Indian Navy gets its most sophisticated system yet in P8-I Maritime Aircraft. India Strategic. 17 July 2017. January 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130501152303/http://indiastrategic.in/topstories1877_Indian_Navy_gets_most_sophisticated_system_in_P8-I_maritime_aircraft.htm. 1 May 2013.
125. Web site: Borst. Marco P.J.. Ilyushin ll-38 May 'the Russian Orion. Airborne Log. 17 July 2017. 1996. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160910130518/http://www.p3orion.nl/il-38%20may.pdf. 10 September 2016.
126. Web site: The Albatross. Indian Navy. 17 July 2017. en. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731154459/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/tu-142m. 31 July 2017.
127. Web site: INAS 315 – The Winged Stallions. Indian Navy. 17 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161116022459/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/il38. 16 November 2016.
128. Web site: Manjeet . Negi . Abhishek . Bhalla . July 17, 2021 . Indian Navy receives first two 24 MH-60R helicopters from US . 2022-05-29 . India Today . en.
129. Web site: INAS 342 – The Flying Sentinels. Indian Navy. 17 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164957/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/uav. 16 November 2016.
130. Web site: Indian Naval Air Squadron 343. Indian Navy. 17 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164907/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/inas-343. 16 November 2016.
131. Web site: UAV SQUADRON COMMISSIONED ON EAST COAST. Indian Navy. 17 July 2017. 11 April 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164352/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release_document/PRel_120411_INAS-344-Commissioned.pdf. 16 November 2016.
132. Web site: KIRAN MK 1/1A/2. Indian Navy. 17 July 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164944/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/kiran-mk-11a2. 16 November 2016.
133. Web site: Abhishek Saxena. 15 Reasons The Indian Navy MARCOS Are The Best in the World. India Times. 17 July 2017. 2 May 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161126093127/http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/15-reasons-the-indian-navy-marcos-are-the-best-in-the-world-232296.html. 26 November 2016.
134. Web site: Vice Admiral G. M. Hiranandani (retd.). Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani. The Emerging Role of the Indian Navy in the New World Order – I. Indian Defence Review. 17 July 2017. 11 April 2011.
135. Web site: Indian navy holds 61 pirates after skirmish at sea . Guardian . 2 January 2020 . 14 March 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200102154023/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/14/indian-navy-pirates-holds-61 . 2 January 2020 .
136. Web site: Indian Navy foils pirates' attempt to attack Liberian vessel in Gulf of Aden. Deccan Chronicle. 17 July 2017. 17 May 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170519075333/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170517/indian-navy-foils-pirates-attempt-to-attack-liberian-vessel-in-gulf-of-aden.html. 19 May 2017.
137. Web site: Ship Naming in the United States Navy. Naval History and Heritage Command. United States Navy. 18 July 2017. India and Israel both use "INS" to mean Indian Naval Ship or Israeli Navy Ship..
138. Web site: Vikramaditya, Viraat, Delhi Class, Rajput Class, Kolkata Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731154754/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vikramaditya-viraat-delhi-class-rajput-class-kolkata-class. 31 July 2017.
139. Web site: INS Viraat Decommissioned. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731160452/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-viraat-decommissioned. 31 July 2017.
140. Web site: Austin Class, Shardul Cass, Magar Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731151637/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/austin-class-shardul-cass-magar-class. 31 July 2017.
141. Web site: Kumbhir Class, LCU (MK-3) Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731154710/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/kumbhir-class-lcu-mk-3-class. 31 July 2017.
142. Web site: Shivalik Class, Talwar Class, Kamorta Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731154548/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/shivalik-class-talwar-class-kamorta-class. 31 July 2017.
143. Web site: Brahmaputra Class, Godavari Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731154924/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/brahmaputra-class-godavari-class. 31 July 2017.
144. Web site: Kora Class, Khukri Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731153200/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/kora-class-khukri-class. 31 July 2017.
145. Web site: Veer Class, Abhay Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731151626/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/veer-class-abhay-class. 31 July 2017.
146. Web site: Surabhi Nijhawan. Indian Navy Corvettes INS Veer And Nipat Decommissioned After 29 and 28 Years of Service to the Nation. India Times. 18 July 2017. 28 April 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731151456/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-navy-corvettes-ins-veer-and-nipat-decommissioned-after-29-and-28-years-of-service-to-the-nation-254218.html. 31 July 2017.
147. Web site: Sukanya Class, Saryu Class, Karwar Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731185745/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/sukanya-class-saryu-class-karwar-class. 31 July 2017.
148. Web site: Fleet Tankers, Torpedo Recovery Vessels, Ocean Going Tugs, Nireekshak Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731153154/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/fleet-tankers-torpedo-recovery-vessels-ocean-going-tugs-nireekshak-class. 31 July 2017.
149. Web site: Sandhayak Class, Makar Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731151020/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/sandhayak-class-makar-class. 31 July 2017.
150. Web site: Tir Class, Sail Ships/Boats, Sagardhwani Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731153206/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/tir-class-sail-shipsboats-sagardhwani-class. 31 July 2017.
151. Web site: Trinket Class, Super Dvora II Class, Bangaram Class, Car Nicobar Class, Immediate Support Vessels. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731155125/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/trinket-class-super-dvora-ii-class-bangaram-class-car-nicobar-class-immediate-support. 31 July 2017.
152. Web site: India's first homegrown aircraft carrier puts it among world's naval elites. CNN. 2 September 2022.
153. Web site: INS Visakhapatnam', First Ship of Project 15B launched. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034817/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/news-events/ins-visakhapatnam-first-ship-project-15b-launched. 24 September 2015. dead.
154. Web site: Philip. Snehesh Alex. 2020-11-29. Engine, design deficiencies — Third crash puts Russian MiG-29K back in focus. 2020-11-30. ThePrint. en-US.
155. News: 29 November 2020. Indian Navy finds some debris of crashed MiG-29K in Arabian sea. The Economic Times. 2020-11-30.
156. Web site: Russia to Supply a Batch of KA-31 AEW Helicopters to India. 2020-11-30. www.defenseworld.net. 19 March 2020 .
157. News: Boeing delivers 12th P-8I patrol aircraft to Indian Navy . 10 March 2022 . 24 February 2022.
158. Web site: DORNIERS Indian Navy. 2020-11-30. www.indiannavy.nic.in.
159. Web site: HAL hands over ALH Dhruv Mk III to the Indian Navy and Coast Guard . Naval News. 6 February 2021.
160. Web site: INAS 323 commissioned at Goa as first unit of indigenously built ALH MK III enters Naval Service. PIB. 2021-04-19.
161. Web site: Advanced Light Helicopters Inducted at INS Dega. PIB. 2021-06-07.
162. Web site: Ka-27/28 and Ka-29 Helix - Naval Technology. 2020-11-30. www.naval-technology.com.
163. 1156078619896107013 . DefProdnIndia . @HALHQBLR delivers Chetak helicopter to Indian Navy ahead of schedule. Equipped with the latest communication & navigation systems #Chetak is used for cargo/material transport, casualty evacuation, search & rescue, aerial survey, patrolling, emergency medical services and others. . Defence Production India . 30 November 2023.
164. Web site: Chandra . Atul . Indian Armed Forces' Chetak Helicopter Fleet Completes 60 Years In Service . 2023-11-30 . Mobility Outlook.
165. Web site: 2021-07-19. Lockheed delivers two MH-60R maritime helicopters to Indian Navy. 2021-07-20. Global Defense Corp. en-US.
166. Web site: Indian Navy receives first two of 24 MH-60R helicopters from US. 2021-07-17. India Today. 17 July 2021 . en.
167. Web site: Romeos are coming to India! Long wait for MH-60R multi-mission helicopter for Indian Navy is over. www.financialexpress.com. 28 July 2022.
168. Web site: 2022 . World Air Forces 2022 . registration . Flightglobal Insight . 2 December 2021.
169. Web site: World Air Forces 2020. Flightglobal Insight . 2020 . 4 May 2020. registration.
170. ANI . ANI . 1195596711156076544 . 16 November 2019 . Indian Navy Sources: A MiG-29K fighter aircraft crashed in Goa soon after it took off for a training mission. Both the pilots have managed to eject safely. The aircraft involved in the crash was a trainer version of the fighter jet. https://t.co/nMWPYOeUFN . en . 13 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220825173922/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1195596711156076544 . 25 August 2022 . live.
171. News: Mallapur. Chaitanya. India tops list of drone-importing nations. IndiaSpend. Business Standard. 4 May 2015.
172. Bedi. Rahul. India to buy Heron TP UAVs. IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. 16 September 2015. 52. 44. 2048-3430.
173. News: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited delivers 'Lakshya-1' aircraft to Bharat Dynamics Limited. 3 August 2013. Indian Express. 27 July 2013.
174. News: Peri. Dinakar. 2020-11-25. Navy inducts two Sea Guardian drones on lease from U.S.. en-IN. The Hindu. 2020-11-30. 0971-751X.
175. Web site: Navy gets first India-made long endurance Drishti 10 Starliner drone . 2024-01-11 . . 10 January 2024 . en.
176. Web site: 2024-01-10 . India's first indigenously manufactured UAV 'Drishti 10 Starliner' flagged off . 2024-01-11 . . en.
177. Web site: India orders Hermes 900 for army, navy . 2024-01-11 . . en.
178. News: 2024-08-11 . India set to commission its second nuclear-missile submarine . 2024-08-12 . The Economic Times . 0013-0389.
179. Web site: Submarines Active. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170602043152/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/submarines-active. 2 June 2017. 18 July 2017. Indian Navy.
180. Web site: Sindhughosh Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161001221714/http://indiannavy.nic.in/node/5336. 1 October 2016.
181. Web site: Shishumar Class. Indian Navy. 18 July 2017.
182. News: INS Chakra: Govt inducts Russian-origin Akula II class Nerpa into Navy. Economic Times. 18 July 2017. 4 April 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150906070351/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ins-chakra-govt-inducts-russian-origin-akula-ii-class-nerpa-into-navy/articleshow/12526102.cms. 6 September 2015.
183. Web site: Sudhi Ranjan Sen. India to Lease a Second Nuclear Submarine From Russia. NDTV. 18 July 2017. 16 December 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170701130337/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-to-lease-a-second-nuclear-submarine-from-russia-714039. 1 July 2017.
184. News: Now, India has a nuclear triad. The Hindu. 18 July 2017. 18 October 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221185205/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Now-India-has-a-nuclear-triad/article16074127.ece. 21 December 2016. Peri. Dinakar.
185. Web site: Suman Sharma. Navy creating a new base for nuke submarines. DNA India. 18 July 2017. 12 June 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160107070526/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-navy-creating-a-new-base-for-nuke-submarines-1395220. 7 January 2016.
186. Web site: Rajat Pandit. India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine. The Times of India. 18 July 2017. 17 July 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150201071911/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-launch-nuclear-powered-submarine/articleshow/4787167.cms?referral=PM. 1 February 2015.
187. News: Pandit . Rajat . 2015-02-18 . Government clears construction of 7 stealth frigates, 6 nuclear-powered attack submarines . 2024-08-12 . The Economic Times . 0013-0389.
188. News: 2024-08-11 . India 'fully ready' to add to fleet 2nd submarine with nuclear-tipped missiles . 2024-08-12 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
189. News: 2022-12-04 . Much improved & bigger 3rd Generation S5 SSBN of the Indian Navy to enter production in 2027 . 2022-12-05 . IgMp.
190. Web site: 23 January 2023 . INS Vagir, 5th submarine of Kalvari class, commissioned into Indian Navy . www.hindustantimes.com.
191. Web site: 2024-07-29 . Indian Navy's new Scorpene submarines to have Made in India 'Heart' by BEL with French architecture: French Naval Group . 2024-07-29 . ANI.
192. Web site: 5 May 2024 . Field evaluation of bids for Navy's mega submarine deal underway; German govt. to acquire stake in TKMS . The Hindu.
193. News: Peri . Dinakar . 1 June 2024 . Field evaluation of submarine bids under P-75I complete . The Hindu.
194. News: 2024-08-11 . MDL surges ahead in India's Rs 60,000 crore submarine project after clearing key trials . 2024-08-12 . The Economic Times . 0013-0389.
195. Web site: Philip . Snehesh Alex . 2024-04-04 . Indian Navy team in Germany to inspect AIP tech for new submarines, Spain next . 2024-08-12 . ThePrint . en-US.
196. Web site: Commodore Ranjit B Rai (retd.). The progression of Indian Navy's weaponry and status. India Strategic. 23 July 2017. December 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160803214245/http://indiastrategic.in/topstories3119_the_progression_of_Indian_Navy_weaponry_and_status.htm. 3 August 2016.
197. Web site: Franz-Stefan Gady. India Test Fires Supersonic Cruise Missile. The Diplomat. he Convention News Company, Inc.. 23 July 2017. 15 March 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170320053552/https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/india-test-fires-supersonic-cruise-missile/. 20 March 2017.
198. Web site: Brahmos naval version tested successfully. Press Information Bureau. 23 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20100924123630/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=36060. 24 September 2010. 25 March 2008. dead.
199. Web site: Neelam Mathews. Indian Navy Requests New Patrol Aircraft. AIN Online. 23 July 2017. 23 August 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731145403/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2013-08-23/indian-navy-requests-new-patrol-aircraft. 31 July 2017.
200. Web site: Air Defense: Barak Gets Bigger And Better. Strategy Page. Strategy World. 23 July 2017. 7 August 2013. 1 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211201195647/https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htada/20130807.aspxv. dead.
201. News: Y. Mallikarjun. Nuclear-capable Dhanush successfully test-fired. The Hindu. 5 October 2012.
202. Web site: Rajat Pandit. India ready to join elite N-strike club. The Times of India. 23 July 2017. 19 February 2008.
203. News: India successfully test-fires underwater missile. The Hindu. 23 July 2017. 19 February 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161124182916/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-successfully-testfires-underwater-missile/article4350553.ece. 24 November 2016. Mallikarjun. Y.. Subramanian. T. S..
204. Web site: Ankit Panda. India Inches Closer to Credible Nuclear Triad With K-4 SLBM Test. The Diplomat. 23 July 2017. 13 May 2004. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170808153939/https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/india-inches-closer-to-credible-nuclear-triad-with-k-4-slbm-test/. 8 August 2017.
205. Web site: Area of Work DRDO. Defence Research and Development Organization. Ministry of Defence. 23 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170814102018/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs1/DLRL/English/indexnew.jsp?pg=areaofwork.jsp. 14 August 2017.
206. News: Arunkumar Bhatt. Navy building high-speed data network. 23 July 2017. 6 December 2004. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160107070527/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/06/stories/2004120602511200.htm. The Hindu. 7 January 2016.
207. Vijay Sakhuja Change but Continuity: The Indian Navy Marches Ahead. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. 10 August 2004
208. Web site: Vijay Sakhuja. Change but Continuity: The Indian Navy Marches Ahead. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. 23 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20090107234142/http://www.ipcs.org/Military_articles2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=1467&keyArticle=1019&status=article&mod=a. 7 January 2009. 10 August 2004. dead.
209. Web site: Information technology and Indian Navy. Deccan Herald . 23 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060426142838/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr122006/cyberspace1319112006411.asp . 12 April 2006 . 26 April 2006.
210. News: Indian Navy to have Information Technology cadre. Economic Times. 23 July 2017. 12 July 2012.
211. Web site: Directorate of Information Technology. Indian Navy. 23 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160803030007/http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/directorate-information-technology. 3 August 2016.
212. Web site: Ajey Lele. GSAT-7: India's Strategic Satellite. Space News. 19 July 2017. https://archive.today/20131001142106/http://www.spacenews.com/article/opinion/37142gsat-7-india%E2%80%99s-strategic-satellite. 1 October 2013. dead. 9 September 2013.
213. News: Indian Navy: Navy to buy Rs 1,589 crore satellite from ISRO. The Economic Times. 18 July 2019 . 28 December 2019 . Pubby . Manu .
214. News: Isro to build 2nd dedicated satellite for Navy to interlink warships, aircraft - Times of India. The Times of India. 21 July 2019 . en. 28 December 2019.
215. Web site: Anil Chopra. All you need to know about the Fleet Review being hosted by Indian Navy in Vizag. Indian Navy. 23 July 2017. 6 February 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731191939/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-fleet-review-being-hosted-by-indian-navy-in-vizag-2174786. 31 July 2017.
216. Web site: Cdr R Madhusoodanan. Building Bridges of Friendship. Ministry of Defence. 23 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20090411040044/http://mod.nic.in/Samachar/mar6/html/aycom.htm. 11 April 2009.
217. Web site: 2024-02-21 . Indian Navy showcases power . 2024-03-30 . The Times of India . en.
218. Web site: 21st EDITION OF INDIA FRANCE BILATERAL NAVAL EXERCISE 'VARUNA' – 2023 . 2024-03-30 . pib.gov.in.
219. News: 2019-08-15. INS Tarkash participates in KONKAN bilateral exercise. Business Standard India. 2020-11-28.
220. Web site: ANNUAL BILATERAL MARITIME EXERCISE KONKAN 2023 . 2024-03-30 . pib.gov.in.
221. Web site: 13 December 2016. Indo – Russian Bilateral Naval Exercise (Indra Navy – 2016). live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170615071452/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155297. 15 June 2017. 23 July 2017. Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Defence.
222. Web site: 4 September 2020. INDRA NAVY 2020: Indian, Russian navies begin naval exercise; guided missile destroyers, frigates in action. 2020-11-28. Times Now. en.
223. Web site: Exercise Malabar – 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170610131906/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/exercise-malabar-2016. 10 June 2017. 23 July 2017. Indian Navy.
224. Web site: 17 November 2020. Nimitz Strike Group Participates in Malabar with Australia, India and Japan. 2020-11-21. United States Navy. en-US.
225. Web site: 28th EDITION OF SINGAPORE-INDIA MARITIME BILATERAL EXERCISE 'SIMBEX' . 2021-09-07 . pib.gov.in.
226. Web site: INDIAN NAVAL SHIP TARKASH REACHES SOUTH AFRICA FOR IBSAMAR VII . 14 October 2022 . pib.gov.in.
227. Web site: INDIAN NAVY PARTICIPATES IN INDIA, SINGAPORE AND THAILAND TRILATERAL MARITIME EXERCISE 'SITMEX' . 2024-03-30 . pib.gov.in.
228. Web site: SLINEX 15 – Sri Lanka-India Exercise. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801121221/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/slinex-15-sri-lanka-india-exercise. 1 August 2017. 1 August 2017. Indian Navy.
229. Web site: 19 October 2020. India and Sri Lanka begin their annual exercise SLINEX today. 2020-11-27. DD News.
230. Web site: 'Naseem Al Bahr - 2022' Indian Navy . 2024-03-30 . indiannavy.nic.in.
231. Web site: Arora . Sumit . 2022-11-22 . 13th bilateral naval exercise Naseem Al Bahr-2022 . 2024-03-30 . adda247 . en-IN.
232. Web site: 5TH EDITION OF AUSINDEX-23 AT SYDNEY . 2024-03-30 . pib.gov.in.
233. Web site: JAPAN INDIA MARITIME EXERCISE 2023 (JIMEX 23) . 2024-03-30 . pib.gov.in.
234. Web site: Arora . Sumit . 2021-08-24 . 2nd Indo-Qatari joint Naval Exercise "Zair-Al-Bahr" in Persian Gulf . 2024-03-30 . adda247 . en-IN.
235. Web site: Joint Exercise Between the Qatari Emiri Navy and the Indian Navy Forces (The Roar of the Sea). 2020-11-29. Indian Navy.
236. Web site: 4th edition of Indo-Indonesia Bilateral Exercise Samudra Shakti-23 concluded in South China Sea Indian Navy . 2024-03-30 . indiannavy.nic.in.
237. Web site: INDIA & BANGLADESH NAVIES UNDERTAKE CORPAT & EX-BONGOSAGAR . 2024-03-30 . pib.gov.in.
238. Web site: Indian Navy holds bilateral naval drill 'Zayed Talwar' with UAE . 2024-03-30 . India Today . en.
239. Web site: INDIA-SAUDI ARABIA BILATERAL MARITIME EXERCISE AL MOHED AL HINDI 23 . 2024-03-30 . pib.gov.in.
240. Web site: 28th Indo-Thai Corpat - Closing Ceremony. 2020-11-27. Indian Navy.
241. Web site: 19 March 2020. 33rd Edition of India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (Ind-Indo Corpat) Commences at Port Blair. 2020-11-27. pib.gov.in.
242. Web site: 21 May 2020. 8th Indo – Myanmar Coordinated Patrol. 2020-11-27. pib.gov.in.
243. Web site: Vijay Sakhuja. Strategic Shift in Chinese Naval Strategy in Indian Ocean. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. 23 July 2017. 6 December 2005. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170706032240/http://www.ipcs.org/article/navy/strategic-shift-in-chinese-naval-strategy-in-indian-ocean-1899.html. 6 July 2017.
244. Web site: India to take part in China's International Fleet Review. The Hindu. 23 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20101116043252/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200903201879.htm. 16 November 2010. 20 March 2009. dead.
245. Book: Annual Report . Ministry of Defence . 2006 . 29.
246. Web site: Indian Navy Concludes Theatre Level Readiness and Operational Exercise (TROPEX 2017). live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801130749/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-navy-concludes-theatre-level-readiness-and-operational-exercise-tropex-2017. 1 August 2017. 1 August 2017. Indian Navy.
247. Web site: Anil K. Joseph. Indian Navy holds joint drills with top naval powers. The Tribune. 23 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20071014181818/http://tribuneindia.com/2007/20070417/main8.htm. 14 October 2007. 17 April 2007.
248. Web site: P Vaidyanathan Iyer. Eye on China, India and Japan ink security pact. The Indian Express. 23 July 2017. 23 October 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160107070526/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/eye-on-china--india-and-japan-ink-security-pact/376748. 7 January 2016.
249. Web site: Two Indian naval ships dock in Sai Gon Port for 5-day visit. Vietnam News Service. 1 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20080612171358/http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=03SOC090507. 12 June 2008. 9 May 2007. dead.
250. Web site: Anushree Bhattacharya. India's Joint Naval Exercises in the ASEAN Region. Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies. 1 August 2017. 3 August 2007. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801130450/http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2345. 1 August 2017.
251. Web site: India, S Korea to hold joint naval exercise. Outlook India. 1 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20071014181310/http://outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?gid=73&id=477589. 14 October 2007. 31 May 2007. dead.
252. News: A year of determined pursuit of perfection for Navy fleet. The Hindu. 1 August 2017. 22 December 2008.
253. Web site: 29 May 2009. Navy war games with French, British in Atlantic next month. https://web.archive.org/web/20090601104009/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200905291971.htm. 1 June 2009. 1 August 2017. The Hindu.
254. Web site: Ekatha Ann John. 10 February 2014. Milan 2014: Naval exercise off Andamans concludes. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160907045654/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Milan-2014-Naval-exercise-off-Andamans-concludes/articleshow/30149435.cms. 7 September 2016. 1 August 2017. The Times of India.
255. Web site: 29 July 2021. INS Talwar in exercise Cutlass Express-21 conduct of VBSS training by Indian Navy. 2022-02-16. Press Information Bureau, Indian Navy.
256. Web site: Cutlass Express. 2022-02-16. www.africom.mil. United States Africa Command.
257. Web site: PM calls on Indian Ocean navies to pool resources. The Times of India. 1 August 2017. 15 February 2008. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170811073255/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-calls-on-Indian-Ocean-navies-to-pool-resources/articleshow/2783774.cms?referral=PM. 11 August 2017.
258. Web site: INDIAN OCEAN NAVAL SYMPOSIUM (IONS). Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20080210113448/http://indiannavy.nic.in/ion.htm. 10 February 2008. dead.
259. Web site: ANNA AHRONHEIM. INDIAN NAVY SHIPS DOCK IN HAIFA PORT AHEAD OF HISTORICAL VISIT BY INDIAN PM. The Jerusalem Post. 1 August 2017. 10 May 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170724173959/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Indian-Navy-ships-dock-in-Haifa-port-ahead-of-historical-visit-by-Indian-PM-490336. 24 July 2017.
260. Web site: Indian Navy: INS Brahmaputra on Goodwill Visit to Israel. Marine Buzz. 1 August 2017. 2 June 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801114001/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2009/06/02/indian-navy-ins-brahmaputra-on-goodwill-visit-to-israel/. 1 August 2017.
261. Web site: INS Trikand visits Istanbul, Turkey. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801113610/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-trikand-visits-istanbulturkey. 1 August 2017.
262. Web site: Indian Warships visit Alexandria, Egypt. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801123030/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-warships-visit-alexandria-egypt. 1 August 2017.
263. Web site: Indian Warships on Overseas Deployment: Visit Souda Bay, Greece. Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Defence. 1 August 2017. 18 April 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101349/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=161108. 19 April 2017.
264. Web site: Indian Naval Ships visit Phuket (Thailand). Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801130141/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-naval-ships-visit-phuket-thailand. 1 August 2017.
265. Web site: Eastern Fleet Ships on Overseas Deployment to Indonesia. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801121824/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/eastern-fleet-ships-overseas-deployment-indonesia. 1 August 2017.
266. Web site: Naval Ships visit Freemantle (Perth), Australia. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801122338/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/naval-ships-visit-freemantle-perth-australia. 1 August 2017.
267. Web site: INS Sumitra visits Auckland, New Zealand for International Naval Review 2016. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801125836/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-sumitra-visits-auckland-new-zealand-international-naval-review-2016. 1 August 2017.
268. Web site: India – Tonga Relations. Ministry of External Affairs. Government of India. 1 August 2017. 15 January 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160429070313/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tonga_15_01_2016.pdf. 29 April 2016.
269. Web site: Western Fleet Ships visit South Africa. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801125934/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/15546. 1 August 2017.
270. Web site: Visit of Indian Warships to Mombasa, Kenya. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801120236/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/visit-indian-warships-mombasa-kenya. 1 August 2017.
271. Web site: Warships on visit to Qatar. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801130409/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/warships-visit-qatar. 1 August 2017.
272. Web site: Warships on visit to Oman. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801122935/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/warships-visit-oman. 1 August 2017.
273. Web site: Indian Navy's Western fleet ships visit United Arab Emirates. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801125825/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indian-navy%E2%80%99s-western-fleet-ships-visit-united-arab-emirates. 1 August 2017.
274. Web site: Warships on visit to Bahrain. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801121132/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/warships-visit-bahrain. 1 August 2017.
275. Web site: Warships on visit to Kuwait. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801124723/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/warships-visit-kuwait. 1 August 2017.
276. Web site: INS Tarangini. Indian Navy. 1 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20060901095009/http://indiannavy.nic.in/tarangani_home.htm. 1 September 2006. dead.
277. Web site: Indian Navy's second Mt Everest expedition flagged off. Daily News and Analysis. Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.. 1 August 2017. 23 March 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170802072348/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-indian-navy-s-second-mt-everest-expedition-flagged-off-2365502. 2 August 2017.
278. Web site: Indian Navy on top of the world. Chennai Online. Chennai Interactive Business Services. 1 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20080611154057/http://www.chennaionline.com/columns/variety/05navy.asp. 11 June 2008.
279. Web site: Indian Navy's Mt. Everest Team sets many new records: From the deep blue seas to the highest peaks Indian naval team does it all. Everest News. 1 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20060821003030/http://www.everestnews2004.com/everest2004/indiaeverestdis4.htm. 21 August 2006. dead.
280. Web site: Indian Navy Team in Iceland. Embassy of Iceland – New Delhi, India. 1 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20081203003017/http://www.iceland.org./in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/2929. 3 December 2008. 25 August 2006.
281. Web site: An Indian Navy team is just back from an arduous ski expedition in Greenland. The Hindu. 1 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20101029075128/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/08/19/stories/2006081902510100.htm. 29 October 2010. usurped. 19 August 2006.
282. Web site: Indian Navy Timeline. Bharat Rakshak. 1 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20070206031712/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Timeline.html. 6 February 2007.
283. Web site: Navy team becomes first military unit to ski to South Pole. The Hindu. 1 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20080611211229/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200701312174.htm. 11 June 2008. 31 January 2007.
284. Web site: India Navy North Side Everest 2004 Expedition: From the Ocean Depths to The Top of the World. Everest News. 1 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20061112071704/http://www.everestnews2004.com/everest2004/indiaeverestdis2-2004.htm. 12 November 2006. 13 May 2004.
285. Web site: Nancy Knudsen. Dilip Donde completes first solo circumnavigation for India. Sail World. 1 August 2017. 23 May 2010. dead. https://archive.today/20120910075712/http://www.sail-world.com/NZ/Dilip-Donde-completes-first-solo-circumnavigation-for-India/69842. 10 September 2012.
286. Web site: Who is Indian Navy Commander Abhilash Tomy? . 2023-11-30 . India Today . 24 September 2018 . en.
287. Web site: 2023-04-27 . Qayamat se Bayanat Tak — The Abhilash Tomy Story . 2023-11-30 . Kaypius . en-US.
288. Web site: Brand new Indian Navy with long legs by 2027: Admiral Verma. IBN Live. Cable News Network. 2 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20111206042512/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/brand-new-indian-navy-with-long-legs-by-2027-verma/208124-3.html. 6 December 2011. 3 December 2011. dead.
289. Web site: Project Seabird II will generate more employment: Admiral. The Times of India. 2 August 2017. Hubli. 4 December 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170811190516/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/Project-Seabird-II-will-generate-more-employment-Admiral/articleshow/55779430.cms. 11 August 2017.
290. Web site: INS Kadamba Naval Base, India. Naval Technology. Kable Intelligence Limited. 2 August 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170815060646/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/inskadambanavalbase. 15 August 2017.
291. Web site: Sudhi Ranjan Sen. Now, India has the Largest Naval Base East of the Suez Canal. NDTV. 2 August 2017. 10 September 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170803004931/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/now-on-indias-west-coast-the-largest-naval-base-east-of-the-suez-canal-1215952. 3 August 2017.
292. Web site: Seabird phase II work will start by 2016: Naval officer. Deccan Herald. The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.. 2 August 2017. Karwar. 5 December 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213930/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/515693/seabird-phase-ii-work-start.html. 4 March 2016.
293. Web site: Saurav Jha. India's Undersea Deterrent. The Diplomat. 30 March 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160408081504/https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/indias-undersea-deterrent/. 8 April 2016.
294. Web site: Franz-Stefan Gady. Confirmed: India's Next Aircraft Carrier Will Be Nuclear. The Diplomat. 3 August 2017. 9 November 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170804012810/https://thediplomat.com/2016/11/confirmed-indias-next-aircraft-carrier-will-be-nuclear/. 4 August 2017.
295. News: Navy's long-term plan is to have three aircraft carriers, says Navy chief Admiral Karambir Singh. 3 December 2019. 4 December 2019. Business Line.
296. Web site: Government gives green signal to build worth over Rs 20,000 crore. The Economic Times. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.. 3 August 2017. 21 May 2017.
297. Web site: MoD gives nod to 7 stealth frigates worth Rs 13,000 crore. The Times of India. 3 August 2017. 12 March 2016. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160423020457/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/MoD-gives-nod-to-7-stealth-frigates-worth-Rs-13000-crore/articleshow/51367348.cms. 23 April 2016.
298. News: Pandit . Rajat . India, Russia ink $500 million deal for construction of two guided-missile stealth frigates - Times of India . The Times of India . 20 November 2018.
299. Web site: K. V. Prasad. MoD clears Navy plans to get 16 shallow-water anti-sub vessels. The Tribune. 4 August 2017. New Delhi. 25 December 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20161213160019/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm. 13 December 2016.
300. Web site: India Issues RFI for Next Generation Missile Vessel. Forecast International. 4 August 2017. 11 February 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170805014810/http://www.forecastinternational.com/news/index.cfm?l3=30103&recno=230309. 5 August 2017.
301. Web site: Rahul Singh. India may ink Rs 32,000-cr deal for building minesweepers next month. Hindustan Times. HT Media Limited. 4 August 2017. 2 March 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170804214948/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-may-ink-rs-32-000-cr-deal-for-building-minesweepers-next-month/story-anO5yAOoUzbPARwJHGYbbI.html. 4 August 2017.
302. Web site: Indian Navy gears up to induct more submarines, warships in 2017. The Asian Age. 4 August 2017. Mumbai. 2 January 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170804215907/http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/020117/indian-navy-gears-up-to-induct-more-submarines-warships-in-2017.html. 4 August 2017.
303. Web site: Rajat Pandit. India finally kick-starts 'mother of all underwater defence deals' after 10-year delay. The Economic Times. 4 August 2017. 24 July 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170729004019/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/59731896.cms. 29 July 2017.
304. Web site: Abhishek Saxena. Indian Navy Soon To Be The Most Formidable Submarine Force on the Planet! Here's What You Need To Know. Indiatimes. Times Internet Limited. 4 August 2017. 15 May 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015105/http://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/indian-navy-soon-to-be-the-most-formidable-submarine-force-on-the-planet-heres-what-you-need-to-know-232694.html. 5 August 2017.
305. News: Defence projects worth Rs. 21,000 crore cleared. The Hindu. 4 August 2017. 19 July 2014. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170828013553/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-projects-worth-rs-21000-crore-cleared/article6229070.ece. 28 August 2017.
306. News: 'Drone sale to India would cement bilateral ties with US' - Times of India. The Times of India. 31 October 2017.
307. Web site: Indian Navy to change its ensign. Rediff. 4 August 2017. 24 April 2004. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160819153640/http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/apr/23navy.htm. 19 August 2016.
308. Web site: Gautum Datt . Indian Navy to finally include Satyameva Jayate below national emblem on its flag and crest . India Today . 2 January 2020 . 5 August 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155302/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indian-navy-correct-anomaly-satyameva-jayate-pranab-mukherjee-aamir-khan-202857-2014-08-05 . 2 January 2020 .
309. Web site: Indian Navy gets new deadly submarine! INS Vela gets commissioned . The Financial Express . 25 November 2021 . 25 November 2021.
310. Web site: Indian Navy to change its ensign; 4th change since 1950. www.tribuneindia.com. 30 August 2022.
311. Łukaszuk. Tomasz. 2020-12-31. University of Warsaw (Poland). Indian and Australian Maritime Security Doctrines in the Indian Ocean Region in the 21st Century. Christian Bueger's Matrix of Maritime Security Approach. Polish Political Science Yearbook. 49. 4. 113. 10.15804/ppsy2020407. 234432658.
312. Book: Jackson, Aaron P. 2010. Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs, No. 33. Keystone Doctrine Development in Five Commonwealth Navies: A Comparative Perspective. 31–44. Sea Power Centre . 978-0-642-29730-3. 1327-5658.
313. Web site: Nat Geo joins hands with Indian Navy for ‘Nat Geo Mission Navy: Lehron ke Sartaj’. 31 July 2024.