The Indian Antarctic Programme is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional programme under the control of the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica.[1] The programme gained global acceptance with India's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983,[1] superseded by the Maitri base from 1989. The newest base commissioned in 2012 is Bharati, constructed out of 134 shipping containers. Under the programme, atmospheric, biological, earth, chemical, and medical sciences are studied by India, which has carried out 40 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic.
The origin of the Indian missions to the Antarctic are traced to the joint Indian Space Research Organisation – Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia agreements, which led to Indians, such as Dr. Paramjit Singh Sehra, joining the 17th Soviet Antarctic expedition of 1971–1973.[2]
India officially acceded to the Antarctic Treaty System on 1 August 1983. On 12 September 1983, the country became the fifteenth Consultative Member of the Antarctic Treaty.[3]
The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research—a research and development body functioning under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India—controls the Indian Antarctic Programme.[4] The NCPOR and the Department of Ocean Development select the members for India's Antarctic expeditions. After medical tests and subsequent acclimatisation training at the Himalayas, these selected members are also trained in survival, environment ethics, firefighting and operating in a group.
One expedition costs up to . Logistical support to the various activities of the Indian Antarctic Programme is provided by the relevant branches of the Indian armed forces.[4] The launching point of Indian expeditions has varied from Goa in India to Cape Town in South Africa on 19th expedition during the time of NCAOR Founding Director Dr. P C Pandey in December 1999. Over 70 institutes in India contributed to its Antarctic Programme as of 2007.
The Indian Antarctic Programme is bound by the rules of the Antarctic Treaty System, which India signed in 1983.[4] Pandey (2007) outlines the various international activities that India has undertaken as a part of its Antarctic Programme:
India also collaborates with the international community as a member of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Regional Committee of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission in Coastal Indian Ocean (IOCINDIO), International Seabed Authority (ISBA), and the State Parties of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS).[4] [5] [6]
Antarctica holds scientific interest for global research projects due to a number of reasons: 'Origin of continents, climate change, meteorology and pollution' are among the reasons cited by S.D. Gad (2008).[4] Mrinalini G. Walawalkar (2005) holds that: 'ice–ocean interaction and the global processes; paleoenvironment and paleoclimatic studies; geological evolution of earth and Gondwanaland reconstruction; Antarctic ecosystems, biodiversity and environment physiology; solar terrestrial processes and their coupling; medical physiology, adaptation techniques and human psychology; environment impact assessment and monitoring; enabling low temperature technology development; and studies on earthquakes' are among the areas of study under the Indian Antarctic Programme.[6]
Close to 1,300 Indians had been to the continent as of 2001 as a part of the country's Antarctic Programme. Indian expeditions to the Antarctic also study the fauna and the molecular biodiversity of the region.[7] [8] A total of 120 new microbes had been discovered as a result of international scientific effort in the Antarctic by 2005.[6] 30 of these microbes had been discovered by Indian scientists.[6] India has also published over 300 research publications based on Antarctic studies as of 2007.
The 'ice cores' retrieved by drilling holes in Antarctic's vast ice-sheets yield information 'on the palaeoclimate and eco-history of the earth as records of wind-blown dust, volcanic ash or radioactivity are preserved in the ice as it gets accumulated over time'.[4] The NCAOR developed a polar research & development laboratory with a 'low-temperature laboratory complex at −20 °C for preservation and analysis of ice core and snow samples' according to S.D. Gad (2008).[4] The 'ice core' samples are held, processed, and analysed in containment units designed by such technology.[4] Storage cases made of poly propylene also ensure that the samples do not alter characteristics and are preserved for analysis in the form that they were recovered.[4]
In 1981 the Indian flag unfurled for the first time in Antarctica, marking the start of Southern Ocean expeditions under the environmental protocol of the Antarctic Treaty (1959).
See main article: Dakshin Gangotri.
The first permanent settlement was built in 1983 and named Dakshin Gangotri. In 1989 it was excavated and is being used again as supply base and transit camp. Dakshin Gangotri was decommissioned in the year 1990 after half of it got buried under the ice. It is nothing more than a historical site now. In its times, it used to double up as a place for multiple support systems, including the presence of an ice-melting plant, laboratories, storage, accommodation, recreation facilities, a clinic and also a bank counter.
See main article: Maitri.
The second permanent settlement, Maitri, was put up in 1989 on the Schirmacher Oasis and has been conducting experiments in geology, geography and medicine. India built this station close to a freshwater lake around Maitri known as Lake Priyadarshini. Maitri accomplished the mission of geomorphologic mapping of Schirmacher Oasis.
See main article: Bharati.
Located beside Larsmann Hill at 69°S, 76°E, Bharati is established in March 2012. This newest research station for oceanographic research will collect evidence of continental break-up to reveal the 120-million-year-old ancient history of the Indian subcontinent. In news sources this station was variously spelled "Bharathi",[9] "Bharti"[10] and "Bharati".[11]
It was established in the year 1984 during the third Indian expedition to Antarctica. It was located at Dakshin Gangotri. As many as 10,000 letters were posted and cancelled in this post office in total in the first year of its establishment. Although the post office is no more there, it is a favourite stopover for Indian tourists who visit the place in cruise ships.
The current Indian post office in Antarctica is situated at Maitri, where the country's current research station is also situated.
| Date | Expedition | Leader | Deputy Leader | Leader (Summer Team) | Deputy Leader (Summer Team) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981–1982 | First Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr. Sayed Zahoor Qasim | C. P. Vohra, H. N. Siddiquie | |||
| 1982–1983 | Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica | V. K. Raina | Dr C. R. Sreedharan | |||
| 1983–1985Vijay Kumar Raina | Third Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr Harsh K. Gupta | Lieutenant Colonel Satya Swarup Sharma | |||
| 1984 | Fourth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr B.B. Bhattacharya | Col. P. Kumaresh | |||
| 1985-86 | Fifth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | M.K. Kaul | Dr Vinod K Dhargalkar | |||
| 1986-87 | Sixth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr A M Parulekar | Col. V.S.Iyer (V.S.M) | |||
| 1987-1989 | Seventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr R. Sen Gupta | Col P Ganeshan | Dr G. S. Mittal | ||
| 1988–1990 | Eighth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr Amitava Sen Gupta | Col S Jagannathan | Lt Col J P Khadilkar | ||
| 1989–1991 | Ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Rasik Ravindra | ||||
| 1990–1992 | Tenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr A. K. Hanjura | ||||
| 1991–1993 | Eleventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr Shardendu Mukherjee | ||||
| 1992-94 | Twelfth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr Vinod K Dhargalkar | ||||
| 1993-95 | Thirteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | G Sudhakar Rao | ||||
| 1994-96 | Fourteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr S D Sharma | ||||
| 1995-1996 | Fifteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Arun Chaturvedi | ||||
| 1996-98 | Sixteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr Anand L. Koppar | ||||
| 1997-99 | Seventeenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | K. R. Shivan | ||||
| 1998-2000 | Eighteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Ajay Dhar | ||||
| 1999-2001 | Nineteenth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Arun Chaturvedi | M. Javed Beg | |||
| 2000-2003 | Twentieth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Marvin D'Souza | ||||
| 2001–2003 | Twenty first Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Ram Prasad Lal | ||||
| 2002-04 | Twenty Second Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr Arun Hanchinal | ||||
| 2003-05 | Twenty third Indian Expedition to Antarctica | S. Jayaram | ||||
| 2004-06 | Twenty fourth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Rajesh Asthana | M. Javed Beg | |||
| 2005-2007 | Twenty fifth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | L. Prem Kishore | ||||
| Twenty sixth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | ||||||
| Twenty seventh Indian Expedition to Antarctica | ||||||
| 2008–2009 | Twenty eighth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr. P. Malhotra | Ajay Dhar | |||
| 2009–2010 | Twenty ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | P. Elango | Rajesh Asthana | |||
| 2010–2011 | Thirtieth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | K. Jeeva | Rajesh Asthana | |||
| 2011–2012 | Thirty first Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr. Rupesh M. Das (Bharati) & Shree Uttam Chand (Maitri) | Rajesh Asthana | |||
| 2013–2014 | Thirty third Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Mohd. Yunus Shah (Bharati) | Abhijit Patil (Bharati) | |||
| 2014–2015 | Thirty fourth Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Kailash Bhindwar (Bharati) | Syed Shadab (Bharati) | |||
| 2017–2018 | Thirty seven Indian Expedition to Antarctica | Dr. Shailesh Pednekar (Bharati) | Bagati Sudarshan Patro (Bharati) | |||
| 2018–2020 | 38th Indian Expedition to Antarctica | K. Jeeva, Matri- P. Elengo, Bharati |