Latin: In nomine Domini (Latin: In the name of the Lord) is a papal bull written by Pope Nicholas II. The bull was issued on 13 April 1059 and caused major reforms in the system of papal election, most notably establishing the cardinal-bishops as the sole electors of the pope, with the consent of minor clergy.
Until the publication of the bull, the election of the pope was often decided by a puppet electoral process.[1] The Holy Roman Emperor often directly named a deceased pope's replacement, or the pontiff named his own successor. Such a nomination under the canon law was not a valid election[2] and the legal electors would have to ratify the choice, though undoubtedly they would naturally be swayed by circumstances to give effect to the imperial preference.[3]
In the 1050s, Cardinal Hildebrand (the future Pope Gregory VII) began to challenge the Holy Roman Emperor's right of approbation.[4] The predecessor of Nicholas II, Stephen IX, had been elected during a period of confusion following the death of Emperor Henry III and, twelve months later, the death of Pope Victor II, whom Henry III had installed as pope. Stephen IX's election had obtained the consent of the empress-regent, Agnes of Poitou, despite the omission of the traditional preliminaries and the waiting of the cardinals for the imperial nomination.
Soon after his appointment as pope in 1058, upon the death of Stephen IX, Nicholas II called a synod at Sutri, with imperial endorsement provided by presence of an imperial chancellor. The first task of the synod was to denounce and excommunicate the irregularly elected Antipope Benedict X, who was a puppet of the powerful Count of Tusculum and presently in Rome.[5]
Accompanied by troops provided by the Duke of Lorraine, Godfrey the Bearded, Nicholas made his way to Rome, and Benedict fled.[6] Nicholas was consecrated pope on 24 January 1059 with wide acceptance of the Roman people. Keen to avoid future controversy in papal elections and to curb the outside influence exerted by non-ecclesiastical parties, in April 1059 he summoned a synod in Rome. Latin: In nomine Domini was the codification of the synod's resolutions.
The bull curtailed the rights of the emperor in papal elections. Specifically the following was brought into the canon law:
Nicholas also introduced reforms to combat scandals within the church at the time, especially concerning the lives of priests and religious. The following prohibitions were published:
The major part of the bull deals with papal elections. The procedure and rules can be summarised as follows:
The bull was followed by an alliance between the papacy and Robert Guiscard, who was made Duke of Apulia and Calabria and Sicily by the Holy See in exchange for annual tribute and him guaranteeing the security of the See of Saint Peter. Notwithstanding the bull, Nicolas II's successor, Alexander II was consecrated without the approbation of the empress-regent, and was thus opposed by the imperial nominee Honorius II.[8]
The electoral reforms of the bull were not received well in all quarters. The precedent that only cardinal-bishops could vote in elections was met with disdain by the minor Roman clergy. The cardinal-bishops, because of their offices, were "distinctly non-Roman," thus removing the control held by the Roman metropolitan church over the election of the pontiff. The bull was also a setback for the cardinal-priests and cardinal-deacons, from whom, in theory, the next pope had to be chosen before the bull was issued.
Latin: In nomine Domini was the first in a series of bulls which radically reformed the process of election to the Chair of Saint Peter. The bull did not, however, totally remove the influence of the imperial faction. Rather, the power of the Holy Roman Emperor was gradually eroded until he was deprived of his privilege of papal appointment at the Concordat of Worms in 1122.[9]
The bull was also instrumental in the establishment of the College of Cardinals, which did not fully come into force until the election of Innocent II in 1130.[10] For the first time cardinals were distinguished as a group set apart for the highest privileges of the church, including the election of the successor of Saint Peter.[11]