Kilo-class submarine explained

The Kilo-class submarines are a group of diesel-electric attack submarines designed by the Rubin Design Bureau^{[1] [2]} in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and built originally for the Soviet Navy.

The first version had the Soviet designation Project 877 Paltus (Russian: Па́лтус, meaning "halibut"), NATO reporting name Kilo. They entered operational service in 1980 and continued being built until the mid-1990s, when production switched to the more advanced Project 636 Varshavyanka (Russian: Варшавянка, after the revolutionary song of the same title) variant, also known in the West as the Improved Kilo class. The design was updated again by the Russian Navy in the mid-2010s, to a variant called Project 636.3, also known as Improved Kilo II.

Role

The Project 877 attack submarines were mainly intended for anti-shipping and anti-submarine operations in relatively shallow waters. Original Project 877 boats are equipped with Rubikon MGK-400 sonar system (with NATO reporting name Shark Gill), which includes a mine detection and avoidance sonar MG-519 Arfa (with NATO reporting name Mouse Roar).

Newer Project 636 boats are equipped with improved MGK-400EM, with MG-519 Arfa also upgraded to MG-519EM. MGK 400E can detect submarines with 0.05 Pa/Hz noisiness in and surface vessels with 10 Pa/Hz noisiness in .^[3] The improved sonar systems have reduced the number of operators needed by sharing the same console via automation.

Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.^[4] These tiles also help attenuate sounds that are emitted from the submarine, thus reducing the range at which the submarine may be detected by passive sonar.^[5]

Project 636 and 636.3 submarines can launch Kalibr (and their Club export version) cruise missiles. It was reported in September 2022 that they can carry four Kalibr missiles, and can launch them through two of their six torpedo tubes.

History

A single Project 877 submarine, Alrosa, is equipped with pump-jet propulsion, instead of a propeller.^[6] It has been retrofitted for the Kalibr missile.^[7]

It was planned for Project 636 (Improved Kilo) to be succeeded by the in Russian Navy service. However, by November 2011 it was apparent that the Lada class would be delayed because Sankt Peterburg (B-585), the lead boat of the class, had shown major deficiencies. On 27 July 2012, the Russian Navy commander-in-chief announced that construction of the Lada-class submarines would resume, having undergone design changes. Series production was reported to be underway in the latter 2010s.^[8]

The Russian Navy also moved forward in the late 2010s, with the construction of Project 636.3, also known as Improved Kilo II. The first-in-class was named Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (PPK) and was launched by the head of Admiralty Shipyard Alexander Buzakov on 28 March 2019, or some thirty months after commission.^[1] By November 2019, six units had been built for the Black Sea Fleet and further boats were proposed, but not funded, for the Pacific and Baltic Fleets.^[9]

In June 2022, an unconfirmed report from within Russia's defense industry suggested that a further tranche of six additional Project 636.3 vessels might be ordered to start construction in around 2024.^[10] The PPK class "is slightly longer in length — the sub's submerged displacement is around 4,000 tons — and features improved engines, an improved combat system, as well as new noise reduction technology; it can fire both torpedoes and cruise missiles, launched from one of six 533-millimeter torpedo tubes."^[1] The PPK class has a seven-bladed propeller, instead of the six-bladed propeller of the Project 877 class.^[7]

Specifications

There are several variants of the Kilo class. The information below is the smallest and largest number from the available information for all three main variants of the boat.^[11]

• Displacement:
  • 2,300–2,350 tons surfaced
  • 3,000–4,000 tons submerged
• Dimensions:
  • Length: 70–74 meters
  • Beam: 9.9 meters
  • Draft: 6.2–6.5 meters
• Maximum speed
  • 10–12 knots surfaced (18–22 km/h)
  • 17–25 knots submerged (31–46 km/h)
• Propulsion: Diesel-electric 5900shp
• Maximum depth: 300 meters (240–250 meters operational)
• Endurance
  • 400nmi at 3kn submerged
  • 6000nmi at 7kn snorkeling (7,500 miles for the Improved Kilo class)
  • 45 days sea endurance
• Armament
  • Air defence: 8 Strela-3 or 8 Igla-1, but after sea trial it was rejected by the navy.
  • Six 533 mm torpedo tubes with 18 53-65 ASuW or TEST 71/76 ASW torpedoes or VA-111 Shkval supercavitating torpedoes, or 24 DM-1 mines,
• Crew: 52
• Price per unit is US$200–250 million (China paid about US$1.5–2 billion for 8 Project 636 Kilo-class submarines)

Operational history

In 2015 five Kilo-class submarines were deployed to the Russian naval facility in Tartus, Syria. At least two of the units reportedly attacked land targets inside Syria with 3M54 Kalibr cruise missiles (NATO designation: SS-N-27A "Sizzler").^[9] On 8 December 2015 marked the first time a Kilo-class submarine fired cruise missiles against an enemy. B-237 Rostov-on-Don struck two targets near the ISIS capital of Raqqa by the missile attack.^[12] The B-237 Rostov-on-Don transited the Dardanelles on its way back to the Black Sea on 12 February 2022.^[13]

The B-871 Alrosa, a pump-jet Kilo class, which derives from the Project 877 hull, participated in the Russo-Ukraine War.

After the sinking of the in April 2022, it was remarked that the Kilo-class subs were the only members of the Black Sea Fleet whose orders did not prohibit venturing into Ukrainian waters near Odessa during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[14] In September 2022, after the early 2022 Crimea attacks, the UK Ministry of Defence said that the Kilo-class submarines were moved from Sevastopol to the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai.^{[15] [16]}

On 13 September 2023, B-237 Rostov-on-Don was severely damaged by a Ukrainian Storm Shadow missile strike while it was drydocked in Sevastopol.^{[17] [18] [19]} According to satellite images taken in June 2024, the submarine was moved to a lesser used dry dock within the port. Camouflage nets were thrown up to disguise its presence and to make observation more challenging. According to reports, the submarine is under repair.^[20]

On 2 August 2024, Ukrainian Forces launched a strike against a Russian submarine and an S-400 air defense system in Crimea. Ukrainian sources claimed that the submarine B-237 Rostov-on-Don was "sunk on the spot" in the attack.^{[21] [22] [23] [24] [25]} Other sources claim that the submarine was only hit and not sunk.^[26] Satellite images showed the that camouflage nets were burned out by the strike.^[27]

Operators

The first submarine entered service in the Soviet Navy in 1980, and the class remains in use with the Russian Navy today; around 11 original Kilo-class vessels believed to still be in active service with the Russian Navy (as of 2023), while new Improved Kilo–class subs are being delivered through the 2020s to replace them. About forty vessels have been exported to several countries:

• : 2 original Kilo (Project 877), 4 Improved Kilo (Project 636).^{[28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]}
• : 2 original Kilo (Project 877), 10 Improved Kilo (Project 636).^{[34] [35]}
• : 10 original Kilo (Project 877), 1 sustained major casualty^{[11] [36]} – designated as the
• : one boat transferred from Indian Navy by March 2020.^{[37] [38]}
• : 1 original Kilo (Project 877) – .^{[39] [40]}
• : 3 original Kilo (Project 877).^[35]
• : 1 original Kilo (Project 877) – (not operational).
• : 10–11 original Kilo (Project 877), 11 Improved Kilo (Project 636.3)^[41] and 1 additional Improved Kilo on order (636.3) for Pacific Fleet to be delivered in 2024.^[42] One further Improved Kilo ordered in August 2020, during the International Military-Technical Forum "ARMY-2020";^{[43] [44]} up to six additional boats of the class intended to replace Project 877 units; first three ordered in 2023.^[45]
• : 6 Improved Kilo (Project 636)^{[46] [47] [48]} –,,,,, .

Possible purchasers

The government of Venezuela expressed interest since 2005 in acquiring nine AIP-powered conventional submarines, either the German U214 or later the Amur 1650. There was a Russian counteroffer due to technical issues at the shipyards back then, for five Project 636 Kilo-class and four Amur 1650, but it hasn't gone through yet.^[49]

In 2017, the Philippine Navy showed interest in the Kilo-class submarine as part of its modernization program. Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana said the country was evaluating a Russian offer.^[50]

Failed bids

The Indonesian Navy was interested in purchasing two used Kilo-class submarines, but the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy Laksamana Marsetio cancelled the plans in 2014 after inspecting the two submarines in Russia with an Indonesian Navy team. He said, "The submarines look good on the outside, but the inside is filled with broken equipment, and the two submarines have been in storage for two years." Indonesia instead bought six Improved Jang Bogo-class submarines, later known as, including a transfer of technology, where Indonesia will eventually build four of six of the submarines with South Korea.^[51]

List of submarines

Project 877

Laid down!data-sort-type="date"

Launched	data-sort-type="date"	Commissioned	Fleet	Status
	B-248	x	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877					Decommissioned 2001
	B-260	Chita	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877				PF	Decommissioned 2013, sank partially on way to scrap in 2019
	B-227	Vyborg	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877				BF	Decommissioned 2018 (exhibit patriot park Kronstadt)
	B-229	x	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877					Decommissioned 2002
	B-404	x	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877					Decommissioned 2002
	B-401	Novosibirsk	Nizhniy Novgorod	877				NF	Decommissioned 2012
	B-402	Vologda	Nizhniy Novgorod	877				NF	Decommissioned 2016
	B-405	(ex Tyumenskiy Komsomolets)	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877					Decommissioned 2002
	291 (ex-B-351)		Nizhniy Novgorod	877E					Active
	581 (ex-B-801)	Delfinul	Nizhniy Novgorod	877E					Unknown (in reserve since 1995)
	S55		Saint Petersburg	877EKM					Active, modernized to project 08773 in 2002–2005
	B-470	x	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877					Decommissioned 2005
	B-806	Dmitrov	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM				BF	Active ^[52]
	S56		Saint Petersburg	877EKM					Decommissioned on 16 July 2022.^[53]
	012		Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM					Upgraded in 2010, able to launch Kalibr/Club missiles
	B-439	x	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877					Decommissioned 2005
	S57		Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM					Active, modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
	013		Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM					Upgraded in 2011, able to launch Kalibr/Club missiles
	71	UMS Minye Theinkhathu (ex-Sindhuvir)	Saint Petersburg	877EKM					Modernized to project 08773 in 1997–1999, transferred to Myanmar Navy in 2020
	B-445	Svyatoi Nikolai Chudotvorets	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877				PF	May have decommissioned 2020;^[54] listed as still in service by one source^[55]
	S59		Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM					Active, modernized to project 08773 in 2001–2003
	S60		Saint Petersburg	877EKM					Active, modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
	B-808	Yaroslavl	Nizhniy Novgorod	877				NF	Decommissioned 2022^[56]
	B-394	Nurlat	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877				PF	Active 2018
	B-800	Kaluga (ex-Vologodskij komsomolets)	Nizhniy Novgorod	877LPMB				NF	Refitted in 2009–2012, active 2022
	S61		Saint Petersburg	877EKM					Active, modernized to project 08773
	B-464	Ust'-Kamchatsk	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877				PF	Active 2018
	B-459	Vladikavkaz	Nizhniy Novgorod	877				NF	Refitted in 2011–15, active, entered Baltic Sea 3 July 2018 to take part in Main Naval Parade in St Petersburg on 29 July.
	S62		Saint Petersburg	877EKM					Active, modernized to project 08773 in 2005–2007
	B-871	Alrosa	Nizhniy Novgorod	877				BSF	Refitted in 2014–2022^[57]
	B-471	Magnitogorsk	Nizhniy Novgorod	877				NF	Active 2018
	B-494	Ust'-Bolsheretsk	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877				PF	Decommissioned 2023^[58]
	901		Saint Petersburg	877EKM					Active ^[59] Upgraded in Iran shipyard^[60]
	B-187	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877				PF	Active 2018^[61]
	B-177	Lipetsk	Nizhniy Novgorod	877				NF	Active 2018
	B-190	Krasnokamensk	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877				PF	Decommissioned 2023^[62]
	902		Saint Petersburg	877EKM					Unknown (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
	B-345	Mogocha	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877					Decommissioned 29 May 2021
	364	Yuan Zheng 64 Hao	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	???				Decommissioned 2021
	365	Yuan Zheng 65 Hao	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	???				Decommissioned 2021
	903		Saint Petersburg	877EKM					Active as 2011^[63] (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
	S63		Saint Petersburg	877EKM					A munitions accident caused an explosion and fire while at berth in 2013.^[64] It was later scuttled.
	S65		Saint Petersburg	877EKM					Active

Project 636

!Operator!#!Name!Shipyard!Project!Laid down!Launched!Commissioned!Fleet!Status

	366	Yuan Zheng 66 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636	16 July 1996	26 April 1997	26 August 1997		Active
	367	Yuan Zheng 67 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636	28 August 1997	18 June 1998	25 October 1998		Active
	368	Yuan Zheng 68 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	18 October 2002	27 May 2004	20 October 2004		Active
	369	Yuan Zheng 69 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	18 October 2002	19 August 2004	2005		Active
	370	Yuan Zheng 70 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	2004	May 2005	2005		Active
	371	Yuan Zheng 71 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	2004	2005	2005		Active
	372	Yuan Zheng 72 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	2005	2005	2006		Active
	373	Yuan Zheng 73 Hao	Nizhniy Novgorod	636M	July 1992	8 May 2004	5 August 2005		Active
	374	Yuan Zheng 74 Hao	Severodvinsk	636M	29 May 2003	21 May 2005	30 December 2005		Active
	375	Yuan Zheng 75 Hao	Severodvinsk	636M	29 May 2003	14 July 2005	30 December 2005		Active
	021		Saint Petersburg	636M	2006	20 November 2008	28 August 2009		Active
	022		Saint Petersburg	636M	2007	9 April 2009	29 October 2009		Active
	182		Saint Petersburg	636.1	25 August 2010	28 August 2012^[65]	3 April 2014		Active as of 2014^[66] ^[67]
	183		Saint Petersburg	636.1	28 September 2011	28 December 2012	3 April 2014		Active as of 2014^[68] ^[69]
	184		Saint Petersburg	636.1		August 2013^[70]	1 August 2015		Active as of 2014^[71]
	185		Saint Petersburg	636.1	2013	28 March 2014^[72]	1 August 2015		Active as of 2015^[73]
	186		Saint Petersburg	636.1		28 December 2014	28 February 2017		Active as of 2016^[74]
	187		Saint Petersburg	636.1	28 May 2014^[75]	28 September 2015	28 February 2017		Active as of 2017^[76]
	031	El Ouarsenis	Saint Petersburg	636.1	2015	14 March 2017	9 January 2019		Active as of 2019^[77]
	032	El Hoggar	Saint Petersburg	636.1		18 June 2018	9 January 2019		Active as of 2019

Project 636.3

Italics indicate estimates.

!Operator!#!Name!Shipyard!Project!Laid down!Launched!Commissioned!Fleet!Status

	B-261		Saint Petersburg	636.3	20 August 2010^[78]	28 November 2013^[79]	22 August 2014^[80] ^[81]	BSF	Active
	B-237	Rostov-na-Donu	Saint Petersburg	636.3	21 November 2011^[82]	26 June 2014^[83]	30 December 2014^[84]	BSF	Damaged by the cruise missile strike on Sevastopol drydock on 12 September 2023.^[85] Currently completed repair in dry dock.^[86] ^[87]
	B-262	^[88]	Saint Petersburg	636.3	17 August 2012^[89]	28 August 2014^[90]	25 June 2015	BSF	Active
	B-265		Saint Petersburg	636.3	20 February 2014^[91]	25 April 2015^[92]	5 November 2015	BSF	Active
	B-268		Saint Petersburg	636.3	30 October 2014^[93]	18 March 2016^[94]	25 October 2016^[95]	BSF	Active
	B-271		Saint Petersburg	636.3	30 October 2014	31 May 2016^[96]	24 November 2016	BSF	Active
	B-274		Saint Petersburg	636.3	28 July 2017^[97]	28 March 2019^[98]	25 November 2019^[99]	PF	Active
	B-603		Saint Petersburg	636.3	28 July 2017	26 December 2019^[100]	24 October 2020^[101]	PF	Active; carried out land-attack cruise missile tests in January 2022^[102]
	B-602		Saint Petersburg	636.3	1 November 2019^[103]	26 March 2021^[104]	12 October 2021^[105] ^[106] ^[107] ^[108] ^[109] ^[110]	PF	Active; deployed in the Pacific fleet late 2022^[111]
	B-588		Saint Petersburg	636.3	1 November 2019	31 March 2022^[112]	16 November 2022^[113] ^[114] ^[115] ^[116]	PF	Active^[117]
	B-608	Mozhaysk	Saint Petersburg	636.3	23 August 2021^[118] ^[119]	27 April 2023^[120]	28 November 2023	PF	Active^[121]
	B-???	Yakutsk	Saint Petersburg	636.3	23 August 2021		2024^[122] ^[123]	PF	Under construction^[124]
	B-???	Petrozavodsk	Saint Petersburg	636.3	2022		2025	BF	Ordered in 2020,^[125] ^[126] improved design^[127]
	B-???	Mariupol	Saint Petersburg	636.3	Autumn 2024^[128]		2027	NF^[129]	Ordered in 2022
	B-???		Saint Petersburg	636.3	2023^[130] ^[131]		2026	BF	Ordered in 2022
	B-???		Saint Petersburg	636.3	2025		2028	BF	Ordered in 2022

See also

• List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
• List of submarine classes in service
• Future of the Russian Navy
• Cruise missile submarine
• Attack submarine

Further reading

• Book: Darman . Peter . 2004 . Twenty-first Century Submarines and Warships . Military Handbooks. Rochester . Grange Books . 1-84013-678-2.
• Book: Gardiner . Robert . Chumbley . Stephen . Budzbon . Przemysław . 1995 . Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 . Annapolis . Naval Institute Press . 1-55750-132-7.
• Book: Miller . David . Jordan . John . 1987 . Modern Submarine Warfare . New York . Military Press . 0-517-64647-1.
• Book: Miller, David . 1989 . Modern Submarines . New York . Prentice Hall Press . Combat Arms . 0-13-589102-7.

External links

• SSK Kilo Class (Type 636) at Naval-technology.com
• SSK Kilo Class (Type 877EKM) at Naval-technology.com
• Web site: Kilo Class Diesel-Electric Submarine . China Defence Today . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070223074353/http://sinodefence.com/navy/sub/kilo.asp . 23 February 2007 .
• Encyclopedia: Серия 877 Варшавянка . Encyclopedia of Ships . ru . 28 August 2006 . 12 March 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070312043719/http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=101334 . dead .
• Web site: "Rubin" Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering .
• Web site: Kilo Class "Alrosa" PhotoAlbum: 100 Photos . Russian Black Sea Fleet . https://archive.today/20121209114101/http://www.alrosa.net/photos/ . dead . 9 December 2012 . 24 September 2007 .

Notes and References

1. Web site: New Russian Attack Sub Enters Sea Trials . Franz-Stefan . Gady . 7 October 2019 . The Diplomat.
2. Web site: АПЛ Проекта 636.3 . Project 636.3 Nuclear Submarine . ru . pp.userapi.com . 30 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170830234436/https://pp.userapi.com/c639327/v639327924/38091/NS2cZmDNPqM.jpg . 30 August 2017 . live.
3. Web site: MGK-400EM Sonar . . 18 July 2020.
4. Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sonar sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.
5. Web site: Kilo-class Submarines . Russiafile.com . 29 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092844/http://www.russiafile.com/kilo.htm . 24 September 2015 . dead.
6. Web site: Kilo Class Submarine "Alrosa": Black Sea Fleet, Russian Federation . Alrosa.net . 8 March 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080603220020/http://www.alrosa.net/eng/ . 3 June 2008.
7. News: Newdick . Thomas . Russia's Only Pump-Jet Kilo Class Submarine Is Back To Attack Ukraine . The Drive . Recurrent Ventures . 28 June 2022.
8. News: Project 677 Lada Class / Project 1650 Amur Class Submarines . Naval Technology.
9. Web site: First Project 636.3 Kilo-Class Attack Sub to Enter Service With Russia's Pacific Fleet This Month . 22 November 2019 . Franz-Stefan. Gady . The Diplomat.
10. Web site: Shipbuilders to build a series of Project 636.3 submarines for Russia's Northern Fleet .
11. Web site: Project 877 / 636 Kilo class diesel-electric torpedo submarine . FAS.org . 28 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111027003329/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/row/rus/877.htm . 27 October 2011 . dead.
12. Web site: Rogoway . Tyler . Russia Launches Cruise Missiles At Syria From Submarine In The Mediterranean . 8 December 2015.
13. Web site: Ozberk . Tayfun . Russia's Improved Kilo-Class Submarine Entering Black Sea . Naval News . 12 February 2022.
14. News: Axe . David . Russian Navy Crews Are Under Orders To Avoid The Ukrainian Coast . Forbes . 28 August 2022.
15. News: Mongilio . Heather . Russian Navy Moving Kilo Attack Boats to Safety from Ukraine Strike Risk, Says U.K. MoD . USNI News . 20 September 2022.
16. Web site: Sutton . H I . Russian Navy Kilo Class Submarines Retreating From Crimea . Naval News . 14 September 2022.
17. News: Barnes . Joe . Kilner . James . 13 September 2023 . Russian submarine hit by British Storm Shadow missile strike . en-GB . The Telegraph . 13 September 2023 . 0307-1235.
18. Web site: Ukraine's Attack On Sevastopol Also Targeted Important Ships Crossing Black Sea . Naval News . 14 September 2023.
19. Web site: Yulia . Kesaieva . Andrew . Carey . Mariya . Knight . Jessie . Yeung . 15 September 2023 . Ukraine identifies ships hit in Sevastopol attack, claiming 'irreparable loss' to Russia . 15 September 2023 . CNN.
20. Web site: Sutton . H. I. . 7 June 2024 . Russian Submarine Hit By Missiles Now In New Hiding Place In Sevastopol . 7 June 2024 . Naval News.
21. Web site: Ukrainian missiles destroy Russian submarine in Sevastopol . Defence Blog . Malyasov . Dylan . 3 August 2024 . 4 August 2024.
22. Web site: Ukraine claims sinking of Russia sub in Sevastopol . Politico . Pollet . Mathieu . 3 August 2024 . 4 August 2024.
23. Web site: Ukraine says it sank Russian submarine in Crimea . BBC News . Murphy. Matt . 3 August 2024 . 4 August 2024.
24. Web site: Ukraine updates: Ukraine says it sank Russian sub in Crimea . Deutsche Welle . 3 August 2024 . 4 August 2024.
25. Web site: Ukraine's military says it sunk Russian Black Sea Fleet submarine, damaged S-400 missile system in 'successful hit' . Kyiv Independent . 3 August 2024 . 4 August 2024.
26. Web site: Ukraine hits Russia's Rostov-on-Don submarine, S-400 air defense system in Sevastopol . Ukrinform.net . 3 August 2024 . 4 August 2024.
27. Web site: Russian submarine destruction: satellite images show impact site in Crimea . Ukrinform.net . 3 August 2024 . 4 August 2024.
28. Web site: Algeria – Navy . December 1993 . Country-data.com . 28 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318172435/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-479.html . 18 March 2012 . live.
29. Web site: Algeria looking to procure two additional Improved Kilo Project 636M Diesel Submarines from Russia . NavyRecognition.com . 24 September 2012 . 8 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131012024038/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=627 . 12 October 2013 . live.
30. Web site: http://vpk-news.ru/news/2509/ . ru:Алжир может закупить российские подводные лодки . Algeria may buy Russian submarines . ru . Vpk-news.ru . 8 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131012195125/http://vpk-news.ru/news/2509/ . 12 October 2013 . live.
31. Web site: Наука и техника: Алжир докупит у России две "Варшавянки" . Science and Technology: Algeria will buy two Varshavyanks from Russia . ru . Lenta.ru . 8 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131012083315/http://lenta.ru/news/2012/09/19/subs/ . 12 October 2013 . live.
32. Web site: Аналитическая Записка: Статистика Мирового Экспорта Военно-Морской Техники В Ближнесрочной Перспективе . Policy Brief: Short Term Global Naval Equipment Export Statistics . ru . 2013 . Центр анализа мировой торговли оружием [World Arms Trade Analysis Center] . 8 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131014052040/http://www.armstrade.org/files/analytics/315.pdf . 14 October 2013 . live.
33. Web site: Алжир заказал Рособоронэкспорту две подводные лодки . Algeria orders two submarines from Rosoboronexport . ru . KM.ru . 19 September 2012 . 8 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131014143908/http://www.km.ru/economics/2012/09/19/692626-alzhir-zakazal-rosoboroneksportu-dve-podvodnye-lodki . 14 October 2013 . live.
34. Web site: Kilo Class (Project 636/877EKM) Diesel-Electric Submarine . SinoDefence.com . 23 February 2009 . 28 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070223074353/http://sinodefence.com/navy/sub/kilo.asp . 23 February 2007.
35. Web site: SSK Kilo Class (Type 877EKM) Attack Submarine . Naval Technology . 28 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110916235157/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/kilo877/ . 16 September 2011 . live.
36. Web site: Sindhugosh (Kilo) Class . 16 January 2008 . Bharat Rakshak . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090308035846/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Sindhugosh.html . 8 March 2009.
37. Web site: Myanmar to receive its first Kilo class submarine from India . July 2019 . NavyRecognition.com.
38. Web site: Myanmar Navy showcases newly acquired submarine in Fleet Exercise Bandoola . Mrityunjoy . Mazumdar . 19 October 2020 . Jane's.
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92. ОАО "Адмиралтейские верфи" Спустило На Воду Первую В Серии Подводную Лодку "Краснодар" . JSC Admiralteyskie Verfi Launched the First in Series Submarine "Krasnodar" . Admiralty Shipyard . ru . 25 April 2015 . 25 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190328150634/http://www.admship.ru/press/news/oao-admiralteyskie-verfi-spustilo-na-vodu-podvodnuyu-lodku-krasnodar/ . 28 March 2019 . live.
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94. АО "Адмиралтейские верфи" Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку "Великий Новгород" . JSC Admiralty Shipyards launched the submarine "Veliky Novgorod" . Admiralty Shipyard . ru . 28 March 2019 . 28 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190328150657/http://www.admship.ru/press/news/ao-admiralteyskie-verfi-spustilo-na-vodu-podvodnuyu-lodku-velikiy-novgorod/ . 28 March 2019 . live.
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96. АО "Адмиралтейские верфи" Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку "Колпино" . JSC Admiralty Shipyards launched the submarine "Kolpino" . Admiralty Shipyard . ru . 31 May 2016 . 31 May 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190328150634/http://www.admship.ru/press/news/ao-admiralteyskie-verfi-spustilo-na-vodu-podvodnuyu-lodku-kolpino/ . 28 March 2019 . live.
97. АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Заложило Подводные Лодки "Петропавловск-Камчатский" И "Волхов" . JSC Admiralty Shipyards launched submarines "Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" and "Volkhov" . Admiralty Shipyard . ru . 28 July 2017 . 28 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190328130359/http://www.admship.ru/press/news/ao-admiralteyskie-verfi-zalozhilo-podvodnye-lodki-petropavlovsk-kamchatskiy-i-volkhov/ . 28 March 2019 . live.
98. АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Спустило На Воду Первую В Серии Подводную Лодку Для Тихоокеанского Флота . JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched the First Submarine in Series for the Pacific Fleet . Admiralty Shipyard . ru . 28 March 2019 . 28 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190328130400/http://www.admship.ru/press/news/ao-admiralteyskie-verfi-spustilo-na-vodu-pervuyu-v-serii-podvodnuyu-lodku-dlya-tikhookeanskogo-flota/ . 28 March 2019 . live.
99. News: First Project 636.3 submarine enters service with Russia's Pacific Fleet . TASS . 25 November 2019 . 26 November 2019.
100. АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку Для Тихоокеанского Флота России . JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched a Submarine for the Russian Pacific Fleet . Admiralty Shipyard . ru . 26 December 2019 . 26 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191226133802/http://www.admship.ru/press/news/ao-admiralteyskie-verfi-spustilo-na-vodu-podvodnuyu-lodku-dlya-tikhookeanskogo-flota-rossii/ . 26 December 2019 . live.
101. Web site: Project 636.3 diesel-electric submarine Volkhov entered service with Russian Navy . 24 October 2020 . NavyRecognition.com.
102. Web site: Russian Navy launches Kalibr cruise missile from Kilo-class submarine Volkhov . 20 January 2022 .
103. АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Заложило Подводные Лодки "Магадан" И "Уфа" . JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched Submarines "Magadan" And "Ufa" . Admiralty Shipyard . ru . 1 November 2019 . 1 November 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191101175931/http://www.admship.ru/press/news/ao-admiralteyskie-verfi-zalozhilo-podvodnye-lodki-magadan-i-ufa/ . 1 November 2019 . live.
104. АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку Для Тихоокеанского Флота России . JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched a Submarine for the Russian Pacific Fleet . Admiralty Shipyard . ru . 26 March 2021 . 26 March 2021.
105. Web site: Project 636.3 Magadan submarine joins Russian Navy.
106. Web site: Project 636.3 Magadan submarine to join Russian Navy on October 12 — Defense Ministry.
107. Web site: Project 636.3 Magadan Begins Trials – SeaWaves Magazine. 5 June 2021. 5 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220705033548/https://seawaves.com/?p=12280. dead.
108. Web site: Russia's Admiralty Shipyards launches Project 636.3 submarine 'Magadan' for Pacific Fleet . 27 March 2021 . NavalNews.com.
109. Web site: First Project 636.3 Kilo-Class Attack Sub Enters Service With Russia's Pacific Fleet . 25 November 2019 . Franz-Stefan . Gady . The Diplomat.
110. Web site: ДЭПЛ "Магадан" . Третья "Варшавянка" для Тихоокеанского флота прошла госприемку . Flotprom.ru . 4 September 2022.
111. Web site: Latest diesel-electric sub built for Russian Pacific Fleet arrives in Vladivostok. TASS.
112. АО "Адмиралтейские Верфи" Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку "Уфа" . JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched Submarine Ufa . Admiralty Shipyard . ru . 31 March 2022 . 31 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220331182016/http://www.admship.ru/press/news/ao-admiralteyskie-verfi-spustilo-na-vodu-podvodnuyu-lodku-ufa/ . 31 March 2022 . live.
113. Web site: Russian Navy officially commissions Kilo class submarine Ufa . 16 November 2022 .
114. Web site: Четвертую "Варшавянку" для Тихоокеанского флота введут в строй 16 ноября. Центральный Военно-Морской Портал.
115. Web site: Ufa diesel-electric submarine to enter service with Russian Navy in November . 20 October 2022 .
116. Web site: Строительство боевых кораблей основных классов для ВМФ России на 01.01.2022. 1 January 2022. ru. navy-korabel.
117. Web site: Russian Improved Kilo class submarine Ufa begins sea trials in Baltic Sea . 7 July 2022 .
118. Web site: Russian shipbuilders to lay keel of six warships and submarines on August 9–10 — source.
119. Web site: Putin launches construction of six warships for Russian Navy . en . tass.com . 23 August 2021 . 23 August 2021 .
120. АО «Адмиралтейские верфи» Спустило На Воду Подводную Лодку «Можайск» 636 Проекта . JSC Admiralty Shipyards Launched Submarine "Mozhaysk" of Project 636 . Admiralty Shipyard . ru . 27 April 2023 . 27 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230429111755/http://www.admship.ru/press/news/ao-admiralteyskie-verfi-spustilo-na-vodu-podvodnuyu-lodku-mozhaysk-636-proekta/ . 29 April 2023 . live.
121. Web site: Подводную лодку "Можайск" проекта 636.3 "Варшавянка" передали ВМФ .
122. Web site: Project 636.3 last conventional sub for Russia's Pacific Fleet to enter service in 2024 . 19 March 2021 . TASS.
123. Delivery of unit 6 for Pacific Fleet projected by 2024 with full operational capability projected by 2025. Web site: Project 636.3 Volkhov Commissioned . 27 October 2020 . Seawaves.com.
124. Web site: Подводные лодки. Проект 636 и модификации . Submarines. Project 636 and modifications . ru . 5 February 2021 . Deepstorm.ru.
125. Web site: ВМФ: после завершения "тихоокеанской серии" строительство "Варшавянок" продолжат . Navy: After the completion of the "Pacific series", the construction of "Varshavyanka" will continue . ru . flotprom.ru . 25 November 2019 . 27 December 2019 . 27 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201027114658/https://flotprom.ru/2019/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B824/ . dead .
126. Web site: Analysis: latest Russian Navy contracts offer development conclusions . 16 September 2020 . Navy Recognition.
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