Indium phosphide explained

Indium phosphide (InP) is a binary semiconductor composed of indium and phosphorus. It has a face-centered cubic ("zincblende") crystal structure, identical to that of GaAs and most of the III-V semiconductors.

Manufacturing

Indium phosphide can be prepared from the reaction of white phosphorus and indium iodide at 400 °C.,^[1] also by direct combination of the purified elements at high temperature and pressure, or by thermal decomposition of a mixture of a trialkyl indium compound and phosphine.^[2]

Applications

The application fields of InP splits up into three main areas. It is used as the basis for optoelectronic components,^[3] high-speed electronics,^[4] and photovoltaics^[5]

High-speed optoelectronics

InP is used as a substrate for epitaxial optoelectronic devices based other semiconductors, such as indium gallium arsenide. The devices include pseudomorphic heterojunction bipolar transistors that could operate at 604 GHz.^[6]

InP itself has a direct bandgap, making it useful for optoelectronics devices like laser diodes and photonic integrated circuits for the optical telecommunications industry, to enable wavelength-division multiplexing applications.^[7] It is used in high-power and high-frequency electronics because of its superior electron velocity with respect to the more common semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide.

Optical Communications

InP is used in lasers, sensitive photodetectors and modulators in the wavelength window typically used for telecommunications, i.e., 1550 nm wavelengths, as it is a direct bandgap III-V compound semiconductor material. The wavelength between about 1510 nm and 1600 nm has the lowest attenuation available on optical fibre (about 0.2 dB/km).^[8] Further, O-band and C-band wavelengths supported by InP facilitate single-mode operation, reducing effects of intermodal dispersion.

Photovoltaics and optical sensing

InP can be used in photonic integrated circuits that can generate, amplify, control and detect laser light.^[9]

Optical sensing applications of InP include

• Air pollution control by real-time detection of gases (CO, CO₂, NO_X [or NO + NO₂], etc.).
• Quick verification of traces of toxic substances in gases and liquids, including tap water, or surface contaminations.
• Spectroscopy for non-destructive control of product, such as food. Researchers of Eindhoven University of Technology and MantiSpectra have already demonstrated the application of an integrated near-infrared spectral sensor for milk.^[10] In addition, it has been proven that this technology can also be applied to plastics and illicit drugs.^[11]

Cited sources

• Book: Haynes. Haynes, William M. . 2016. . 97th . . 9781498754293.

External links

• Extensive site on the physical properties of indium phosphide (Ioffe institute)
  • Band structure and carrier concentration of InP.
• InP conference series at IEEE
• Indium Phosphide: Transcending frequency and integration limits. Semiconductor TODAY Compounds&AdvancedSilicon • Vol. 1 • Issue 3 • September 2006

Notes and References

1. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~roYeK3:3:FULL Indium Phosphide at HSDB
2. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/indium_phosphide#section=Methods-of-Manufacturing InP manufacture
3. Web site: Optoelectronic devices and components – Latest research and news Nature. 2022-02-22. www.nature.com.
4. Web site: High Speed Electronics. 2022-02-22. www.semiconductoronline.com.
5. Web site: Photovoltaics. 2022-02-22. SEIA.
6. http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=2888 Indium Phosphide and Indium Gallium Arsenide Help Break 600 Gigahertz Speed Barrier
7. http://www.redherring.com/Home/4817 The Light Brigade
8. D’Agostino . Domenico . Carnicella . Giuseppe . Ciminelli . Caterina . Thijs . Peter . Veldhoven . Petrus J. . Ambrosius . Huub . Smit . Meint . 2015-09-21 . Low-loss passive waveguides in a generic InP foundry process via local diffusion of zinc. Optics Express . 23 . 19 . 25143–25157 . 10.1364/OE.23.025143 . 26406713 . free . 2015OExpr..2325143D .
9. Book: Osgood, Richard Jr. . Principles of photonic integrated circuits : materials, device physics, guided wave design . 2021 . Xiang Meng . Springer . 978-3-030-65193-0 . 1252762727.
10. Hakkel . Kaylee D. . Petruzzella . Maurangelo . Ou . Fang . van Klinken . Anne . Pagliano . Francesco . Liu . Tianran . van Veldhoven . Rene P. J. . Fiore . Andrea . 2022-01-10 . Integrated near-infrared spectral sensing . Nature Communications. 13 . 1 . 103 . 10.1038/s41467-021-27662-1 . 8748443 . 35013200. 2022NatCo..13..103H .
11. Kranenburg . Ruben F. . Ou . Fang . Sevo . Petar . Petruzzella . Maurangelo . de Ridder . Renee . van Klinken . Anne . Hakkel . Kaylee D. . van Elst . Don M. J. . van Veldhoven . René . Pagliano . Francesco . van Asten . Arian C. . Fiore . Andrea . 2022-08-01 . On-site illicit-drug detection with an integrated near-infrared spectral sensor: A proof of concept . Talanta . 245 . 123441 . 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123441 . 35405444 . 247986674 . free .