List of Indian monarchs explained

This article is a list of the various dynasties and monarchs that have ruled in the Indian subcontinent and it is one of several lists of incumbents.

The earliest Indian rulers are known from epigraphical sources found in archeological inscriptions on Ashokan edicts[1] [2] written in Pali language and using brahmi script. They are also known from the literary sources like Sanskrit literature, Jain literature and Buddhist literature in context of literary sources. Archaeological sources include archeological remains in Indian subcontinent which give many details about earlier kingdoms, monarchs, and their interactions with each other.

Early types of historic documentation include metal coins with an indication of the ruler, or at least the dynasty, at the time. These Punch-marked coins were issued around 600s BCE and are found in abundance from the Maurya Empire in 300s BCE. There are also stone inscriptions and documentary records from foreign cultures from around this time. The main imperial or quasi-imperial rulers of North India are fairly clear from this point on, but many local rulers, and the situation in the Deccan and South India has less clear stone inscriptions from early centuries. Main sources of South Indian history is Sangam Literature dated from 300s BCE. Time period of ancient Indian rulers is speculative, or at least uncertain.

Vedic India (c. 2000s BCE – 200s BCE)

See also: Outline of ancient India, Iron Age in India, Vedic Period, Janapada and Mahajanapada.

Kingdom of Magadha

List of monarchs of Magadha

Kingdom of Kashmir

List of monarchs of Kashmir

Gandhara Kingdom (c. 1500 – 518 BCE)

Kings of Gandhara

Kuru Kingdom (c. 1200 – 345 BCE)

List of Kuru kings

Kingdom of Avanti (c. 1100 – 400 BCE)

Haiheyas

  1. Sahasrajit
  2. Satajit
  3. Mahahaya, Renuhaya and Haihaya (the founder of Haihaya Kingdom). (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Mandhatri)
  4. Dharma was the son of Haihaya.
  5. Netra
  6. Kunti
  7. Sohanji
  8. Mahishman was the founder of Mahishmati on the banks of River Narmada.
  9. Bhadrasenaka (Bhadrasena) (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Trishanku)
  10. Durmada (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Harischandra)
  11. Durdama
  12. Bhima
  13. Samhata
  14. Kanaka
  15. Dhanaka
  16. Krtavirya, Krtagni, Krtavarma and Krtauja. (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Rohitashva)
  17. Sahasrabahu Kartavirya Arjuna was the son of Krtavirya who ruled 88 years and was finally killed by Lord Parashurama.
  18. Jayadhwaja, Vrshabha, Madhu and Urujit were left by Parshurama and 995 others were killed by Lord Parashurama. Pajanya was adopted by Kroshta king Devamidha
  19. Talajangha (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Asita)
  20. Vithihotra (Contemporary to Suryavanshi king Sagara)
  21. Madhu
  22. Vrshni

Pradyota dynasty

Videha (c. 1100 – 700 BCE)

Kings of Videha

Kalinga Kingdom (c. 1100 – 261 BCE)

Kings of Kalinga

Kosala Kingdom (c. 1100 – 345 BCE)

Kings of Kosala:[3]

Panchala Kingdom (c. 1100 BCE – 350 CE)

Kings of Panchala:

Anga Kingdom (c. 1100 – 530 BCE)

Kings of Anga:

Kamboja Kingdom (c. 700 – 200 BCE)

Kings of Kamboja:

Shakya Republic (c. 7th to 5th century BCE)

Rulers of Shakya:

Later Shakya Republic was conquered by Virudhaka of Kosala.

Kingdom of Tambapanni (c. 543 – 437 BCE)

width=9% Portraitwidth=20% Namewidth=9% Birthwidth=9% Deathwidth=9% Ruler From (in BCE) width=9% Ruler Until (in BCE) width=9% Marriageswidth=26% Claim
Vijaya?
Sinhapura
son of Sinhabahu, and Sinhasivali		505
Tambapanni		543505Kuveni
two children Pandu Princes		Founded Kingdom
Marriage to Kuveni
Upatissa
(regent)		--505504Prince Vijaya's Chief Minister
Panduvasdeva--504474Nephew of Vijaya
Abhaya--474454Son of Panduvasdeva
Tissa
(regent)		--454437Younger brother of Abhaya

Ancient and Early Mediaeval South Indian dynasties

Pandyan dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1650 CE)

Early Pandyans

Middle Pandyans (c. 590–920 CE)

Pandyans under Chola Empire (c. 920–1216 CE)

Pandalam dynasty (Later Pandyans) (c. 1212–1345 CE)

See main article: Pandalam dynasty.

Tenkasi Pandya dynasty (c. 1422–1650 CE)

See main article: Tenkasi Pandyas.

During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city Madurai because of the Islamic and Nayaks invasion, and were forced to move their capital to Tirunelveli in southern Tamilakam and existed there as vassals.

Chera dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1530 CE)

Ancient Chera kings

Kongu Cheras (c. 400–844 CE)

Makotai Cheras

Venadu Cheras (Kulasekharas) (c. 1090–1530 CE):

Chola dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1279 CE)

Ancient Chola kings (c. 600 BCE – 300 CE):

Chola emperors (848 – 1279 AD)

Velir dynasties (c. 300 BCE – 1200 CE)

See main article: Velirs. Major dynasties of Velir are-

Ay dynasty (Velir) (c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)

See main article: Ay dynasty.

Early Ay Kings

Medieval Ay Kings

Pallava dynasty (c. 275 – 897 CE)

See main article: article.

Kadamba dynasties (345 – 1310 CE)

Principality of Banavasi (Kadamba dynasty) (c. 345 – 540 CE)

See main article: Kadamba dynasty.

Banavasi branch rulers-

Triparvatha branch rulers-

Principality of Goa (960 – 1345 CE)

See main article: Kadambas of Goa.

Principality of Hangal (980 – 1275 CE)

See main article: Kadambas of Hangal.

known rulers are-

Other minor Kadamba principalities

Kadambas of Halasi
  • Kadambas of Bankapur
  • Kadambas of Bayalnad
  • Kadambas of Nagarkhanda
  • Kadambas of Uchchangi
  • Kadambas of Bayalnadu (Vainadu)

    • Principality of Banavasi (c. 100 BCE–200 CE)

    Prince of Banavasi

    Pricipality of Denduluru (Vishnukundina dynasty) (c. 420–624 CE)

    Prince of Denduluru

    Chalukya dynasty (c. 500–1200 CE)

    Chalukya dynasty monarchs

    Middle Kingdoms (c. 250s BCE – 550s CE)

    See main article: Middle kingdoms of India.

    Kingdom of the Deccan or Dakshinapath (Satavahana dynasty) (c. 228 BCE – 224 CE)

    Satavahana kings

    Kingdom of Kalinga (Mahameghavahana dynasty) (c. 225 BCE – 300 CE)

    See main article: Mahameghavahana dynasty.

    Kingdom of Kangleipak (Manipur) (c. 200s BCE –1950 CE)

    List of Manipuri kings

    Kuninda Kingdom (c. 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE)

    The only known ruler of Kuninda Kingdom is:

    Indo-Greek Kingdom (Yavanarajya) (c. 200 BCE – 10 CE)

    List of Indo-Greek Kings

    Indo-Scythian (Saka) (c. 12 BCE – 395 CE)

    List of Indo-Scythian dynasties and rulers

    Kushan Empire (c. 1 – 375 CE)

    List of Kushan emperors

    Indo-Parthian (Pahalava) (c. 21 – 100 CE)

    List of Indo-Parthian kings

    Indo-Sasanian Kingdom (c. 233 – 365 CE)

    List of Indo-Sasanian kings

    Alchon Huns (Huna) (c. 400 – 670 CE)

    List of Alchon Hun Kings

    Chutu dynasty of Banavasi (c. 100 BCE–200 CE)

    Kings of Banavasi

    Khokhra chieftaincy (c. 64–1952 CE)

    List of Nagvanshi chiefs

    Kingdom of Padmavati (c. 170–350 CE)

    Kings of Padmavati

    Principality of Samatata (Chandra dynasty) (c. 202–1050 CE)

    Prince of Samatata

    Kingdom of Abhira (203–370 CE)

    See main article: Abhira dynasty.

    Principality of Khoh (c. 221–1028 CE)

    Prince of Khoh

    Second Magadha Empire (c. 240 – 750 CE)

    Vakataka dynasty (c. 250–500 CE)

    Vakataka family tree

    Kingdom of Malwa (c. 300 – 550 CE)

    List of monarchs of Malwa (Aulikara dynasty)

    Kingdom of Kamarupa (350–650 CE)

    Kings of Kamarupa

    Principality of Talakad (Western Gangas) (350–1424 CE)

    Prince of Talakad

    Kingdom of Kalinga (Eastern Gangas)

    Kings of Kalinga (Eastern Gangas)

    Other minor Ganga states

    Principality of Gudari Kataka

    See main article: Gudari, Rayagada.

    According to Gangavansucharitam written in sixteenth or seventeenth century, Bhanu Deva IV also known as Kajjala Bhanu founded a new small princedom in southern Odisha at Gudari in modern Rayagada district after he was toppled from power by his general Kapilendra Deva.[6]

    Principality of Chikiti (c. 881–1950 CE)

    Prince of Chikiti

    Parlakhemundi Estate#Rulers (c. 1309–1950)

    Zamindars of Parlakhemundi

    Principality of Aparanta (Traikutaka dynasty) (c. 370–520 CE)

    Prince of Aparanta

    Kingdom of Vallabhi (Maitraka dynasty) (c. 475–776 CE)

    Kings of Vallabhi

    Kingdom of Sindh (Rai dynasty) (c. 489–632 CE)

    Kings of Sindh (Rai)

    Kabul Shahi Kingdom (c. 500–1026 CE)

    In Kabul Shahi Kingdom two dynasties ruled (both were Hindu dynasties):

    Principality of Thanesar (Pushyabhuti dynasty) (c. 500 – 647 CE)

    Prince of Thanesar

    Jaintia Kingdom (c. 525–1835 CE)

    Rulers of Jantia

    Early Medieval Period (c. 550s CE – c. 1200s CE)

    Kalachuri dynasties (c. 550 – 1225 CE)

    Kingdom of Malwa (Early Kalachuris) (c. 550 – 625 CE)

    Kings of Malwa (Kalachuri)

    Kalachuri dynasty of Tripuri/Chedi (Later Kalachuris) (c. 675 – 1212 CE)

    See main article: Kalachuris of Tripuri.

    Rulers-

    Kalachuri dynasty of Ratnapura (c. 1000 – 1225 CE)

    See main article: Kalachuris of Ratnapura. The following is a list of the Ratnapura Kalachuri rulers, with estimated period of their reigns:[8]

    Kalachuri dynasty of Kalyani (Southern Kalachuris) (c. 1130 – 1184 CE)

    See main article: Kalachuris of Kalyani.

    Rulers-

    Patola/Gilgit Shahi dynasty (c. 550 – 750 CE)

    See main article: Patola Shahis.

    Regin of known rulers is disputed-[9] [10]

    Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (c. 550 – 1036 CE)

    See main article: Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.

    Pratiharas of Mandavyapura (Mandor) (c. 550 – 860 CE)

    See main article: Pratiharas of Mandavyapura.

    R. C. Majumdar, on the other hand, assumed a period of 25 years for each generation, and placed him in c. 550 CE. The following is a list of the dynasty's rulers (IAST names in brackets) and estimates of their reigns, assuming a period of 25 years.

    Imperial Pratiharas of Kannauj (c. 730 – 1036 CE)

    See main article: Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.

    List of rulers–
    List of Imperial Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty rulers! Serial No.! Ruler! Reign (CE)
    1Nagabhata I730–760
    2Kakustha and Devaraja760–780
    3Vatsaraja780–800
    4Nagabhata II800–833
    5Ramabhadra833–836
    6Mihira Bhoja or Bhoja I836–885
    7Mahendrapala I885–910
    8Bhoja II910–913
    9Mahipala I913–944
    10Mahendrapala II944–948
    11Devapala948–954
    12Vinayakapala954–955
    13Mahipala II955–956
    14Vijayapala II956–960
    15Rajapala960–1018
    16Trilochanapala1018–1027
    17Yasahpala1024–1036

    Other Pratihara Branches

    Baddoch Branch (c. 600 – 700 CE)Known Baddoch rulers are-
    Rajogarh BranchBadegujar were rulers of Rajogarh

    Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasties (c. 551 – 1315 CE)

    The ruling dynasties belonging to the Chauhan clan included–

    Chahamanas of Sambhar Ajmer and Delhi (c. 551 – 1194 CE)

    See main article: Chahamanas of Shakambhari.

    Following is a list of Chahamana rulers of Shakambhari, Ajmer and Delhi with approximate period of reign, as estimated historian by R. B. Singh:[11]

    Serial no.Regnal namesReign (CE)
    1Chahamana(mythical)
    2Vasu-devac. 551 CE (disputed)
    3Samanta-raja684–709
    4Nara-deva709–721
    5Ajaya-raja I721–734
    6Vigraha-raja I734–759
    7Chandra-raja I759–771
    8Gopendra-raja771–784
    9Durlabha-raja I784–809
    10Govinda-raja I alias Guvaka I809–836
    11Chandra-raja II836–863
    12Govindaraja II alias Guvaka II863–890
    13Chandana-raja890–917
    14Vakpati-raja917–944
    15Simha-raja944–971
    16Vigraha-raja II971–998
    17Durlabha-raja II998–1012
    18Govinda-raja III1012–1026
    19Vakpati-raja II1026–1040
    20Viryarama1040 (few months)
    21Chamunda-raja1040–1065
    22Durlabha-raja III alias Duśala1065–1070
    23Vigraha-raja III alias Visala1070–1090
    24Prithvi-raja I1090–1110
    25Ajaya-raja II1110–1135
    26Arno-raja alias Ana1135–1150
    27Jagad-deva1150
    28Vigraha-raja IV alias Visaladeva1150–1164
    29Apara-gangeya1164–1165
    30Prithvi-raja II1165–1169
    31Someshvara1169–1178
    32Prithviraja III Rai Pithora1177–1192
    33Govinda-raja IV1192–1193
    34Hari-raja1193–1194

    Chahamanas of Naddula (c. 950 – 1197 CE)

    See main article: Chahamanas of Naddula.

    Following is a list of Chahmana rulers of Naddula, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:

    List of Chauhan rulers of Naddula!Serial no.!Kings!Reign (CE)
    1Lakshmana950–982
    2Shobhita982–986
    3Baliraja986–990
    4Vigrahapala990–994
    5Mahindra994–1015
    6Ashvapala1015–1019
    7Ahila1019–1024
    8Anahilla1024–1055
    9Balaprasada1055–1070
    10Jendraraja1070–1080
    11Prithvipala1080–1090
    12Jojalladeva1090–1110
    13Asharaja1110–1119
    14Ratnapala1119–1132
    15Rayapala1132–1145
    16Katukaraja1145–1148
    17Alhanadeva1148–1163
    18Kelhanadeva1163–1193
    19Jayatasimha1193–1197

    Chahamanas of Jalor (c. 1160 – 1311 CE)

    See main article: Chahamanas of Jalor.

    The Chahamana rulers of the Jalor branch, with their estimated periods of reign, are as follows:[12]

    Virama-deva (1311 CE) was last ruler of dynasty, crowned during the Siege of Jalore, but died 2 days later.[13]

    List of Chauhan rulers of Jalor!Serial no.!Kings!Reign (CE)
    1Kirti-pala1160–1182
    2Samara-simha1182–1204
    3Udaya-simha1204–1257
    4Chachiga-deva1257–1282
    5Samanta-simha1282–1305
    6Kanhada-deva1292–1311
    7Virama-deva1311

    Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura (c. 1192 – 1301 CE)

    See main article: Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura.

    List of Chauhan rulers of Ranastambhapura!Serial no.!Kings!Reign (CE)
    1Govinda-raja1192
    2Balhana-deva
    3Prahlada-deva
    4Viranarayana
    5Vagabhata
    6Jaitra-simha
    7Shakti-deva
    8Hammira-deva1283–1311

    Kingdom of Mewar (c. 566 – 1947 CE)

    See main article: Kingdom of Mewar.

    In the 6th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day Rajasthan:

    1. Guhilas of Nagda-Ahar– most important branch and future ruling dynasty of Mewar.
    2. Guhilas of Kishkindha (modern Kalyanpur)
    3. Guhilas of Dhavagarta (modern Dhor)

    Guhila dynasty (c. 566 – 1303 CE)

    See main article: Guhila dynasty and Gahlot.

    List of Guhila dynasty rulers!Nu.!King (Rawal)!Reign (CE)
    1Rawal Guhil566–586
    2Rawal Bhoj586–606
    3Rawal Mahendra I606–626
    4Rawal Naga (Nagaditya)626–646
    5Rawal Shiladitya646–661
    6Rawal Aprajeet661–688
    7Rawal Mahendra II688–716
    8Bappa Rawal728–753
    9Rawal Khuman I753–773
    10Rawal Mattat773–793
    11Rawal Bhartri Bhatt I793–813
    12Rawal Sinh813–828
    13Rawal Khuman II828–853
    14Rawal Mahayak853–878
    15Rawal Khuman III878–926
    16Rawal Bhartri Bhatt II926–951
    17Rawal Allat951–971
    18Rawal Narwahan971–973
    19Rawal Saliwahan973–977
    20Rawal Shakti Kumar977–993
    21Rawal Amba Prasad993–1007
    22Rawal Shuchivarma1007–1021
    23Rawal Narvarma1021–1035
    24Rawal Keertivarma1035–1051
    25Rawal Yograj1051–1068
    26Rawal Vairath1068–1088
    27Rawal Hanspal1088–1103
    28Rawal Vair Singh1103–1107
    29Rawal Vijai Singh1107–1116
    30Rawal Ari Singh I1116–1138
    31Rawal Chaudh Singh1138–1148
    32Rawal Vikram Singh1148–1158
    33Rawal Ran Singh1158–1168
    Post-split Rawal branch rulers
    34Rawal Khshem Singh1168–1172
    35Rawal Samant Singh1172–1179
    36Rawal Kumar Singh1179–1191
    37Rawal Mathan Singh1191–1211
    38Rawal Padam Singh1211–1213
    39Rawal Jaitra Singh1213–1252
    40Rawal Tej Singh1252–1273
    41Rawal Samar Singh1273–1302
    42Rawal Ratan Singh1302–1303

    Branching of Guhil dynasty

    During reign of Rawal Ran Singh (1158–1168), the Guhil dynasty got divided into two branches.

    First (Rawal Branch)Rawal Khshem Singh (1168–1172), son of Ran Singh, ruled over Mewar by building Rawal Branch.
  • Second (Rana Branch)Rahapa, the second son of Ran Singh started the Rana Branch by establishing Sisoda bases. Later Hammir Singh of Sisoda base started main Sisodia or Mewar dynasty in 1326 CE.

    • Rana branch rulers (c. 1168 – 1326 CE)

    "Rahapa", a son of Ranasimha alias Karna, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 Eklingji inscription, Rahapa's successors were:

    List of Rana branch rulers!Nu.!King (Rana)!Reign (CE)
    1Rahapa/Karna1168 CE
    2Narapati
    3Dinakara
    4Jasakarna
    5Nagapala
    6Karnapala
    7Bhuvanasimha
    8Bhimasimha
    9Jayasimha
    10Lakhanasimha
    11Arisimha
    12Hammir Singh1326 CE

    Sisodia dynasty (c. 1326 – 1947 CE)

    See main article: Sisodia dynasty and List of ranas of Mewar.

    !Picture!King (Maharana)!Reign
    Hammir Singh1326–1364
    Kshetra Singh1364–1382
    Lakha Singh1382–1421
    1421–1433
    Rana Kumbha1433–1468
    1468–1473
    1473–1508
    Rana Sanga1508–1527
    1528–1531
    Vikramaditya Singh1531–1536
    Vanvir Singh1536–1540
    1540–1572
    1572–1597
    1597–1620
    1620–1628
    1628–1652
    1652–1680
    1680–1698
    Amar Singh II1698–1710
    1710–173
    1734–1751
    Pratap Singh II1751–1754
    1754–1762
    1762–1772
    1772–1778
    Bhim Singh1778–1828
    Jawan Singh1828–1838
    Sardar Singh1838–1842
    Swarup Singh1842–1861
    1861–1874
    1874–1884
    Fateh Singh1884–1930
    1930–1948

    1948-1955
    (titular)
    Titular Maharanas
    Bhagwat Singh1955–1984
    Mahendra Singh1984–present

    Gauda Kingdom (c. 590 – 626 CE)

    See main article: Gauda Kingdom.

    Karkota dynasty of Kashmir (c. 625–855 CE)

    See main article: Karkota dynasty and Kashmir.

    Other puppet rulers under Utpala dynasty are:

    Chacha dynasty of Sindh (c. 632–724 CE)

    See main article: Brahman dynasty of Sindh.

    The known rulers of the Brahman dynasty are:[14]

    Under the Umayyad Caliphate:

    Mlechchha dynasty of Kamarupa (650–900 CE)

    See main article: Mlechchha dynasty and Kamarupa.

    Garhwal Kingdom (c. 688–1949 CE)

    See main article: Garhwal Kingdom.

    Mola Ram the 18th century painter, poet, historian and diplomat of Garhwal wrote the historical work Garhrajvansh Ka Itihas (History of the Garhwal royal dynasty) which is the only source of information about several Garhwal rulers.[16] [17]

    No.
    NameReignYears ReignedNo. NameReignYears ReignedNo. NameReignYears Reigned
    1688–699 1121Vikram Pal1116–1131 1541Vijay Pal1426–1437 11
    2Shyam Pal 699–725 2622Vichitra Pal1131–1140 942Sahaj Pal1437–1473 36
    3Pandu Pal 725–756 3123Hans Pal1141–1152 1143Bahadur Shah1473–1498 25
    4Abhijat Pal756–780 2424Som Pal1152–1159 744Man Shah1498–1518 20
    5Saugat Pal781–800 1925Kadil Pal1159–1164 545Shyam Shah1518–15279
    6Ratna Pal 800–849 4926Kamadev Pal1172–1179 746Mahipat Shah1527–1552 25
    7Shali Pal850–857 727Sulakshan Dev1179–1197 1847Prithvi Shah1552–1614 62
    8Vidhi Pal858–877 1928Lakhan Dev1197–1220 2348Medini Shah1614–1660 46
    9Madan Pal 877–894 1729Anand Pal II1220–1241 2149Fateh Shah1660–1708 48
    10Bhakti Pal895–919 2430Purva Dev1241–12601950Upendra Shah1708–1709 1
    11Jayachand Pal920–948 2831Abhay Dev1260–1267 751Pradip Shah1709–1772 63
    12Prithvi Pal949–971 2232Jayaram Dev1267–1290 2352Lalit Shah1772–1780 8
    13Medinisen Pal972–995 2333Asal Dev1290–1299 953Jayakrit Shah1780–1786 6
    14Agasti Pal995–1014 1934Jagat Pal1299–1311 1254Pradyumna Shah1786–1804 18
    15Surati Pal1015–10362135Jit Pal1311–1330 1955Sudarshan Shah1804–1859 55
    16Jay Pal1037–1055 1836Anant Pal II1330–1358 2856Bhawani Shah1859–1871 12
    17Anant Pal I1056–1072 1637Ajay Pal1358–1389 3157Pratap Shah1871–1886 15
    18Anand Pal I1072–1083 1138Kalyan Shah1389–1398 958Kirti Shah1886–1913 27
    19Vibhog Pal1084–1101 1739Sundar Pal1398–1413 1559Narendra Shah1913–1946 33
    20Suvayanu Pal1102–1115 1340Hansadev Pal1413–1426 1360Manabendra Shah1946–19493

    Mallabhum (Bishnupur) kingdom (c. 694–1947 CE)

    See main article: Mallabhum kingdom.

    Mallabhum kingdom or Bishnupur kingdom was the kingdom ruled by the Malla kings of Bishnupur, primarily in the present Bankura district in Indian state of West Bengal.[18] (also known as Mallabhoom),[19]

    Name of the king[20] [21] Reign
    Adi Malla694–710
    Jay Malla710–720
    Benu Malla720–733
    Kinu Malla733–742
    Indra Malla 742–757
    Kanu Malla757–764
    Dha (Jhau) Malla764–775
    Shur Malla775–795
    Kanak Malla795–807
    Kandarpa Malla807–828
    Sanatan Malla828–841
    Kharga Malla841–862
    Durjan (Durjay) Malla862–906
    Yadav Malla906–919
    Jagannath Malla919–931
    Birat Malla931–946
    Mahadev Malla946–977
    Durgadas Malla977–994
    Jagat Malla994–1007
    Ananta Malla1007–1015
    Rup Malla1015–1029
    Sundar Malla1029–1053
    Kumud Malla1053–1074
    Krishna Malla1074–1084
    Rup II (Jhap) Malla1084–1097
    Prakash Malla1097–1102
    Pratap Malla1102–1113
    Sindur Malla1113–1129
    Sukhomoy(Shuk) Malla1129–1142
    Banamali Malla1142–1156
    Yadu/Jadu Malla1156–1167
    Jiban Malla1167–1185
    Ram Malla1185–1209
    Gobinda Malla1209–1240
    Bhim Malla1240–1263
    Katar(Khattar) Malla1263–1295
    Prithwi Malla1295 -1319
    Tapa Malla1319–1334
    Dinabandhu Malla1334–1345
    Kinu/Kanu II Malla1345–1358
    Shur Malla II1358–1370
    Shiv Singh Malla1370–1407
    Madan Malla1407–1420
    Durjan II (Durjay) Malla1420–1437
    Uday Malla1437–1460
    Chandra Malla1460–1501
    Bir Malla1501–1554
    Dhari Malla1554–1565
    Hambir Malla Dev (Bir Hambir)1565–1620
    Dhari Hambir Malla Dev1620–1626
    Raghunath Singha Dev1626–1656
    Bir Singha Dev1656–1682
    Durjan Singha Dev1682–1702
    Raghunath Singha Dev II1702–1712
    Gopal Singha Dev1712–1748
    Chaitanya Singha Dev1748–1801
    Madhav Singha Dev1801–1809
    Gopal Singha Dev II1809–1876
    Ramkrishna Singha Dev1876–1885
    Dwhaja Moni Devi1885–1889
    Nilmoni Singha Dev1889–1903
    Churamoni Devi (Regency)1903–1930
    Kalipada Singha Thakur1930–1947

    Chand Kingdom of Kumaon (700–1790 CE)

    See main article: Chand kings.

    Badri Datt Pandey, in his book Kumaun Ka Itihaas lists the Chand kings as following:

    KingReign
    Som Chand700–721
    Atm Chand 721–740
    Purn Chand 740–758
    Indra Chand 758–778
    Sansar Chand778–813
    Sudha Chand813–833
    Hamir Chand833–856
    Vina Chand856–869
    Vir Chand1065–1080
    Rup Chand1080–1093
    Laxmi Chand1093–1113
    Dharm Chand1113–1121
    Karm Chand1121–1140
    Ballal Chand1140–1149
    Nami Chand1149–1170
    Nar Chand1170–1177
    Nanaki Chand1177–1195
    Ram Chand1195–1205
    Bhishm Chand1205–1226
    Megh Chand1226–1233
    Dhyan Chand1233–1251
    Parvat Chand1251–1261
    Thor Chand1261–1275
    Kalyan Chand II1275–1296
    Trilok Chand1296–1303
    Damaru Chand1303–1321
    Dharm Chand1321–1344
    Abhay Chand1344–1374
    Garur Gyan Chand1374–1419
    Harihar Chand1419–1420
    Udyan Chand1420–1421
    Atma Chand II1421–1422
    Hari Chand II1422–1423
    Vikram Chand1423–1437
    Bharati Chand1437–1450
    Ratna Chand1450–1488
    Kirti Chand1488–1503
    Pratap Chand1503–1517
    Tara Chand1517–1533
    Manik Chand1533–1542
    Kalyan Chand III1542–1551
    Purna Chand1551–1555
    Bhishm Chand1555–1560
    Balo Kalyan Chand1560–1568
    Rudra Chand1568–1597
    Laxmi Chand1597–1621
    Dilip Chand1621–1624
    Vijay Chand1624–1625
    Trimal Chand1625–1638
    Baz Bahadur Chand1638–1678
    Udyot Chand1678–1698
    Gyan Chand1698–1708
    Jagat Chand1708–1720
    Devi Chand1720–1726
    Ajit Chand1726–1729
    Kalyan Chand V1729–1747
    Deep Chand1747–1777
    Mohan Chand1777–1779]]
    Pradyumn Chand1779–1786
    Mohan Chand1786–1788
    Shiv Chand1788
    Mahendra Chand1788–1790

    Karttikeyapur (Katyur) Kingdom (700–1065 CE)

    See main article: Katyuri kings. The period of certain Katyuri rulers, is generally determined as below, although there is some ambiguity in respect to exact number of years ruled by each King

    List–

    Varman dynasty of Kannauj (c. 725–770 CE)

    See main article: Varman dynasty of Kannauj.

    Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta (c. 735–982 CE)

    See main article: Rashtrakuta dynasty.

    Tomar dynasty of Delhi (c. 736–1151 CE)

    See main article: Tomara dynasty.

    Various historical texts provide different lists of the Tomara kings:[24]

    As stated earlier, the historians doubt the claim that the Tomaras established Delhi in 736 CE.[25]

    #! rowspan="2"
    Abul Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari / Bikaner manuscriptGwalior manuscript of Khadag RaiKumaon-Garhwal manuscriptAscension year in CE (according to Gwalior manuscript)Length of reign
    YearsMonthsDays
    1 Ananga Pāla Bilan Dev 736 18 0 0
    2 Vasu Deva 754 19 1 18
    3 Gangya Ganggeva 773 21 3 28
    4 Prithivi Pāla (or Prithivi Malla) Prathama Mahi Pāla 794 19 6 19
    5 Jaya Deva Saha Deva Jadu Pāla 814 20 7 28
    6 Nīra Pāla or Hira Pāla Indrajita (I) Nai Pāla 834 14 4 9
    7 Udiraj (or Adereh) Nara Pāla Jaya Deva Pāla 849 26 7 11
    8 Vijaya (or Vacha) Indrajita (II) Chamra Pāla 875 21 2 13
    9 Biksha (or Anek) Vacha Raja Bibasa Pāla 897 22 3 16
    10 Rīksha Pāla Vira Pāla Sukla Pāla 919 21 6 5
    11 Sukh Pāla (or Nek Pāla) Go-Pāla Teja Pāla 940 20 4 4
    12 Go-Pāla Tillan Dev Mahi Pāla 961 18 3 15
    13 Sallakshana Pāla Suvari Sursen 979 25 10 10
    14 Jaya Pāla Osa Pāla Jaik Pāla 1005 16 4 3
    15 Kunwar Pāla Kumara Pāla 1021 29 9 18
    16 Ananga Pāla (or Anek Pāla) Ananga Pāla Anek Pāla 1051 29 6 18
    17 Vijaya Pāla (or Vijaya Sah) Teja Pāla Teja Pāla 1081 24 1 6
    18 Mahi Pāla (or Mahatsal) Mahi Pāla Jyūn Pāla 1105 25 2 23
    19 Akr Pāla (or Akhsal) Mukund Pāla Ane Pāla 1130 21 2 15
    Prithvi Pala 1151
    Another resource tells that the son of King Mukundpal Tomar, King Prithvipal Tomar had a son named King Govind Raj Tomar ruled for 1189 to 1192 .

    Pala dynasty of Bengal (c. 750 – 1174 CE)

    See main article: Pala Empire.

    Shilahara dynasty (765–1265 CE)

    See main article: Shilahara.

    Shilahara Kingdom was split into three branches:

    South Konkan branch (c. 765–1020 CE)

    List of rulers–
    1. Sanaphulla (765–795 CE)
    2. Dhammayira (795–820 CE)
    3. Aiyaparaja (820–845 CE)
    4. Avasara I (845–870 CE)
    5. Adityavarma (870–895 CE)
    6. Avasara II (895–920 CE)
    7. Indraraja (920–945 CE)
    8. Bhima (945–970 CE)
    9. Avasara III (970–995 CE)
    10. Rattaraja (995–1020 CE)

    North Konkan (Thane) branch (c. 800–1265 CE)

    List of rulers–
    1. Kapardin I (800–825 CE)
    2. Pullashakti (825–850 CE)
    3. Kapardin II (850–880 CE)
    4. Vappuvanna (880–910 CE)
    5. Jhanjha (910–930 CE)
    6. Goggiraja (930–945 CE)
    7. Vajjada I (945–965 CE)
    8. Chhadvaideva (965–975 CE)
    9. Aparajita (975–1010 CE)
    10. Vajjada II (1010–1015 CE)
    11. Arikesarin (1015–1022 CE)
    12. Chhittaraja (1022–1035 CE)
    13. Nagarjuna (1035–1045 CE)
    14. Mummuniraja (1045–1070 CE)
    15. Ananta Deva I (1070–1127 CE)
    16. Aparaditya I (1127–1148 CE)
    17. Haripaladeva (1148–1155 CE)
    18. Mallikarjuna (1155–1170 CE)
    19. Aparaditya II (1170–1197 CE)
    20. Ananta Deva II (1198–1200 CE)
    21. Keshideva II (1200–1245 CE)
    22. Ananta Deva III (1245–1255 CE)
    23. Someshvara (1255–1265 CE), last ruler of dynasty

    Kolhapur branch (c. 940–1212 CE)

    List of rulers–
    1. Jatiga I (940–960 CE)
    2. Naivarman (960–980 CE)
    3. Chandra (980–1000 CE)
    4. Jatiga II (1000–1020 CE)
    5. Gonka (1020–1050 CE)
    6. Guhala I (1050 CE)
    7. Kirtiraja (1050 CE)
    8. Chandraditya (1050 CE)
    9. Marsimha (1050–1075 CE)
    10. Guhala II (1075–1085 CE)
    11. Bhoja I (1085–1100 CE)
    12. Ballala (1100–1108 CE)
    13. Gonka II (1108 CE)
    14. Gandaraditya I (1108–1138 CE)
    15. Vijayaditya I (1138–1175 CE)
    16. Bhoja II (1175–1212 CE)

    Ayudha dynasty of Kannauj (c. 770–810 CE)

    See main article: Ayudha dynasty.

    Chandela dynasty of Jejakabhukti (c. 831–1315 CE)

    See main article: Chandelas of Jejakabhukti.

    The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti were a dynasty in Central India. They ruled much of the Bundelkhand region (then called Jejakabhukti) between the 9th and the 13th centuries.

    Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti (IAST names in brackets):[28] [29]

    Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Devagiri (c. 850–1334 CE)

    See main article: Seuna (Yadava) dynasty.

    Paramara dynasty of Malwa (c. 9th century to 1305 CE)

    See main article: Paramara dynasty.

    See also: List of rulers of Malwa.

    According to historical 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."[31] The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:

    List of Paramara dynasty rulers! Serial No.! Ruler! Reign (CE)
    1(Legendary)
    2Upendra Krishnrajaearly 9th century
    3Vairisimha (I)early 9th century
    4Siyaka (I)mid of 9th century
    5Vakpatiraj (I)late 9th to early 10th century
    6Vairisimha (II)mid of 10th century
    7Siyaka (II)940–972
    8Vakpatiraj (II) alias Munja972–990
    9Sindhuraja990–1010
    10Bhoja1010–1055
    11JayasimhaI1055–1070
    12Udayaditya1070–1086
    13Lakshmadeva1086–1094
    14Naravarman1094–1133
    15Yashovarman1133–1142
    16Jayavarman I1142–1143
    17Interregnum from (1143 to 1175 CE) under an usurper named 'Ballala' and later the Solanki king Kumarapala1143–1175
    18Vindhyavarman1175–1194
    19Subhatavarman1194–1209
    20Arjunavarman I1210–1215
    21Devapala1215/1218–1239
    22Jaitugideva1239–1255
    23Jayavarman II1255–1274
    24Arjunavarman II1274–1285
    25Bhoja II1285–1301
    26Mahalakadeva1301–1305

    After death of Mahalakadeva in 1305 CE, Paramara dynasty rule was ended in Malwa region, but not in other Parmar states.

    Utpala dynasty of Kashmir (c. 855 – 1009 CE)

    See main article: Utpala dynasty.

    Ruler Reign
    853/855 – 883 CE
    Shankaravarman883 – 902 CE
    Gopalavarman 902 – 904 CE
    Sankata 904 CE
    904 – 906 CE
    Partha 906 – 921 CE
    Nirjitavarman 921 – 922 CE
    Chakravarman 922 – 933 CE
    Shuravarman I 933 – 934 CE
    Partha (2nd reign) 934 – 935 CE
    Chakravarman (2nd reign) 935 CE
    Shankaravardhana (or Shambhuvardhana) 935 – 936 CE
    Chakravarman (3rd reign) 936 – 937 CE
    Unmattavanti ("Mad Avanti") 937 – 939 CE
    Shuravarman II 939 CE
    Yashaskara-deva 939 CE
    Varnata 948 CE
    Sangramadeva (Sanggrama I) 948 CE
    Parvagupta 948 – 950 CE
    Kshemagupta 950 – 958 CE
    Abhimanyu II 958 – 972 CE
    Nandigupta 972 – 973 CE
    Tribhuvanagupta 973 – 975 CE
    Bhimagupta 975 – 980 CE
    980 to 1009/1012 CE

    Didda (c. 980 – 1003 CE) placed Samgrāmarāja, son of her brother on the throne, who became founder of the Lohara dynasty.

    Somavamshi dynasty (c. 882 – 1110 CE)

    See main article: Somavamshi dynasty.

    Historian Krishna Chandra Panigrahi provides the following chronology of the later Somavamshis:[32]

    Name (IAST) Regnal name (IAST) Reign
    Janmejaya I Mahābhavagupta I c. 882–922
    Yayāti I Mahāśivagupta I (Mahashivagupta) c. 922–955
    Bhīmaratha Mahābhavagupta II c. 955–980
    Dharmaratha Mahāśivagupta II c. 980–1005
    Nahuṣa (Nahusha) Mahābhavagupta III c. 1005–1021
    Yayāti II Candihara (Chandihara) Mahāśivagupta III c. 1025–1040
    Uddyotakeśarī (Uddyotakeshari) Mahābhavagupta IV c. 1040–1065
    Janmejaya II Mahāśivagupta IV c. 1065–1085
    Purañjaya Mahābhavagupta V c. 1085–1110
    Karṇadeva Mahāśivagupta V c. 1100–1110

    Pala dynasty of Kamarupa (c. 900 – 1100 CE)

    See main article: Pala dynasty (Kamarupa).

    S.nu King Reign (CE)
    1 900–920
    2 920–960
    3 960–990
    4 990–1015
    5 1015–1035
    6 1035–1060
    7 1075–1100

    Paramara dynasty of Chandravati (Abu) (c. 910 – 1220 CE)

    See main article: Paramaras of Chandravati.

    The following is a list of Paramara rulers of Chandravati, with approximate regnal years, as estimated by epigraphist H. V. Trivedi.[33] [34] The rulers are sons of their predecessors unless noted otherwise:

    Regional Name IAST Name Reign (CE)
    Utpala-raja Utpalarāja c. 910–930
    Arnno-raja, or Aranya-raja Arṇṇorāja, or Araṇyarāja c. 930–950
    Krishna-raja Kṛṣṇarāja c. 950–979
    Dhara-varaha or Dharani-varaha Dhāravarāha or Dharaṇīvarāha c. 970–990
    Dhurbhata Dhūrbhaṭa c. 990–1000
    Mahi-pala Mahīpāla c. 1000–1020
    Dhandhuka Dhaṃdhuka c. 1020–1040
    Punya-pala or Purna-pala Puṇyapāla or Pūrṇapāla c. 1040–1050
    Danti-varmman Daṃtivarmman c. 1050–1060
    Krishna-deva, or Krishna-raja II Kṛṣṇadeva, or Kṛṣṇarāja II c. 1060–1090
    Kakkala-deva, or Kakala-deva Kakkaladeva, or Kākaladeva c. 1090–1115
    Vikrama-simha Vikramāsiṃha c. 1115–1145
    Yasho-dhavala Yaśodhavala c. 1145–1160
    Rana-simha Raṇāsiṃha ?
    Dhara-varsha Dhāravarṣa c. 1160–1220

    Kingdom of Ladakh (c. 930 – 1842 CE)

    See main article: History of Ladakh.

    Maryul dynasty of Ngari (c. 930 – 1460 CE)

    See main article: Maryul.

    Known Maryul rulers are-

    Namgyal dynasty (Gyalpo of Ladakh) (c. 1460 – 1842 CE)

    See main article: Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh.

    The kings of the Namgyal dynasty along with their periods of reign are as follows:[35] [36] [37]

    Later Ladakh was conquered by Sikh Empire in 1842 CE.

    Solanki dynasty (Chaulukyas of Gujarat) (c. 940–1244 CE)

    See main article: Chaulukya dynasty.

    The Chalukya rulers of Gujarat, with approximate dates of reign, are as follows:[38] [39]

    Kachchhapaghata dynasty (c. 950–1150 CE)

    See main article: Kachchhapaghata dynasty.

    Simhapaniya (Sihoniya) and Gopadri (Gwalior) branch

    Dubkund (Dobha) branch

    Nalapura (Narwar) branch

    Kachwaha dynasty (c. 966–1949 CE)

    See main article: Jaipur State.

    See also: Kachhwaha and Dhundhar.

    Kachwahas King Sorha Dev and Dulha Rao defeated Meena of Dhundhar kingdom and established the Kachwaha dynasty,[42] which ruled for more than 1000 years & still ruling in Jaipur district of Rajasthan.

    Rulers

    He was the last ruler of Kachawa dynasty, he annexed Jaipur State with Union of India in 1949 CE.[44]

    Titular rulers

    Titles were abolished in 1971 according to the 26th amendment to the Indian Constitution.

    Hoysala Empire (c. 1000–1343 CE)

    See main article: Hoysala Empire.

    Lohara dynasty of Kashmir (c. 1003–1320 CE)

    See main article: Lohara dynasty.

    The Lohara dynasty were Hindu rulers of Kashmir from the Khasa tribe, in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, between 1003 and approximately 1320 CE. The dynasty was founded by the Samgramaraja, the grandson of Khasha chief Simharaja and the nephew of the Utpala dynasty Queen Didda.

    First Lohara dynasty

    Ruler Reign[45] Ascension year
    Sangramaraja (Samgramaraja / Kshamapati) 25 Years1003 CE
    Hariraja 22 days 1028 CE
    35 Years1028 CE
    Kalasha (Ranaditya II) 26 Years1063 CE
    Utkarsha 22 days 1089 CE
    12 Yearsdied in 1101 CE

    Second Lohara dynasty

    Khasa Malla Kingdom (c. 10th to 14th century CE)

    See main article: Khasa Malla kingdom.

    The list of Khas Malla kings mentioned by Giuseppe Tucci is in the following succession up to Prithvi Malla:

    List–

    Naga dynasty of Kalahandi (1005 – 1947 CE)

    See main article: Kalahandi State.

    Sena dynasty of Bengal (1070 – 1230 CE)

    See main article: Sena dynasty.

    List of Sena dynasty dynasty rulers! Serial No.! Ruler! Reign (CE)
    1Hemanta Sen1070–1096
    2Vijay Sen1096–1159
    3Ballal Sen1159–1179
    4Lakshman Sen1179–1206
    5Vishwarup Sen1206–1225
    6Keshab Sen1225–1230

    Kakatiya dynasty (1083–1323)

    See main article: Kakatiya dynasty.

    Gahadavala dynasty (1072–1237)

    See main article: Gahadavala dynasty.

    List of rulers–

    Karnata dynasty of Mithila (1097 – 1324 CE)

    See main article: Karnat dynasty.

    See also: History of Mithila.

    List of rulers–[46] [47]
    S.N. Ruler Regin
    1 1097–1147
    2 1147–1187
    3 1187–1227
    4 1227–1285
    5 1285–1295
    6 1295–1324

    Chutia (Sadiya) Kingdom of Assam (1187–1524 CE)

    See main article: Chutia Kingdom.

    List of rulers:

    Late Medieval Period (c. 1200s CE – c. 1500s CE)

    Delhi Sultanate (c. 1206–1526 CE)

    See main article: List of rulers of the Delhi Sultanate.

    Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290 CE)

    See main article: Mamluk dynasty (Delhi).

    Khalji dynasty (1290–1320 CE)

    See main article: Khalji dynasty.

    Tughlaq dynasty (1321–1414 CE)

    See main article: Tughlaq dynasty.

    After the invasion of Timur in 1398, the governor of Multan, Khizr Khan abolished the Tughluq dynasty in 1414.

    Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479 CE)

    See main article: Jaunpur Sultanate.

    Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451 CE)

    See main article: Sayyid dynasty.

    Lodi dynasty (1451–1526 CE)

    See main article: Lodi dynasty.

    Kadava dynasty (c. 1216–1279 CE)

    See main article: Kadava dynasty.

    Kingdom of Marwar (c. 1226–1950 CE)

    See main article: Kingdom of Marwar and Rathore dynasty.

    Rathore dynasty of Jodhpur

    Rulers from Pali & Mandore (1226–1438 CE)
    NameReign beganReign ended
    1Rao Siha 12261273
    2Rao Asthan 12731292
    3Rao Doohad 12921309
    4Rao Raipal 13091313
    5Rao Kanhapal 13131323
    6Rao Jalansi 13231328
    7Rao Chado 13281344
    8Rao Tida 13441357
    9Rao Kanha Dev13571374
    10Rao Viram Dev 13741383
    11Rao Chandra 13831424
    12Rao Kanha14241427
    13Rao Ranmal14271438
    Rulers from Jodhpur (1459–1950 CE)
    NameReign beganReign ended
    112 May 14386 April 1489
    26 April 1489March 1492
    3March 14922 October 1515
    42 October 15158 November 1515
    58 November 15159 May 1532
    69 May 15327 November 1562
    77 November 15621581
    8Raja Udai Singh4 August 158311 July 1595
    9Sawai Raja Suraj-Mal11 July 15957 September 1619
    10Maharaja Gaj Singh I7 September 16196 May 1638
    11Maharaja Jaswant Singh6 May 163828 December 1678
    12Maharaja Ajit Singh19 February 167924 June 1724
    13Raja Indra Singh9 June 16794 August 1679
    14Maharaja Abhai Singh24 June 172418 June 1749
    15First reign18 June 1749July 1751
    16Maharaja Bakht SinghJuly 175121 September 1752
    17Maharaja Vijay Singh21 September 175231 January 1753
    18Maharaja Ram Singh31 January 1753September 1772
    19September 177217 July 1793
    2017 July 179319 October 1803
    2119 October 18034 September 1843
    22Maharaja Sir Takht Singh4 September 184313 February 1873
    23Maharaja Sir Jaswant Singh II13 February 187311 October 1895
    2420 March 1911
    2520 March 19113 October 1918
    263 October 19189 June 1947
    279 June 19477 April 1949
    2826 January 1952Present

    Ahom dynasty of Assam (c. 1228–1826 CE)

    See main article: Ahom dynasty.

    The list of Swargadeos of the Ahom Kingdom
    Years ReignAhom nameOther names succession End of reign Capital
    1228–126840ySukaphaanatural deathCharaideo
    1268–128113ySuteuphaason of Sukaphaanatural deathCharaideo
    1281–12938ySubinphaason of Suteuphaanatural deathCharaideo
    1293–133239ySukhaangphaason of Subinphaanatural deathCharaideo
    1332–136432ySukhrangphason of Sukhaangphaanatural deathCharaideo
    1364–1369 5yInterregnum[48]
    1369–1376 7ySutuphaabrother of Sukhrangphaa[49] assassinated[50] Charaideo
    1376–1380 4yInterregnum
    1380–1389 9ybrother of Sutuphaaassassinated[51] Charaideo
    1389–1397 8yInterregnum
    1397–1407 10yBaamuni Konwarson of Tyao Khaamti[52] natural deathCharagua
    1407–1422 15y Sujangphaason of Sudangphaanatural death
    1422–1439 17y Suphakphaason of Sujangphanatural death
    1439–1488 49yson of Suphakphaanatural death
    1488–1493 5yson of Susenphaaassassinated[53]
    1493–1497 4yson of Suhenphaanatural death
    1497–1539 42ySwarganarayan,
    Dihingiaa Rojaa I    		son of Supimphaaassassinated[54] Bakata
    1539–1552 13yGarhgayaan Rojaason of Suhungmung natural deathGarhgaon
    1552–1603 51y SukhaamphaaKhuraa Rojaason of Suklenmung natural deathGarhgaon
    1603–1641 38yPrataap Singha,
    Burhaa Rojaa,
    Buddhiswarganarayan    		son of Sukhaamphaanatural deathGarhgaon
    1641–1644 3ySuramphaaJayaditya Singha,
    Bhogaa Rojaa    		son of Susenghphaa deposed[55] Garhgaon
    1644–1648 4yNoriyaa Rojaabrother of Suramphaadeposed[56] Garhgaon
    1648–1663 15y Jayadhwaj Singha,
    Bhoganiyaa Rojaa    		son of Sutingphaanatural deathGarhgaon/Bakata
    1663–1670 7y SupangmungChakradhwaj Singhacousin of Sutamla[57] natural deathBakata/Garhgaon
    1670–1672 2ySunyatphaaUdayaditya Singhabrother of Supangmung[58] deposed[59]
    1672–1674 2y Ramadhwaj Singhabrother of Sunyatphaapoisoned[60]
    1674–1675 21dSuhung[61] Samaguria Rojaa Khamjang Samaguria descendant of Suhungmungdeposed[62]
    1675-1675 24d Gobar Rojagreat-grandson of Suhungmung[63] deposed[64]
    1675–1677 2y Sujinphaa[65] Arjun Konwar,
    Dihingia Rojaa II    		grandson of Pratap Singha, son of Namrupian Gohaindeposed, suicide[66]
    1677–1679 2y Parvatia Rojaagreat-grandson of Suhungmung[67] deposed, killed[68]
    1679–1681 3y Ratnadhwaj Singha,
    Loraa Rojaa    		Samaguria familydeposed, killed[69]
    1681–1696 15y Gadadhar Singhason of Gobar Rojaanatural deathBorkola
    1696–1714 18ySukhrungphaaRudra Singhason of Supaatphaanatural deathRangpur
    1714–1744 30ySutanphaaSiva Singhason Sukhrungphaanatural death
    1744–1751 7y Pramatta Singhabrother of Sutanphaanatural death
    1751–176918ySuremphaaRajeswar Singhabrother of Sunenphaanatural death
    1769–1780 11yLakshmi Singhabrother of Suremphaanatural death
    1780–1795 15yGaurinath Singhason of Sunyeophaanatural deathJorhat
    1795–1811 16ygreat-grandson of Lechai, the brother of Rudra Singha[70] natural death, smallpoxJorhat
    1811–1818 7y Sudingphaa (1) Chandrakaanta Singhabrother of Suklingphaadeposed[71] Jorhat
    1818–1819 1yPurandar Singha (1)descendant of Suremphaadeposed[72] Jorhat
    1819–18212y Sudingphaa (2)fled the capital[73]
    1821–1822 1y5th descendant of Jambor, the brother of Gadadhar Singha. Jogeswar was brother of Hemo Aideo, and was puppet of Burmese ruler[74] removed[75]
    1833–1838 Purandar Singha (2)[76]

    Vaghela dynasty (1244–1304 CE)

    See main article: Vaghela dynasty.

    The sovereign Vaghela rulers include:

    Jaffna (Aryachakravarti) dynasty (c. 1277–1619 CE)

    See main article: Jaffna Kingdom.

    List of rulers–

    Kingdom of Tripura (c. 1280–1949 CE)

    See main article: Twipra Kingdom.

    Manikya dynasty

    See main article: Manikya dynasty.

    List of rulers–

    On 9 September 1949, "Tripura Merger Agreement", was signed and come in effect from 15 October 1949 & Tripura became part of Indian Union.[78]

    Nayaka Kingdoms (c. 1325–1815 CE)

    See main article: Nayaka dynasties and Kingdom of Kandy.

    See also: Musunuri Nayakas, Recherla Nayakas, Pemmasani Nayaks, Nayaks of Gingee, Nayakas of Keladi, Thanjavur Nayak kingdom, Madurai Nayak dynasty, Nayakas of Chitradurga and Nayaks of Kandy. The Nayakas were originally military governors under the Vijayanagara Empire. It is unknown, in fact, if these founded dynasties were related, being branches of a major family, or if they were completely different families. Historians tend to group them by location.

    Nayaka dynasty

    See also: Nayaka dynasties.

    RulerReignCapital
    Prolaya1323-1333Warangal
    (Musunuri line)
    Kapaya1333-1368Warangal
    (Musunuri line)
    Warangal annexed to Recherla
    Singama I1335-1361Rachakonda
    (Recherla line)
    Anavotha I1361-1384Rachakonda
    (Recherla line)
    Singama II1384-1399Rachakonda
    (Recherla line)
    Anavotha II1399-1421Rachakonda
    (Recherla line)
    Mada1421-1430Rachakonda
    (Recherla line)
    Singama III1430-1475Rachakonda
    (Recherla line)
    Rachakonda annexed to Vijayanagara Empire
    Kumaravira Timma I1441-1462Gandikota
    (Pemmasani line)
    Chenna Vibhudu1462-1505Gandikota
    (Pemmasani line)
    Vaiyappa1464-1490Gingee
    (Gingee line)[79]
    Tubaki Krishnappa1490-1520Gingee
    (Gingee line)
    Chaudappa1499-1530Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Ramalinga1505-1540Gandikota
    (Pemmasani line)
    Achyutavijaya Ramachandra1520-1540Gingee
    (Gingee line)
    Viswanatha1529-1564Madurai
    (Madurai line)
    Sadashiva1530-1566[80] Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Chevappa1532-1580Tanjore
    (Thanjavur line)
    Bangaru Timma1540-1565Gandikota
    (Pemmasani line)
    Muthialu1540-1570Gingee
    (Gingee line)
    Krishnappa I1564-1572Madurai
    (Madurai line)
    Narasimha1565-1598Gandikota
    (Pemmasani line)
    Sankanna I1566-1570Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Timanna1568-1589Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Sankanna II the Younger
    (Chikka Sankanna)    		1570-1580Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Venkatappa1570-1600Gingee
    (Gingee line)
    Virappa1572-1595Madurai
    (Madurai line)
    Ramaraja1580-1586Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Achuthappa1580-1614Tanjore
    (Thanjavur line)
    Venkatappa I the Elder
    (Hiriya Venkatappa)    		1586-1629Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Obanna-Madakari I1589-1602Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Krishnappa II1595-1601Madurai
    (Madurai line)
    Timma1598-1623Gandikota
    (Pemmasani line)
    Varadappa1600-1620Gingee
    (Gingee line)
    Muthu Krishnappa1601-1609Madurai
    (Madurai line)
    Kasturi Rangappa I1602-1652Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Muthu Virappa I1609-1623Madurai
    (Madurai line)
    Raghunatha1614-1634Tanjore
    (Thanjavur line)
    Appa1620-1649Gingee
    (Gingee line)
    Gingee annexed to the Bijapur Sultanate
    Chenna Timma1623-1652Gandikota
    (Pemmasani line)
    Tirumala1623-1659Madurai
    (Madurai line)
    Virabhadra1629-1645Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Vijaya Raghava1634-1673Tanjore
    (Thanjavur line)
    Thanjavur annexed to the Maratha Empire
    Shivappa1645-1660Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Madakari II1652-1674Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Kumaravira Timma II1652-1685Gandikota
    (Pemmasani line)
    Gandikota annexed to the Sultanate of Golconda
    Muthu Virappa II1659Madurai
    (Madurai line)
    Chokanatha I1659-1682Madurai
    (Madurai line)
    Venkatappa II the Younger
    (Chikka Venkatappa)    		1660-1662Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Bhadrappa1662-1664Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Somashekara I1664-1672Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Chennamma1672-1697Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Obanna II1674-1675Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Shoora Kantha1675-1676Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Chikanna1676-1686Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Regency of Queen Mangammal (1682-1689)
    Aranga Krishna
    Muthu Virappa III    		1682-1689Madurai
    (Madurai line)
    Madakari III1686-1688Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Donne Rangappa1688-1689Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Regency of Queen Mangammal (1689-1704)
    Vijayaranga
    Chokanatha II    		1689-1732Madurai
    (Madurai line)
    Bharamana1689-1721Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Basavappa1697-1714Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Somashekara II1714-1739Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Madakari IV1721-1748Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Meenakshi1732-1736Madurai
    (Madurai line).
    Madurai annexed to the Nawab of Carnatic
    Basavappa1739-1754Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Sri Vijaya Rajasinha1739-1747Kandy
    (Kandy line)
    Kirti Sri Rajasinha1747-1782Kandy
    (Kandy line)
    Kasturi Rangappa II1748-1758Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Basappa1754-1759Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Madakari V1758-1779Chitradurga
    (Chitradurga line)
    Chitradurga annexed to the Kingdom of Mysore
    Virammaji1759-1763Keladi
    (Keladi line)
    Keladi annexed to the Kingdom of Mysore
    Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha1782-1798Kandy
    (Kandy line)
    Sri Vikrama Rajasinha1798-1815[81] [82] Kandy
    (Kandy line)
    Kandy becomes a British colony

    Vellore Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1540–1601 CE)

    See main article: Nayaks of Vellore. The list of nayaks are unclear. Some of the Nayaks are:

    Other Nayaka kingdoms

    Reddy Kingdom (c. 1325–1448 CE)

    See main article: Reddy Kingdom.

    List of rulers–

    Oiniwar (Sugauna) dynasty of Mithila (c. 1325–1526 CE)

    See main article: Oiniwar dynasty.

    List of rulers–According to historian Makhan Jha, the rulers of the Oiniwar dynasty are as follows:[85]

    Vijayanagara Empire (c. 1336–1646 CE)

    See main article: Vijayanagara Empire and List of Vijayanagara emperors.

    Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by four different dynasties for about 310 years on entire South India.[88]

    Serial no.Regnal namesReign (CE)
    Sangama dynasty rulers (1336 to 1485 CE)
    1Harihara I1336–1356
    2Bukka Raya I1356–1377
    3Harihara II1377–1404
    4Virupaksha Raya1404–1405
    5Bukka Raya II1405–1406
    6Deva Raya1406–1422
    7Ramachandra Raya1422
    8Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya1422–1424
    9Deva Raya II1424–1446
    10Mallikarjuna Raya1446–1465
    11Virupaksha Raya II1465–1485
    12Praudha Raya1485
    Saluva dynasty rulers (1485 to 1505 CE)
    13Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya1485–1491
    14Thimma Bhupala1491
    15Narasimha Raya II1491–1505
    Tuluva dynasty rulers (1491 to 1570 CE)
    16Tuluva Narasa Nayaka1491–1503
    17Viranarasimha Raya1503–1509
    18Krishnadevaraya1509–1529
    19Achyuta Deva Raya1529–1542
    20Sadasiva Raya1542–1570
    Aravidu dynasty rulers (1542 to 1646 CE)
    21Aliya Rama Raya1542–1565
    22Tirumala Deva Raya1565–1572
    23Sriranga Deva Raya1572–1586
    24Venkatapati Deva Raya1586–1614
    25Sriranga II1614–1617
    26Rama Deva Raya1617–1632
    27Peda Venkata Raya1632–1642
    28Sriranga III1642–1646/1652

    Bahmani Sultanate (c. 1347–1527 CE)

    See main article: Bahmani Sultanate.

    Malwa Sultanate (c. 1392–1562 CE)

    See main article: Malwa Sultanate.

    Ghoris (1390–1436 CE)
    Khaljis (1436–1535 CE)

    Baro-Bhuyan kingdoms (c. 1365–1632 CE)

    See main article: Baro-Bhuyan.

    List of Kingdoms and their rulers are:

    Baro-Bhuyan of Assam (1365–1440 CE)

    Baro-Bhuyan of Bengal (1576–1632 CE)

    Tomara dynasty of Gwalior (c. 1375–1523 CE)

    See main article: Tomaras of Gwalior.

    The Tomara rulers of Gwalior include the following.[89] [90]

    Name in dynasty's inscriptions (IAST) Reign Names in Muslim chronicles and vernacular literature
    Vīrasiṃha-deva 1375–1400 CE or (c. 1394–1400 CE) Virsingh Dev, Bir Singh Tomar, Bar Singh (in Yahya's writings), Har Singh (in Badauni's writings), Nar Singh (in Firishta's and Nizamuddin's writings).[91]
    Uddharaṇa-deva 1400–1402 CE Uddharan Dev, Usaran or Adharan (in Khadagrai's writings)[92]
    Virāma-deva 1402–1423 CE Viram Dev, Biram Deo (in Yahya's writings), Baram Deo (in Firishta's writings)
    Gaṇapati-deva 1423–1425 CE Ganpati Dev
    Dungarendra-deva alias Dungara-siṃha 1425–1459 CE Dungar Singh, Dungar Sen
    Kirtisiṃha-deva 1459–1480 CE Kirti Singh Tomar
    Kalyāṇamalla 1480–1486 CE Kalyanmal, Kalyan Singh
    1486–1516 CE Mana Sahi, Man Singh
    Vikramāditya 1516–1523 CE Vikram Sahi, Vikramjit

    Wadiyar Kingdom of Mysore (c. 1399–1950 CE)

    See main article: Kingdom of Mysore and Wadiyar dynasty.

    List of rulers:

    Gajapati Empire (c. 1434–1541 CE)

    See main article: Gajapati Empire.

    Rulers–
    !Picture!King!Reign
    Kapilendra Deva1434–1467
    Purushottama Deva1467–1497
    Prataparudra Deva1497–1540
    1540–1541
    Kakharua Deva1541

    Rathore dynasty of Bikaner (c. 1465–1947 CE)

    See main article: Bikaner State and Rathore dynasty.

    Rulers–
    NameReign Began (in CE)Reign Ended (in CE)
    1Rao Bika14651504
    2Rao Narayan Singh15041505
    3Rao Luna Karana (Lon-Karan)15051526
    4Rao Jait Singh (Jetasi)15261542
    5Rao Kalyan Mal15421574
    6Rao Rai Singh I (Rai Rai Singh)15741612
    7Rai Dalpat Singh (Dalip)16121613
    8Rai Surat Singh Bhuratiya16131631
    9Rao Karan Singh (Jangalpat Badhshah)16311667
    10Anup Singh16691698
    11Rao Sarup Singh16981700
    12Rao Sujan Singh17001735
    13Rao Zorawar Singh17351746
    14Rao Gaj Singh17461787
    15Rao Rai Singh II (Raj Singh)17871787
    16Rao Pratap Singh17871787
    17Rao Surat Singh17871828
    18Rao Ratan Singh18281851
    19Rao Sardar Singh18511872
    20Dungar Singh18721887
    21Ganga Singh18871943
    22Sadul Singh19431947
    23Karni Singh19471971

    Deccan Sultanates (c. 1490–1686 CE)

    See main article: Deccan Sultanates.

    Barid Shahi dynasty (1490–1619 CE)

    See main article: Bidar Sultanate.

    Imad Shahi dynasty (1490–1572 CE)

    See main article: Berar sultanate.

    Adil Shahi dynasty (1490–1686 CE)

    See main article: Adil Shahi dynasty.

    Nizam Shahi dynasty (1490–1636 CE)

    See main article: Ahmadnagar Sultanate.

    Qutb Shahi dynasty (1518–1686 CE)

    See main article: Qutb Shahi dynasty.

    Gatti Mudalis of Taramangalam (c. 15th–17th century CE)

    See main article: Gatti Mudalis and Taramangalam.

    List of known rulers–

    Early Modern Period (c. 1500s CE – 1850s CE)

    Kingdom of Cochin (c. 1503–1948 CE)

    List of Maharajas of Cochin

    Koch Kingdom (c. 1515–1949 CE)

    List of Maharajas of Koch

    Mughal Empire (c. 1526–1857 CE)

    List of emperors of the Mughal Empire

    Sur Empire (c. 1540–1555 CE)

    List of rulers of the Sur Empire

    Gajapati of Odisha

    Lists of Gajapatis

    Khurda Kingdom

    List of rulers of Khurda

    Kingdom of Sikkim (c. 1642–1975 CE)

    List of Chogyals of Sikkim

    Maratha Confederacy (c. 1674–1818 CE)

    See main article: List of Maratha rulers and List of Maratha dynasties and states.

    List of Chhatrapatis of the Marathas

    Thanjavur Maratha kingdom (c. 1674–1855 CE)

    List of Thanjavur Maratha rulers

    The Peshwas (c. 1713–1858 CE)

    List of Peshwas

    Baroda State (c. 1721–1947 CE)

    List of Maharajas of Baroda

    Gwalior State (c. 1731–1947 CE)

    List of Maharajas of Ujjain and Gwalior

    Indore State (c. 1731–1948 CE)

    List of Maharajas of Indore

    Sinsinwar Jat Kingdom of Bharatpur and Deeg (c. 1683–1947 CE)

    See main article: Bharatpur State.

    List of rulers

    Pudukkottai Kingdom (c. 1686–1948 CE)

    See main article: Pudukkottai state.

    Rulers-

    Sivaganga Kingdom (c. 1725–1947 CE)

    See main article: Sivaganga estate.

    Rulers–[93]
    Zamindar under British rule (1803–1947)

    Kingdom of Travancore (c. 1729–1949 CE)

    See main article: Travancore.

    Rulers–

    Newalkar dynasty of Jhansi (c. 1769–1858 CE)

    See main article: Newalkar and Jhansi State.

    List of rulers–

    Sikh Empire (c. 1801–1849 CE)

    Maharaja of Punjab

    Smaller Muslim Polities

    Hyderabad State

    Nawab of Awadh

    Nawab of Bengal

    Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan

    Dogra dynasty of Kashmir and Jammu (c. 1846–1952 CE)

    Maharaja of Kashmir and Jammu

    Later Modern India (c. 1850s onwards)

    Empire of India (1876–1947 CE)

    See main article: British Raj and Emperor of India.

    PortraitNameBirthReignDeathConsortImperial DurbarRoyal House
    Victoria24 May 18191 May 1876 – 22 January 190122 January 1901None1 January 1877
    (represented by Lord Lytton)    		Hanover
    9 November 184122 January 1901 – 6 May 19106 May 1910Alexandra of Denmark1 January 1903
    (represented by Lord Curzon)    		Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
    George V3 June 18656 May 1910 – 20 January 193620 January 1936Mary of Teck12 December 1911Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

    Windsor
    23 June 189420 January 1936 – 11 December 193628 May 1972NoneNoneWindsor
    George VI14 December 189511 December 1936 – 15 August 1947[95] 6 February 1952Elizabeth Bowes-LyonNoneWindsor

    Dominion of India (1947–1950 CE)

    See main article: Dominion of India.

    See also

    Other lists of monarchs

    References

    Books

    Notes and References

    1. Book: Cunningham, Alexander . Inscriptions of Asoka . 1877 . en .
    2. Inscriptions of Asoka de D.C. Sircar p.30
    3. Misra, V.S. (2007). Ancient Indian Dynasties, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan,, pp.283-8, 384
    4. Book: Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra. Political History Of Ancient India. 2006. Genesis Publishing. 25 October 2012. 348. 9788130702919.
    5. Book: Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects. 1995. Abhinav Publications. 31. R. T. Vyas. Umakant Premanand Shah. 9788170173168. 12 November 2012.
    6. Web site: The Historical Value of Gangavamsanucharita Champu. www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. 22 September 2018.
    7. Book: V. V. Mirashi . Bhavabhuti . 1974 . Motilal Banarsidass . 978-81-208-1180-5.
    8. Book: P. C. Roy . The Coinage of the Kalachuris of Ratnapura . The Coinage of Northern India . https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA18 . 1980 . Abhinav Publications . 978-81-7017-122-5.
    9. Web site: von Hinüber . Oskar, Professor Emeritus, University of Freiburg . Bronzes of the Ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Gilgit . www.metmuseum.org.
    10. Web site: Metropolitan Museum of Art . www.metmuseum.org.
    11. Book: R. B. Singh . 1964 . History of the Chāhamānas . Nand Kishore & Sons . 11038728 . 51–70.
    12. Book: Ashok Kumar Srivastava . 1979 . The Chahamanas of Jalor . Sahitya Sansar Prakashan . xvi . 12737199.
    13. Book: Dasharatha Sharma . Dasharatha Sharma . 1959 . Early Chauhān Dynasties . S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass . 169 . 978-0-8426-0618-9.
    14. Book: Wink . André . André Wink . 1996 . First published 1990 . Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World . I . 3rd . BRILL . 152–153 . 978-90-04-09249-5.
    15. Pralambha, read from the Tezpur plates, can be corrected to Salambha, in light of the Parbatiya plates, Book: Sharma, Mukunda Manhava . 1978 . Inscriptions of Ancient Assam . Guwahati . Gauhati University . 105.
    16. Web site: Kingdom that Mughals could never win . 22 February 2016 . 2018-01-29 . The Tribune .
    17. Book: International Cyclopaedia: A Library of Universal Knowledge . 6 . Dodd, Mead & Company. 1885. 451.
    18. Web site: Bishnupur . "Mallabhum kingdom" . Britannica .
    19. Book: Steemers . Koen . Architecture, City, Environment: Proceedings of PLEA 2000 : July 2000 .... James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. 1902916166. 377. 2000 .
    20. Book: Dasgupta . Gautam Kumar . Biswas . Samira . Mallik . Rabiranjan . 2009 . Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur . A Mittal Publication . 31–43 . 978-81-8324-294-3.
    21. Book: Mallik. Abhaya Pada. History of Bishnupur-Raj: An Ancient Kingdom of West Bengal. 1921. Calcutta. 128–130. the University of Michigan. 11 March 2016.
    22. Book: Sen . Sailendra Nath . 1999 . First published 1988 . Ancient Indian History and Civilization . New Age International . 2nd . 81-224-1198-3 . 264–668 .
    23. [Georg Bühler]
    24. Book: Alexander Cunningham . 1871 . Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862–1884 . I . Archaeological Survey of India . 141–145 . 421335527.
    25. Book: D. C. Ganguly . 1981 . R. S. Sharma . A Comprehensive History of India (A. D. 300–985) . 3, Part 1 . Indian History Congress / Orient Longmans . 704.
    26. Web site: Nasik History - Ancient Period . https://web.archive.org/web/20050429040159/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/nasik/005%20History/001%20AncientPeriod.htm . dead . 29 April 2005 . State Government of Maharashtra . 2006-10-14 . dmy-all.
    27. Web site: Kannauj after Harsha . Jagran Josh. 14 October 2015 .
    28. Book: Dikshit, R. K. . 1976 . The Candellas of Jejākabhukti . Abhinav . 25 . 978-81-7017-046-4.
    29. Book: Sullerey, Sushil Kumar . 2004 . Chandella Art . Aakar Books . 25. 978-81-87879-32-9 .
    30. Book: Jackson, Peter . Peter Jackson (historian) . 2003 . The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History . Cambridge University Press . 199 . 978-0-521-54329-3 .
    31. Book: Jain, Kailash Chand . 1972 . Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D . Motilal Banarsidass . 329 . 978-81-208-0824-9.
    32. Book: Smith, Walter . The Mukteśvara Temple in Bhubaneswar . 1994 . Motilal Banarsidass . 23–24 . 978-81-208-0793-8.
    33. Dániel Balogh . Raṇasiṃha Revisited: A New Copper-plate Inscription of the Candrāvatī Paramāra Dynasty . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . Third Series . 22 . 1 . 2012 . 103 . 41490376.
    34. Dániel Balogh . A Copperplate Land Grant by Raṇasiṃhadeva of the Candrāvatī Paramāras . Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae . 63 . 3 . 2010 . 270 . 10.1556/AOrient.63.2010.3.3 . 23659005.
    35. Book: Petech, Luciano . 1977 . The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. . Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente . 171–172.
    36. Book: Sali, M. L.. India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector. 20 April 1998. APH Publishing. 9788170249641. 20 April 2018. Google Books.
    37. Book: Kaul, H. N.. Rediscovery of Ladakh. 20 April 1998. Indus Publishing. 9788173870866. 20 April 2018. Google Books.
    38. Book: Romila Thapar . Romila Thapar . 2008 . Somanatha . Penguin . 236 . 9780143064688.
    39. Book: A. K. Majumdar . 1956 . Chaulukyas of Gujarat . Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . 199 . 4413150 .
    40. Michael D. Willis . Architecture in Central India under the Kacchapaghata Rulers . South Asian Studies . 12 . 1 . 1996 . 14 . 10.1080/02666030.1996.9628506.
    41. Web site: Exploration Of Kadwaha, District Ashoknagar, Madhya Pradesh (2009-2010) . Archaeological Survey of India (Temple Survey Project) . Bhopal . 9 May 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160828191402/http://www.tspasibhopal.nic.in/project/expl_Khadwaha_Ashok_nagar_mp_2009_10/temple_of_kadwaha.html . 28 August 2016 . dead .
    42. Book: Prasad, Rajiva Nain . Raja Man Singh of Amber . 1966 . 1 .
    43. Book: Sarkar, Jadunath . Jadunath Sarkar . 1994 . 1984 . A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 . Orient Longman . 31 . 81-250-0333-9 .
    44. Arms & Armour at the Jaipur court by Robert Elgood p.10
    45. Book: Stein, Marc Aurel . 1979 . First published 1900 . Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir . 1 . Motilal Banarsidass . 133–138. 9780896841017.
    46. Hodgson . B. H. . 1835 . Account of a Visit to the Ruins of Simroun, once the capital of the Mithila province . Journal of the Asiatic Society . 4 . 121−124 .
    47. Book: Chaudhary, Radhakrishna . Mithilak Itihas . Ram Vilas Sahu . 9789380538280 . 70–112 . hi.
    48. Gogoi records that Sukhrangphaa died without leaving a son and the two ministers administered the kingdom without a king for five years . Gait and others do not record this, though Baruah does
    49. Sutuphaa was the younger brother of Sukhrangphaa, who was settled in a village called Lahanjing. He was invited by the Burhagohain and Borgohain to become the king and he set up his seat at Chapagurinagar
    50. Sukhramphaa was assassinated by the king of the Chutiya kingdom on a barge ride on Suffry river .
    51. Sukhangphaa and his chief queen were deposed and executed by the ministers for their autocratic rule .
    52. Sudangphaa Bamuni Konwar was born to the second queen of Tyao Khamti in a Brahmin household of Habung .
    53. Suhenphaa was speared to death in his palace by a Tai-Turung chief in revenge for being accused of theft .
    54. Suhungmung was assassinated by a palace staff in a plot engineered by his son, Suklenmung .
    55. Suramphaa was deposed by the ministers when he insisted on burying alive a son of each minister in the tomb of his dead step-son . He was later murdered on the instructions of his nephew, the son of his brother and succeeding Swargadeo.
    56. Sutingphaa was a sickly king (Noriaya Raja), who participated in an intrigue by his chief queen to install a prince unpopular with the ministers. He was deposed and later murdered on the instructions of his son and successor king Sutamla .
    57. Supangmung was grandson of Suleng (Deo Raja), the second son of Suhungmung .
    58. The Maju Gohain, the brother of Chakradhwaj Singha, became the king.
    59. Udayaaditya Sinha's palace was stormed by his brother (and successor king) with a thousand-strong contingent of men led by Lasham Debera, and the king was executed the next day. Udayaaditya's religious fanaticism under the influence of a godman had made him unpopular, and the three great gohains implicitly supported this group . This event started a very unstable nine-year period of weak kings, dominated by Debera Borbarua, Atan Burhagohain and Laluk-sola Borphukan in succession. This period ended with the accession of Gadadhar Singha.
    60. Ramadhwaj Sinha was poisoned on the instructions of Debera Borbarua when he tried to assert his authority .
    61. Book: Deyell, John S.. Ahom Language Coins of Assam.
    62. The Samaguria raja was deposed by Debera Borbarua, the de facto ruler, and later executed, along with his queen and her brother .
    63. Gobar Rojaa was the son of Saranga, the son of Suten, the son of Suhungmung Dihingiya Roja.
    64. Gobar Raja was deposed and executed by the Saraighatias (the commanders of Saraighat/Guwahati), led by Atan Burhagohain . Their target was the de facto ruler, Debera Borbarua, who was also executed.
    65. After Ramdhwaj Singha, Chamaguriya Khamjang Konwar alias Shujinpha ruled only 20 days from 10 April 1674 (e.i. Lakni Kat plao (or 26th year) of 18th Taosinga Circle) and on 30 April he was killed. There after Tungkhongiya Gobar Raja rose only 12 ruled. Both were killed by the powerful minister Debera Baruah. After Gobar Raja two more Prince rose only for another 12 days who are not recorded in chronicles. The title of Suhung is suitable for Dihingia Arjun Konwar, who minted coins and ruled more than six months and the minted year 1675 is his rising year (e.i. Lakni khut ni (or 27th year) of 18th Taosinga Circle) -- (Phukan, J.N. (1987). Reattribution of the Coins of Suhung)
    66. Dihingia Arjun Konwar tried to assert control by moving against the de facto ruler, Atan Burhagohain, but was routed in a skirmish. Sujinphaa was blinded and held captive when he committed suicide by striking his head against a stone .
    67. Sudoiphaa was the grandson of Suhungmung's third son, Suteng .
    68. Sudoiphaa was deposed by Laluk-sola Borphukan, who styled himself as the Burhaphukan, and later executed. Atan Burhagohain, the powerful minister, had been executed earlier .
    69. Sulikphaa Lora Roja was deposed and then executed by Gadadhar Singha .
    70. Kamaleswar Singha was installed as the king by Purnananda Burhagohain when he was still an infant. He was the son of Kadam Dighala, the son of Ayusut, the son of Lechai, the second son of Gadadhar Singha. Kadam Dighala, who could not become the king because of physical blemishes, was an important influence during the reign .
    71. Chandrakanta Singha was deposed by Ruchinath Burhagohain, mutilated and confined as a prisoner near Jorhat . The Burhagohain choose Brajanath, a descendant of Suremphaa Pramatta Singha, as the king and coins were struck in the new king's name, but it was discovered that he had mutilations on his person and his son, Purandar Singha, was instated instead .
    72. Purandar Singha's forces under Jaganath Dhekial Phukan defeated the forces led by the Burmese general Kee-Woomingee (Kiamingi or Alumingi Borgohain) on 15 February 1819, but due to a strategic mistake Jorhat fell into Burmese hands. Kiamingi brought back Chandrakanta Singha and installed him the king .
    73. Chandrakanta Singha fled to Guwahati when the army of Bagyidaw king of Burma, led by Mingimaha Tilwa, approached Jorhat .
    74. Jogeshwar Singha was the brother of Hemo Aideu, one of the queens of Bagyidaw. He was installed as the king by Mingimaha Tilwa .
    75. Jogeshwar Singha was removed from all pretense of power and Mingimaha Tilwa was declared the "Raja of Assam" toward the end of June 1822 .
    76. Purandar Singha was set up by the East India Company as the tributary Raja of Upper Assam .
    77. Web site: genealogy of the royal house of jaffna. 16 July 2021. 28 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141228065758/http://www.jaffnaroyalfamily.org/family_tree1.php. dead.
    78. Suresh K. Sharma, Documents on North-East India: Tripura, pp. 93-95
    79. The list presented for the Gingee line follows Srinivasachari, which takes chronicles mentioned in copper plate grants into account and notes governorship of Gingee began in Saka era 1386 / CE 1464.
    80. Book: Sadashiva Nayaka reign . 9780871843081 . 30 June 2015. Friedberg . Arthur L. . Friedberg . Ira S. . 2009 .
    81. Book: Somasekhara Sarma, Mallampalli . 1946 . History of the Reddi Kingdoms (Circa. 1325 A.D., to circa. 144B A.D.) . Andhra University . Waltair . 81.

      "How this discrepancy arose and why such a wrong account was given in the Kaluvaceru grant is a mystery which is yet to be unravelled."

    82. Rama Rao . M. . 1947 . The Fall of Warangal and After . Proceedings of the Indian History Congress . 10 . 295 . 44137150 . "It is thus impossible that Prolaya Vema could at any time have been a subordinate of the Musunuri chiefs.".
    83. Book: Howes, Jennifer. The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship. 1 January 1998. Psychology Press. 07-0071-585-1. 28.
    84. Book: Rao . Velcheru Narayana . Shulman . David . Subrahmanyam . Sanjay . 1998 . Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamil Nadu . Oxford University Press . 18.
    85. Book: Jha, Makhan . Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. 155–157. 1997. 9788175330344.
    86. Book: Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish. Vidyāpati: Bangīya Padābali; Songs of the Love of Rādhā and Krishna.. The Old Bourne Press. 1915. London.
    87. Book: Love Songs of Vidyāpati. G. Allen & Unwin. 1963. London. Bhattacharya. Deben.
    88. Book: Dhere, Ramchandra . Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research . 2011 . Oxford University Press, 2011 . 9780199777648 . 243.
    89. Book: Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty . 1984 . Gwalior Fort: art, culture, and history . Arnold-Heinemann . 98–116 . 978-0-391-03223-1.
    90. Book: B. D. Misra . 1993 . Forts and fortresses of Gwalior and its hinterland . Manohar . 27–46 . 978-81-7304-047-4 .
    91. Book: Kishori Saran Lal . 1963 . Twilight of the Sultanate . Asia Publishing House . 6 . 500687579.
    92. Sant Lal Katare . Two Gangolatal, Gwalior, Inscriptions of the Tomara Kings of Gwalior . Journal of the Oriental Institute . XXIII . 1975 . Oriental Institute, Maharajah Sayajirao University . 346.
    93. K. R. Venkatarama Ayyar, Sri Brihadamba State Press, 1938, A Manual of the Pudukkóttai State, p.720
    94. Book: Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. Guida M. Jackson. Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer. ABC-CLIO. 1999. 227. 9781576070918.
    95. George VI retained the title "Emperor of India" until 22 June 1948.

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