| Lino Brocka | |
| Birth Name: | Catalino Ortiz Brocka |
| Birth Date: | 3 April 1939 |
| Birth Place: | Pilar, Sorsogon, Commonwealth of the Philippines |
| Death Place: | Quezon City, Philippines |
| Occupation: | Film director |
| Relatives: | Q. Allan Brocka (nephew) |
| Years Active: | 1970–1991 |
Catalino Ortiz Brocka (April 3, 1939 – May 22, 1991) was a Filipino film director. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential and significant filmmakers in the history of Philippine cinema. His filmography often addressed the country's societal issues, and despite his initial closeness with the Marcos family, his work eventually grew to have anti-authoritarian themes in opposition to the Marcos dictatorship.[1] [2] [3]
He co-founded the organization Concerned Artists of the Philippines (CAP), dedicated to helping artists address issues confronting the country, and the Free the Artist Movement.[4] [5] He was a member of the Coalition for the Restoration of Democracy.[6]
He directed landmark films such as Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang (1974), Manila in the Claws of Light (1975), Insiang (1976), Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim (1984), and Orapronobis (1989). His body of work consisted of popular and political melodramas.[7] After his death in a car accident in 1991, he was posthumously given the National Artist of the Philippines for Film award for "having made significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts." In 2018, Brocka was identified by the Human Rights Victims' Claims Board as a Motu Proprio human rights violations victim of the Martial Law Era.[8]
Brocka was born in Pilar, Sorsogon.[9] He grew up and lived in San Jose, Nueva Ecija[10] [11] and graduated from Nueva Ecija High School in 1956.[12] He attended the University of the Philippines and began working in theatre, acting and directing plays where his career in cinema and television followed suit.[13] Brocka was openly gay, and a convert to Mormonism.[14] [15] He joined the Mormon Church and lived on Mokoka'i for a year, tending to lepers, in an attempt to find answers regarding his homosexuality, but shortly after he returned to Manila after seeking closure.[16]
He directed his first film, Wanted: Perfect Mother, based on The Sound of Music and a local comic serial, in 1970. It won an award for best screenplay at the 1970 Manila Film Festival. Later that year he also won the Citizen's Council for Mass Media's best-director award for the film Santiago!
In 1974, Brocka directed Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang ("You Have Been Weighed and Found Wanting"),[17] which told the story of a teenager growing up in a small town amid its petty and gross injustices. It was a box-office success, and earned Brocka another Best Director award, this time from the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS).
The following year, he directed Maynila sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag ("Manila in the Claws of Light"), which is considered by many critics, including British film critic and historian Derek Malcolm,[18] to be the greatest Philippine film ever made and is further acknowledged as the opening film of the golden age.[19]
The film tells the allegorical tale of a young provincial named Julio Madiaga who goes to Manila looking for his lost love, Ligaya Paraiso. The episodic plot has him careering from one adventure to another until he finally finds Ligaya. This film fosters a dialogue about human rights violations and Marco's rising autocratic rule through micro-narratives of the country's underclass, dark and cramped metropolitan feel, and seedy and impoverished locations.[20] Much of the film's acclaim is directed towards the excellent cinematography by Mike de Leon, who would later on direct landmark films such as Kisapmata and Batch '81. The film won the FAMAS Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Supporting Actor in 1976.
Insiang (1976) was the first Philippine film ever shown at the Cannes Film Festival.[21] It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section of the 1978 Cannes Film Festival. It is considered to be one of Brocka's best films - some say his masterpiece. The film centers on a young woman named Insiang who lives in the infamous Manila slum area, Tondo. It is a Shakespearean tragedy that deals with Insiang's rape by her mother's lover, and her subsequent revenge. Despite First Lady Imelda Marcos's criticism of the film,[22] her daughter Imee Marcos, who is also Brocka's friend, helped sponsor the film's fundraising premiere.[2]
The film Jaguar (1979) was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival, becoming the first Filipino film to compete in the main competition of the festival.[23] It won Best Picture and Best Director at the 1980 FAMAS Awards.[24] It also won five Gawad Urian Awards, including Best Picture and Best Direction.
In 1981, Brocka returned to the Cannes' Director's Fortnight with his third entry, Bona, a film about obsession.[25]
In 1983, Brocka created the organization Concerned Artists of the Philippines (CAP), which he led for two years. His stand was that artists were first and foremost citizens and, as such, must address the issues confronting the country. His group became active in anti-government rallies after the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr., eventually becoming one of the progressive organizations representing artists and cultural workers in the country. On January 28, 1985, Brocka and fellow filmmaker Behn Cervantes were arrested at a nationwide transport strike organized by public transportation drivers.[26] They were charged for organizing illegal assembly and denied bail. Both directors denied being leaders of the strike, stating they were attending in sympathy with the drivers.[27] They were released after 16 days,[28] following public pressure for President Ferdinand Marcos to release the directors. He joined the Coalition for the Restoration of Democracy after his release.
In 1984, Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim ("My Country") was deemed subversive by the government of Ferdinand Marcos, and underwent a legal battle to be shown in its uncut form. At the 1984 Cannes Film Festival however, it was nominated for the Palme d'Or. It garnered four honors at the 1986 Gawad Urian Awards, including Best Picture.
In 1986, Brocka served as a jury member in the 39th Cannes Film Festival.
Brocka directed over forty films. Macho Dancer (1988) was screened in the Philippines at the time of its release, but it was heavily censored due to its political and sexual content.[29] Brocka secretly smuggled an uncensored 35mm print of the film out of the country to evade government censorship; the print is now in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art. Other notable works include Orapronobis (international title: Fight for Us) (1989) and Gumapang Ka sa Lusak (1990). In 1990, Brocka's frequent cinematographer Pedro Manding Jr. was found stabbed to death in a canal in Quezon City, with authorities later identifying the perpetrator as a person from Labrador, Pangasinan.[30]
For his opposition against the Marcos regime, Brocka, in 1986, was appointed by President Corazon Aquino as a member of the 1986 Constitutional Commission to draft a new constitution for the country. He eventually resigned in August 1986. His main contribution to the 1987 Constitution is Article III, Section 4. According to Justice Adolfo Azcuna, he was the only delegate who had succeeded in amending the Bill of Rights.
One of the last things Brocka campaigned for was the removal of U.S. bases in the Philippines. He would continue to do so, urging senators and the government to remove U.S. military presence in the country, until his death.[31]
On May 22, 1991, Brocka and actor William Lorenzo left the Spindle Music Lounge, where they watched a show starring Malu Barry, in a 1991 Toyota Corolla being driven by Lorenzo, heading home to Tandang Sora in Quezon City, Metro Manila. At around 1:30a.m., the car crashed into an electric pole made of concrete along East Avenue, after Lorenzo tried to avoid a tricycle suddenly swerving towards their path. Both Brocka and Lorenzo were rushed to the East Avenue Medical Center, where Brocka was declared dead on arrival, with Lorenzo in critical condition but declared out of danger by doctors.[32] At his funeral he was accorded an adulation reserved only for heroes, and thousands walked miles to escort his remains to their final resting place.[33] In 1997, Brocka was given the posthumous distinction of National Artist for Film.
Lino Brocka's name has been included on Bantayog ng mga Bayani's Wall of Remembrance, which recognizes heroes and martyrs who fought against martial law in the Philippines under Ferdinand E. Marcos.[34]
Brocka was also recognized by the University of the Philippines (U.P.), his alma mater, for his involvement in the fight against martial law in the Philippines.[35] [36] At the recognition ceremonies held at U.P., then university president Emerlinda Roman lamented how the "dictatorship had crushed [U.P. students' and alumni's] dreams for the future." Roman said the recognition was held to "remember their extraordinary valor." Former Senator Jovito Salonga also noted the sacrifices made by the honorees. In his address to the audience, Salonga said, "We promise their relatives that we will never forget their sacrifices so that the light of justice may never be extinguished in this country whose fertile soil was washed by their blood."
The Film Development Council of the Philippines organized a retrospective of Brocka's films on September 20–25, 2016, "in remembrance of the proclamation of Martial Law 44 years ago."[37] Screenings of Brocka's films and of the documentary Signed: Lino Brocka were held at Cinemateque Manila. A symposium, a panel discussion with martial law survivors, and a film editing workshop were also held as part of the retrospective.
Brocka is mentioned in books on Philippine cinema, which include film scholar José B. Capino'sDream Factories of a Former Colony: American Fantasies, Philippine Cinema; an entry on Brocka in the Cultural Center of the Philippines' Encyclopedia of Philippine Art; and a compilation of articles edited by critic Mario Hernando.
Contestable Nation-Space Cinema, Cultural Politics, and Transnationalism in the Marcos-Brocka Philippines, a book by University of the Philippines Professor Rolando B. Tolentino, focuses on Brocka's engagement with society and dictatorship in the Philippines. The book explores "Brocka's filmic engagement and critique of the Marcos politics provide the condition of possibility that allows for the dictatorship to cohere and fragment, and for 1970s and 1980s Philippine cinema to be an important receptacle and symptom of negotiations with the dictatorship, the latter allowing for the foregrounding of subversions to the state and its order."[38]
The Cultural Center of the Philippines commemorated Brocka's 70th birth anniversary in 2009 with "Remembering Brocka: Realities/Rarities," a series of screenings of Brocka's films and public fora following the screenings.[39]
In 1987, a documentary entitled Signed: Lino Brocka was directed by Christian Blackwood.[40] It won the 1988 Peace Film Award at the Berlin International Film Festival.
The Philippine Educational Theater Association, where Brocka was once executive director,[41] named its multi-purpose hall the Lino Brocka Hall, in memory of the director.[42]
Law professor Tony La Viña noted the significance of the 1990 Philippine Supreme Court decision in the Brocka vs. Enrile case, which, for La Viña, "illustrates... what a difference democracy makes."[43] Brocka, Behn Cervantes, and Howie Severino were arrested by officers from the Northern Police District at a protest rally in 1985 while Ferdinand Marcos was still president.[44] Brocka, Cervantes, and Severino were subsequently charged with illegal assembly and inciting to sedition. In a decision issued after the EDSA People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos, the Supreme Court ruled that the criminal proceedings against Brocka et al. amounted to persecution and were "undertaken by state officials in bad faith."
| Year | English title | Original title | Director | Writer | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Wanted: Perfect Mother | - | First film; based on the novel by Mars Ravelo | ||
| The Arizona Kid | - | Directed by Luciano B. Carlos | |||
| Santiago! | - | ||||
| Dipped in Gold | Tubog sa Ginto | Based on the comic series by Mars Ravelo | |||
| 1971 | Now | - | Lost film | ||
| Lumuha Pati Mga Anghel | Credited as Lino O. Brocka | ||||
| Cadena de amor | - | Credited as Lino Brocka Ortiz | |||
| Stardoom | - | ||||
| 1972 | Villa Miranda | - | |||
| Cherry Blossoms | - | Lost film | |||
| 1974 | Weighed But Found Wanting | Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang | |||
| Three, Two, One | Tatlo, Dalawa, Isa | ||||
| 1975 | Manila in the Claws of Light | Maynila sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag | Based on the novel In the Claws of Brightness by Edgardo M. Reyes | ||
| Dung-aw | Musical adaptation of the life of Filipina heroine Gabriela Silang | ||||
| 1976 | Lunes, Martes, Miyerkules, Huwebes, Biyernes, Sabado, Linggo | Lost film | |||
| Insiang | - | Screened under Directors’ Fortnight at the 1978 Cannes Film Festival | |||
| 1977 | Tahan Na, Empoy, Tahan | ||||
| Inay | |||||
| Tadhana: Ito ang Lahing Pilipino | Segment "The Reform Movement" Unreleased | ||||
| 1978 | Mananayaw | ||||
| My Father, My Mother | Ang Tatay Kong Nanay | ||||
| Wake Up, Maruja | Gumising Ka… Maruja | Based on the novel Maruja by Mars Ravelo | |||
| Hayop sa Hayop | |||||
| Rubia Servios | - | Based on the short story "Unforgettable Legal Story" by Aida Sevilla Mendoza | |||
| 1979 | Init | ||||
| Ina, Kapatid, Anak | |||||
| Jaguar | - | Based on the 1961 essay “The Boy Who Wanted to Become Society” by Nick Joaquin; screened in competition at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival | |||
| Whore of a Mother | Ina Ka ng Anak Mo | Official entry to the 1979 Metro Manila Film Festival | |||
| 1980 | Stolen Love | Nakaw Na Pag-Ibig | |||
| Angela Markado | - | ||||
| Bona | - | ||||
| 1981 | Kontrobersyal! | ||||
| Burgis | |||||
| Hello, Young Lovers | - | ||||
| Dalaga si Misis, Binata si Mister | |||||
| Caught in the Act | - | ||||
| 1982 | PX | - | |||
| In This Corner | In Dis Korner | ||||
| Palipat-lipat, Papalit-palit | |||||
| Mother Dear | - | ||||
| Cain and Abel | Cain at Abel | ||||
| 1983 | Strangers in Paradise | - | |||
| Hot Property | - | ||||
| 1984 | This Is My Country | Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim | Screened in competition at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival | ||
| Adultery | - | ||||
| Akin ang Iyong Katawan | |||||
| Experience | - | ||||
| 1985 | Miguelito | Miguelito: Batang Rebelde | |||
| White Slavery | - | ||||
| Ano ang Kulay ng Mukha ng Diyos? | |||||
| 1986 | Napakasakit, Kuya Eddie | ||||
| 1987 | Maging Akin Ka Lamang | Remade in 2008 as a TV series for GMA Network | |||
| Pasan Ko ang Daigdig | Remade in 2007 as a TV series for GMA Network | ||||
| 1988 | Three Faces of Love | Tatlong Mukha ng Pag-Ibig | Anthology film with Emmanuel Borlaza and Leroy Salvador; segment: "Ang Silid" (lit. "The Room") | ||
| Macho Dancer | - | Screened out of competition at the 1988 Toronto International Film Festival[45] | |||
| God Is Still Sleeping | Natutulog Pa ang Diyos | Based on the novel by Ruben R. Marcelino; remade in 2007 as a TV series for ABS-CBN | |||
| 1989 | Kailan Mahuhugasan ang Kasalanan? | ||||
| Fight for Us | Orapronobis | Screened out of competition at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival | |||
| Babangon Ako't Dudurugin Kita | Remade in 2008 as a TV series by GMA Network | ||||
| 1990 | Kung tapos na ang kailanman | ||||
| Dirty Affair | Gumapang Ka Sa Lusak | Remade in 2010 as a TV series by GMA Network | |||
| All Be Damned | Hahamakin Lahat | ||||
| Victim | Biktima | ||||
| Ama… Bakit Mo Ako Pinabayaan? | |||||
| How Are the Kids? | - | Anthology film with Jean-Luc Godard, Jerry Lewis, Anne-Marie Miéville, Rolan Bykov, Ciro Durán, and Euzhan Palcy; segment: "Oca" | |||
| 1991 | In Spite of Everything | Sa Kabila ng Lahat | |||
| Spark in the Dark | Kislap sa Dilim | ||||
| A Plea to God | Makiusap Ka sa Diyos | Final film | |||
| Huwag Mong Salingin ang Sugat Ko | Directed by Christopher de Leon | ||||
| 1992 | Lucia | - | Directed by Mel Chionglo | ||
Brocka was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts in 1985, for "making cinema a vital social commentary, awakening public consciousness to disturbing realities of life among the Filipino poor".[46] He was posthumously named Philippine National Artist for Film in 1997.
| Year | Group | Category | Work | Result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | British Film Institute Awards | Sutherland Trophy | Bayan Ko: Kapit Sa Patalim | ||
| 1984 | Cannes Film Festival | Palme d'Or | Bayan Ko: Kapit Sa Patalim | ||
| 1980 | Cannes Film Festival | Palme d'Or | Jaguar | ||
| 1992 | FAMAS Awards | Hall of Fame | Director | ||
| 1991 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Gumapang Ka Sa Lusak | ||
| 1990 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Macho Dancer | ||
| 1986 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Bayan Ko: Kapit Sa Patalim | ||
| Best Director | Miguelito: Batang Rebelde | ||||
| 1983 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Cain at Abel | ||
| 1980 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Jaguar | ||
| 1979 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Gumising Ka... Maruja | ||
| 1978 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Tahan na Empoy, Tahan | ||
| 1977 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Insiang | ||
| 1976 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Maynila: Sa Mga Kuko Ng Liwanag | ||
| 1975 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang | ||
| 1973 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Villa Miranda | ||
| 1972 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Stardoom | ||
| 1971 | FAMAS Awards | Best Director | Tubog Sa Ginto | ||
| 1991 | FAP Awards, Philippines | Best Director | Gumapang Ka Sa Lusak | ||
| 1986 | FAP Awards, Philippines | Best Director | Bayan Ko: Kapit Sa Patalim | ||
| 1992 | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Sa Kabila Ng Lahat | ||
| 1991 | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Gumapang Ka Sa Lusak | ||
| 1990 | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Macho Dancer | ||
| 1986 | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Bayan Ko: Kapit Sa Patalim | ||
| Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Miguelito: Batang Rebelde | ||||
| 1984 | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Hot Property | ||
| 1983 | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Cain at Abel | ||
| 1981 | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Film of the Decade (Natatanging Pelikula ng Dekada) | Insiang | ||
| Best Film of the Decade (Natatanging Pelikula ng Dekada) | Jaguar | ||||
| Best Film of the Decade (Natatanging Pelikula ng Dekada) | Maynila sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag | ||||
| Best Film of the Decade (Natatanging Pelikula ng Dekada) | Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang | ||||
| Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Bona | ||||
| 1980 | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Jaguar | ||
| 1979 | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Mananayaw | ||
| 1978 | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Tahan na Empoy, tahan | ||
| 1977 | Gawad Urian Awards | Best Direction (Pinakamahusay na Direksyon) | Insiang | ||
| 1985 | Metro Manila Film Festival | Best Director | Ano ang kulay ng mukha ng Diyos? | ||
| 1979 | Metro Manila Film Festival[47] | Best Director | Ina Ka ng Anak Mo | ||
| 1983 | Nantes Three Continents Festival | Golden Montgolfiere | Angela Markado | ||
| 1992 | Young Critics Circle, Philippines | Best Film | Sa Kabila ng Lahat | ||
| 1991 | Young Critics Circle, Philippines | Silver Prize | Hahamakin Lahat |