Imperial College London Explained

Imperial College London
Image Upright:.6
Established:[1]
Motto:Latin: Scientia, imperii [[decus et tutamen]] (Latin)
Mottoeng:"Scientific knowledge, the crowning glory and the safeguard of the empire"
Type:Public research university
Endowment:£220.1 million (2022/23)[2]
Budget:£1.256 billion (2022/23)
President:Hugh Brady
Provost:Ian Walmsley
Academic Staff:4,440 (2020/21)[3]
Administrative Staff:4,115 (2020/21)
Students:22,791 (2020/21)[4]
Undergrad:11,722 (2020/21)
Postgrad:11,069 (2020/21)
City:London
Country:England
Free Label:Scarf
Colours: Blue[5]
Mascot:Lion

Imperial College London (Imperial) is a public research university in London, England. Its history began with Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, who envisioned a cultural area including the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Royal Albert Hall, the Natural History Museum and several royal colleges.[6] [7] Established in 1907 by royal charter, Imperial College London merged the Royal College of Science, the Royal School of Mines, and the City and Guilds of London Institute to form a university college.[8] In 1988, the Imperial College School of Medicine was formed through a merger with St Mary's Hospital Medical School. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School.

The university focuses on science, engineering, business, and medicine, where it has an entrepreneurial culture.[9] The main campus is in South Kensington, and a second campus in White City serves as a hub for innovation, entrepreneurship, and research.[10] The faculty of medicine also operates five teaching hospitals across London. The university was previously a constituent college of the University of London and became an independent university in 2007. With over 60% international students, Imperial represents around 140 countries on campus.[11] [12]

History

See main article: History of Imperial College London.

19th century

The earliest college that led to the formation of Imperial was the Royal College of Chemistry, founded in 1845, with the support of Prince Albert and parliament.[7] This was merged in 1853 into what became known as the Royal School of Mines.[13] The medical school has roots in many different schools across London, the oldest of which being Charing Cross Hospital Medical School which can be traced back to 1823, followed by teaching starting at Westminster Hospital in 1834, and St Mary's Hospital in 1851.[14] [15] [16]

In 1851, the Great Exhibition was organised as an exhibition of culture and industry by Henry Cole and by Prince Albert, husband of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria. An enormously popular and financial success, proceeds from the Great Exhibition were designated to develop an area for cultural and scientific advancement in South Kensington.[17] Within the next six years the Victoria and Albert Museum and Science Museum had opened, joined by new facilities in 1871 for the Royal College of Chemistry, and in 1881 the opening of the Royal School of Mines and Natural History Museum.[18]

In 1881, the Normal School of Science was established in South Kensington under the leadership of Thomas Huxley, taking over responsibility for the teaching of the natural sciences and agriculture from the Royal School of Mines.[19] The school was renamed the Royal College of Science by royal consent in 1890.[20] The Central Institution of the City and Guilds of London Institute was opened as a technical education school on Exhibition Road by the Prince of Wales in 1884, with courses beginning in 1885.[8]

20th century

At the start of the 20th century, there was a concern that Great Britain was falling behind Germany in scientific and technical education. A departmental committee was set up at the Board of Education in 1904, to look into the future of the Royal College of Science. A report released in 1906 called for the establishment of an institution unifying the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines, as well as – if an agreement could be reached with the City and Guilds of London Institute – its Central Technical College.[21] [22]

On 8 July 1907, Edward VII granted a Royal Charter establishing the Imperial College of Science and Technology. This incorporated the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science. It also made provisions for the City and Guilds College to join once conditions regarding its governance were met, as well as for Imperial to become a college of the University of London.[23] The college joined the University of London on 22 July 1908, with the City and Guilds College joining in 1910.[24] The main campus of Imperial College was constructed beside the buildings of the Imperial Institute, the new building for the Royal College of Science having opened across from it in 1906, and the foundation stone for the Royal School of Mines building being laid by King Edward VII in July 1909.

As students at Imperial had to study separately for London degrees, in January 1919, students and alumni voted for a petition to make Imperial a university with its own degree awarding powers, independent of the University of London.[25] [26] In response, the University of London changed its regulations in 1925 so that the courses taught only at Imperial would be examined by the university, enabling students to gain a Bachelor of Science.[27] In October 1945, George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Imperial to commemorate the centenary of the Royal College of Chemistry, which was the oldest of the institutions that united to form Imperial College. "Commemoration Day", named after this visit, is held every October as the university's main graduation ceremony.[28] [29] The college also acquired a biology field station at Silwood Park near Ascot, Berkshire in 1947[30] Following World War II, there was again concern that Britain was falling behind in science – this time to the United States. The Percy Report of 1945 and Barlow Committee in 1946 called for a "British MIT"-equivalent, backed by influential scientists as politicians of the time, including Lord Cherwell, Sir Lawrence Bragg and Sir Edward Appleton.[31] [32] The University Grants Committee strongly opposed however, and so a compromise was reached in 1953, where Imperial would remain within the university, but double in size over the next ten years.[33] [34] The expansion led to a number of new buildings being erected. These included the Hill building in 1957 and the Physics building in 1960, and the completion of the East Quadrangle, built in four stages between 1959 and 1965. The building work also meant the demolition of the City and Guilds College building in 1962–63, and the Imperial Institute's building by 1967.[35] Opposition from the Royal Fine Arts Commission and others meant that Queen's Tower was retained, with work carried out between 1966 and 1968 to make it free standing.[36] New laboratories for biochemistry, established with the support of a £350,000 grant from the Wolfson Foundation, were opened by the Queen in 1965.[37] [38]

In 1988, Imperial merged with St Mary's Hospital Medical School under the Imperial College Act 1988. Amendments to the royal charter changed the formal name of the institution to The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine and made St Mary's a constituent college.[39] This was followed by mergers with the National Heart and Lung Institute in 1995 and the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, Royal Postgraduate Medical School and the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 1997, with the Imperial College Act 1997 formally establishing the Imperial College School of Medicine.[40]

21st century

In 2003, Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. In 2004, the Imperial College Business School and a new main college entrance on Exhibition Road were opened.[41] [42] The UK Energy Research Centre was also established in 2004 and opened its headquarters at Imperial. On 9 December 2005, Imperial announced that it would commence negotiations to secede from the University of London.[43] Imperial became fully independent of the University of London in July 2007.[44] [45] [46]

In 2003, The Guardian reported that one third of female academics at Imperial "believe[d] that discrimination or bullying by managers has held back their careers".[47] In 2012, Imperial gained an institutional Athena SWAN Silver Award, which recognises employment practices that are supportive of the careers of women in science.[48]

In 2007, concerns were raised about the methods that were being used to fire people in the Faculty of Medicine.[49] [50] In 2014, Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money.[51] His last email before his death accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least £200,000 per year.[52] [53] The college announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death, and found that the performance metrics for his position were unreasonable, with new metrics for performance being needed.[54]

In April 2011, Imperial and King's College London joined the UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation as partners with a commitment of £40 million each to the project. The centre was later renamed the Francis Crick Institute and opened on 9 November 2016. It is the largest single biomedical laboratory in Europe. The college began moving into the new White City campus in 2016, with the launching of the Innovation Hub.[55] This was followed by the opening of the Molecular Sciences Research Hub for the Department of Chemistry, officially opened by Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan in 2019.[56]

The issue of bullying within the staff at Imperial resurfaced in November 2020 when Alex Sobel, the Labour MP for Leeds North West asked the Secretary of State for Education in a written question on 24 November what steps the Office for Students had taken in response to a report by Jane McNeill QC dated 25 August which found that bullying had taken place at Imperial under the President (Alice Gast) and the Chief Financial Officer. Michelle Donelan, the Conservative MP for Chippenham, responded for the Department for Education that "The Office for Students (OfS) is considering the information it has received in relation to this matter, in line with their normal processes. As is standard practice, the OfS cannot comment on individual cases".[57]

The college was accused of a cover-up by the Universities and Colleges Union in December 2020 when it refused to publish McNeill's report, even in redacted form. The Chair of Council said that the report was kept confidential to preserve the anonymity of people who gave evidence, that its recommendations had been accepted by the senior leadership team, and that these recommendations were being implemented in full. A disciplinary panel decided that Gast's dismissal as president was not warranted and spokesperson for the college said that she had "offered wholehearted apologies to those affected".[58] On 14 February 2021, it was announced that the OfS would formally investigate allegations of bullying.[59]

Campuses

South Kensington

The South Kensington campus is the college's main campus, where most teaching and research takes place. It is home to many notable buildings, such as the Business School, Royal School of Mines, and Royal College of Science. It is also the original site of the Imperial Institute, whose Queen's Tower stands at the heart of the campus overlooking Queen's Lawn. As part of a cultural centre known as Albertopolis the campus is surrounded by many of London's most popular attractions, including the Royal Albert Hall and Kensington Palace, museums including the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, and Victoria and Albert Museum, and institutions such as the Royal College of Art, the Royal College of Music, and the National Art Library.

The campus has many restaurants and cafés run by the college, and contains much of the college's student accommodation, including the Prince's Garden Halls, and Beit Hall, home to the college union, which runs student pubs, a nightclub, and a cinema on site. To the north, within easy walking distance of the college, are Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park, with green spaces and sports facilities used by many of the student clubs.

White City

Imperial has a new second major campus in White City providing a platform for innovation and entrepreneurship.[60] The hub houses research facilities, postgraduate accommodation, as well as a commercialisation space.[61] The campus is home to the Scale Space and incubator, Invention Rooms, a college hackerspace and community outreach centre.[62] The White City campus also includes another biomedical centre funded by Sir Michael Uren.[63] [64] [65]

Silwood Park

Silwood Park is a postgraduate campus of Imperial in the village of Sunninghill near Ascot in Berkshire. The Silwood Park campus is a centre for research and teaching in ecology, evolution, and conservation. It is set in 100 hectares of parkland used for ecological field experiments.

Hospitals

Imperial has teaching hospitals across London which are used by the School of Medicine for undergraduate clinical teaching and medical research. All are based around college-affiliated hospitals, and also provide catering and sport facilities. College libraries are located on each campus, including the Fleming library at St Mary's.[66]

Organisation and administration

Faculties and departments

Imperial is organised by four faculties: the Faculty of Engineering, the Faculty of Medicine, the Faculty of Natural Sciences, and the Imperial College Business School.[67]

Faculty of Engineering

Faculty of Medicine

Faculty of Natural Sciences

Imperial College Business School

Interdisciplinary centres

Imperial hosts centres to promote inter-disciplinary work under the titles of Global Challenge institutes, Imperial Centres of Excellence and Imperial Networks of Excellence. It also participates as a partner in a number of national institutes.[68]

Global Challenge institutes:

Academic centres

The Centre for Languages, Culture and Communication operates as Imperial College London's adult education centre, offering evening class courses in the arts, humanities, languages and sciences.[69] The university also houses two academic centres offering teaching to undergraduate and postgraduate students in subjects outside of science, technology and medicine. The academic centres are the:

Governance

See also: President of Imperial College London and Provost of Imperial College London.

The council is the governing body of Imperial. The council consists of the chairman, the president, the provost, the president of Imperial College Union, senior staff members, and advisory members. The president is the highest academic official and chief executive of Imperial College London. The position has been held by Hugh Brady, .[70] The current Provost is Ian Walmsley, and the current chair is John Allan.[71]

Finances and endowment

The college's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios:

Affiliations and partnerships

Imperial is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, European University Association, Global Alliance of Technological Universities, League of European Research Universities and the Russell Group. It is a founding member of the Imperial College academic health sciences centre, the Francis Crick Institute and MedCity. Imperial is a long-term partner of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with the first formal large-scale collaboration agreement dating back to 1944 as part of World War II scientific effort.[73] The two institutions still share a strong bond with exchange programs for their students and academic staff.[74] [75] In the field of Mathematics, Imperial College London has a joint venture with King's College London and University College London running the London School of Geometry and Number Theory, which offers doctoral training in mathematic aspects of number theory, geometry and topology.[76]

Academic profile

Research

Imperial was ranked 1st in the U.K overall in rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the Research Excellence Framework results 2021.[77] In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework, 96.6% of Imperial's research is "world-leading" or "internationally excellent".[78] The REF found that 93% of Imperial's computer science research was world-leading, achieving the highest possible 4* score.[79]

The college promotes research commercialisation, partly through its dedicated technology transfer company, Imperial Innovations, which has given rise to a large number of spin-out companies based on academic research.[80] [81] Imperial was a critical contributor of the discovery of penicillin,[82] and the invention of fiber optics.[83]

The United States is the college's top collaborating foreign country, with more than 15,000 articles co-authored by Imperial and U.S.-based authors over the last ten years.[84] Imperial College has a long-term partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, that dates from World War II.

In January 2018, the mathematics department of Imperial and the French National Center for Scientific Research launched UMI Abraham de Moivre at Imperial, a joint research laboratory of mathematics focused on unsolved problems and bridging British and French scientific communities.[85] In October 2018, Imperial College launched the Imperial Cancer Research UK Center, a research collaboration that aims to find innovative ways to improve the precision of cancer treatments, inaugurated by Joe Biden as part of his Biden Cancer Initiative.[86] [87]

Neil Ferguson's 16 March 2020 report entitled "Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand" was described in a New York Times article as the coronavirus "report that jarred the U.S. and the U.K. to action".[88] [89] Since 18 May, Imperial College's Dr. Samir Bhatt has been advising the state of New York for its reopening plan.[90] The governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo, said at the time that "the Imperial College model, as we've been following this for weeks, was the best, most accurate model."

Admissions

UCAS Admission Statistics!!2023!2022!2021!2020!2019
Applications[91] 30,72528,62028,70025,65023,380
Accepted3,1353,0903,3053,4502,860
Applications/Accepted Ratio9.89.38.77.48.2
Offer Rate (%)[92] 33.130.132.542.943.0
Average Entry Tariff[93] 206198194
HESA Student Body Composition
Domicile[94] and Ethnicity[95] Total
British White
British Ethnic Minorities
International EU
International Non-EU
Undergraduate Widening Participation Indicators[96] [97]
Female
Private School
Low Participation Areas
In the academic year 2021/22, Imperial had an admissions rate of 11.1% for undergraduate admissions and 13.0% for postgraduate admissions: The ratio of applicants to admissions was 9:1 for undergraduates and 7.7:1 for postgraduates.[98] The university gave offers of admission to 30.1% of its undergraduate applicants in 2022, the 7th lowest offer rate across the country.[99] The undergraduate courses with the highest ratios of applicants to admissions were computing (19.2:1), mathematics (14.6:1) and mechanical engineering (11.2:1).

The postgraduate courses with the highest ratios of applicants to admissions were computing (21:1), mathematics (17.9:1), and electrical engineering (14:1). Imperial is among the most international universities in the United Kingdom,[100] with 50% of students from the UK, 16% of students from the EU, and 34% of students from outside the UK or EU.[101] The student body is 39% female and 61% male.[102] 36.5% of Imperial's undergraduates are privately educated, the fourth highest proportion amongst mainstream British universities.[103]

Libraries

The college's main library is located next to Queen's Lawn and contains the main corpus of the college's collection. It previously also housed the Science Museum's library until 2014.[104] The Fleming library is located at St Mary's in Paddington, originally the library of St Mary's Hospital Medical School, with other hospital campuses also having college libraries.[105]

Medicine

See main article: Imperial College Faculty of Medicine and Imperial College Healthcare. The Imperial Faculty of Medicine was formed through mergers between Imperial and the St Mary's, Charing Cross and Westminster, and Royal Postgraduate medical schools and has six teaching hospitals. It accepts more than 300 undergraduate medical students per year and has around 321 taught and 700 research full-time equivalent postgraduate students.

Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine.[106] It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently one of the largest in the UK and in 2012/13 had a turnover of £971.3 million, employed approximately 9,770 people and treated almost 1.2 million patients.[107]

Other (non-academic health science centres) hospitals affiliated with Imperial College include Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Royal Brompton Hospital, West Middlesex University Hospital, Hillingdon Hospital, Mount Vernon Hospital, Harefield Hospital, Ealing Hospital, Central Middlesex Hospital, Northwick Park Hospital, St Mark's Hospital, St Charles' Hospital and St Peter's Hospital.[108]

Reputation and rankings

Arwu W:25
Leiden W:17
Qs W:2
The W:8
Line 1:0
Complete:5
The Guardian:5
Times/Sunday Times:5
Line 2:0
Tef:Gold
Ref:1

Imperial is widely recognised as one of the UK's elite universities.[109] [110] [111] In 2025, the QS World University Rankings ranked Imperial second in the world, behind MIT, equalling its highest ever position. Similarly, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked it eighth in the world.

Imperial has cultivated an entrepreneurial culture by integrating business and finance disciplines across its science-focused curriculum. This approach is supported by the UK's largest mentoring system, inspired by MIT's model. The university's Enterprise Lab has a high 79 per cent survival rate for startups.[112] Reflecting this, the 2023 QS MBA Rankings by Career Specialisation in Entrepreneurship placed Imperial's MBA programme third in the world,[113] while the 2018 Reuters World's Most Innovative Universities ranking placed Imperial eighth in the world. [114]

Imperial's focus on entrepreneurship and industry placements, along with the subject mix taught, has led to high employability of its graduates. In 2024, Imperial was ranked first in the UK for highly skilled employment or further studies by the Complete University Guide,[115] the Guardian University Guide,[116] and the Times Good University Guide.[117] An analysis of Higher Education Statistics Agency salary data for 2021 found that Imperial graduates had the highest median salaries across all subjects of any UK university.[118]

Student life

Student body

For the academic year, Imperial had a total full-time student body of, consisting of undergraduate students and postgraduates. 50.7% of the student body is from outside of the UK.[119] 32% of all full-time students came from outside the European Union in 2013–14,[120] and around 13% of the International students had Chinese nationality in 2007–08. Imperial's male to female ratio for undergraduate students is uneven at approximately 64:36 overall, and 5:1 or higher in some engineering courses. However, medicine has an approximate 1:1 ratio with biology degrees tending to be higher.[121]

Imperial College Union

Imperial College Union is the students' union and is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year, and a number of permanent members of staff. It is split into constituent unions aligned with the faculties of the college, carrying on the association with the original constituent colleges of Imperial, the Royal College of Science Union, City and Guilds College Union, Royal School of Mines Students' Union and Imperial College School of Medicine Students' Union. The Union is given a large subvention by the university, much of which is spent on maintaining over 300 clubs, projects and societies.[122] Examples of notable student groups and projects are Project Nepal which sends Imperial College students to work on educational development programmes in rural Nepal[123] and the El Salvador Project, a construction based project in Central America.[124] The Union also hosts sports-related clubs such as Imperial College Boat Club and Imperial College Gliding Club. The Union operates on two sites, with most events at the Union Building on Beit Quad at South Kensington, with mostly medical school events at the Reynold's bar, Charing Cross.

Facilities

Sports facilities at Imperial's London campuses include four gyms, including the main Ethos gym at the South Kensington Campus, two swimming pools and two sports halls.[125] Imperial has additional sports facilities at the Heston and Harlington sports grounds. On the South Kensington campus, there are a total of six music practice rooms which consist of upright pianos for usage by people of any grade, and grand pianos which are exclusively for people who have achieved Grade 8 or above.[126]

There are two student bars on the South Kensington campus, one at the Imperial College Union and one at Eastside.[127] There are a number of pubs and bars on campus and also surrounding the campus, which become a popular social activity for Imperial's students. The Pewter tankard collection at Imperial College Union is the largest in Europe, with the majority of clubs and societies having tankards associated with their clubs.[128]

Student media

Imperial College Radio

Imperial College Radio (ICRadio) was founded in November 1975 with the intention of broadcasting to the student halls of residence from a studio under Southside, actually commencing broadcasts in late 1976. It now broadcasts from the West Basement of Beit Quad over the internet.[129]

Imperial College TV

'Imperial College TV (ICTV) is the university's TV station, founded in 1969 as STOIC (Student Television of Imperial College) and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room. A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972.

Felix Newspaper

Felix is weekly student newspaper, first released on 9 December 1949.[130] In addition to news, Felix also carries comic strips, features, opinions, puzzles and reviews, plus reports of trips and Imperial College sporting events.

Student societies

Imperial College Boat Club

The Imperial College Boat Club is the rowing club of Imperial and was founded on 12 December 1919. The college's boat house is located in Putney on the Thames, and has been refurbished, reopening in 2014.[131]

Sports

Imperial College has over 60 sports clubs,[132] of which many participate in the British Universities and Colleges Sport Association leagues such as American Football, Rugby, Badminton, Lacrosse, Football, Ice Hockey, and many others.[132]

Exploration Club

Imperial's Exploration Board was established in 1957 to assist students with a desire for exploration. Trips have included Afghanistan, Alaska, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Fiji, the Himalayas, Iran, Morocco, Norway, Tanzania, Thailand, Ukraine, and the Yukon.[133]

Dramatic Society

The Imperial College Dramatic Society (DramSoc)[134] is one of two major theatrical arts societies, with the other being the Musical Theatre Society, and it was founded in 1912.[135] The society puts on three major plays each year, in addition to several smaller fringe productions. It is additionally one of the London-based dramatic societies to participate in the London Student Drama Festival,[136] and regularly attends the Edinburgh Fringe. DramSoc is responsible for the day-to-day maintenance of the Union's theatrical space, the Union Concert Hall.

The Techtonics

The Techtonics are an all-male a cappella group from Imperial College London, and are a part of the Imperial College A Cappella Society.[137] The group was formed in 2008, and has since risen to prominence in the world a cappella scene. The group is best known for winning the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella in 2016.[138]

Student housing

See main article: Imperial College Halls of Residence.

Imperial College owns and manages twenty-three halls of residence in Inner London, Acton, and Ascot. Over three thousand rooms are available, guaranteeing first year undergraduates a place in College residences. The majority of halls offer single or twin accommodation with some rooms having en suite facilities. Bedrooms are provided with basic furniture and with access to shared kitchens and bathrooms. All rooms come with internet access and access to the Imperial network.[139] Most of them are considered among the newest student halls at London universities.

Most students in college or university accommodation are first-year undergraduates, as they are granted a room once they have selected Imperial as their firm offer with UCAS. The majority of older students and postgraduates find accommodation in the private sector, help for which is provided by the college private housing office. However a handful of students may continue to live in halls in later years if they take the position of a "hall senior", and places are available for a small number of returning students in the Evelyn Garden halls.[140] Some students also live in International Students House, London.

Notable alumni, faculty and staff

See main article: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Imperial College London, List of Imperial College London people and President of Imperial College London. Nobel laureates: (medicine) Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley, Rodney Robert Porter, (physics) Abdus Salam, Sir George Paget Thomson, Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, Dennis Gabor, Peter Higgs, (chemistry) Sir Norman Haworth, Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Sir Derek Barton, Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson, Sir George Porter.[141] Fields medalists: Klaus Friedrich Roth, Sir Simon Donaldson, Martin Hairer.[142]

Academic affiliations include: Sir Tom Kibble, co-discoverer of Higgs Boson;[143] Sir Tejinder Virdee, experimental particle physicist;[144] Narinder Singh Kapany, inventor of fibre optics;[145] [146] [147] [148] Sir John Pendry, theoretical solid state physicist;[149] Sir Christopher Kelk Ingold, physical organic chemistry pioneer;[150] Sir William Henry Perkin, discoverer of the first synthetic organic chemical dye mauveine;[151] Sir Edward Frankland, originator of the theory of chemical valency;[152] Sir William Crookes, discoverer of thallium;[153] Sir Alan Fersht, chemist;[154] David Phillips, chemist;[155] Harold Hopkins, contributed to the theory and design of optical instruments;[156] Alfred North Whitehead, mathematician and philosopher;[157] Sir Steven Cowley, physicist and president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford;[158] and Sir John Ambrose Fleming, inventor of the vacuum tube.[159]

In biology and medicine; Thomas Huxley, advocate of the theory of evolution; Azeem Majeed. Clinical Academic and Public Health Specialist; Wendy Barclay, virologist; Dame Sally Davies, the Chief Medical Officer for England;[160] David Livingstone, medical missionary and Clare Lloyd, biologist. In engineering; Sir Alec Skempton, one of the founding fathers of soil mechanics; George E. Davis, regarded as the founding father of chemical engineering; Olgierd Zienkiewicz, a pioneer of the Finite Element Method; Dame Julia Higgins, polymer scientist;[161] Dame Judith Hackitt, former Chair of the Health and Safety Executive;[162] Dudley Maurice Newitt, scientific director of the Special Operations Executive;[163] and Julia King, Baroness Brown of Cambridge, engineer and Member of the House of Lords.[164]

Non-academic affiliations include: H. G. Wells, author;[165] Nikolas Tombazis, chief car designer at McLaren and Ferrari; Ralph Robins, CEO of Rolls-Royce;[166] Brian May, guitarist of rock band Queen;[167] Chew Choon Seng, CEO of Singapore Airlines; Sir Julius Vogel, former Prime Minister of New Zealand;[168] Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India;[169] Teo Chee Hean, Senior Minister of Singapore (formerly Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore); Edem Tengue, Minister of maritime economy of the republic of Togo; Huw Thomas, Physician to the Queen;[170] Sir Roger Bannister, ran the first four-minute mile;[171] David Warren, inventor of the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder;[172] Andreas Mogensen, first Danish astronaut; Winston Wong, entrepreneur; Alan Howard, hedge fund manager and philanthropist; Cyrus Pallonji Mistry, former chairman of the Tata Group;[173] Michael Birch, entrepreneur; Henry Charles Stephens, politician; Sir Michael Uren, businessman and philanthropist; Ian Read, CEO of Pfizer, Pallab Ghosh, BBC correspondent, Hannah Devlin, science journalist; Chi Onwurah, politician;[174] Dyah Roro Esti Widya Putri, member of House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia; Nicola Fox, Head of Science at NASA;[175] Danny Lui, co-founder Lenovo;[176] Simon Singh, author; Chen Jining, Secretary of Shanghai.[177]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Charitable status . Imperial College London . 4 June 2020 . 4 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200604135632/http://www.imperial.ac.uk/admin-services/secretariat/college-governance/governance-structure/charitable-status/ . live .
  2. Web site: Annual Report and Accounts 2022–23 . Imperial College London . 30 November 2023 . 8 December 2023 .
  3. Web site: Who's working in HE? . hesa.ac.uk . 26 July 2024 . 29 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190729033636/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/staff/working-in-he . live .
  4. Web site: Statistics Guide 2020–21 . 26 July 2024 . 18 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240118034836/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/planning/public/statistics-guides/Stats-Card-2021-22---FINAL.pdf . live .
  5. Web site: Imperial Brand Project . Imperial College London . 27 February 2024 . 27 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240227113241/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/communications/about-us/projects/imperial-brand-project/ . live .
  6. Web site: Prince Albert's cultural vision and the history of South Kensington: What is Albertopolis? . Royal Albert Hall . 3 January 2019 . 12 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190112103556/https://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/news/2016/july/prince-alberts-cultural-vision-and-the-history-of-south-kensington-what-is-albertopolis/ . live .
  7. Web site: Chemistry at Imperial . 24 December 2018 . Imperial College London .
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  107. Web site: Annual Report 2012/13 . 28 April 2013 . Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141222133347/http://www.imperial.nhs.uk/prdcons/groups/public/@corporate/@communications/documents/doc/id_040038.pdf . 22 December 2014 .
  108. Web site: Meet the Council . https://web.archive.org/web/20090706070615/http://www.chelwest.nhs.uk/foundationtrust/members_council/meetTheCouncil.html . Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust . 6 July 2009 . 14 September 2009 . dead .
  109. Book: M. Finn . The Gove Legacy: Education in Britain after the Coalition . 20 February 2015 . Springer . 100 . 978-1-137-49151-0 . 26 July 2024 . 23 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023230357/https://books.google.com/books?id=xwm4BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT100 . live .
  110. Book: Claire Maxwell . Elite Education and Internationalisation: From the Early Years to Higher Education . Ulrike Deppe . Heinz-Hermann Krüger . Werner Helsper . 26 September 2017 . Springer . 85 . 978-3-319-59966-3 .
  111. Book: Brian Barry . Why Social Justice Matters . 4 March 2005 . Polity . 62 . 978-0-7456-2992-6 . 26 July 2024 . 27 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240627200243/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Y3VgA9Kr5cC&pg=PA62 . live .
  112. News: Hall . Rachel . 24 September 2022 . Imperial College London: inside the university that is in the business of studying . 16 March 2024 . The Guardian . 0261-3077 . 26 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240726152506/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/sep/24/imperial-college-london-inside-the-university-that-is-in-the-business-of-studying . live .
  113. Web site: 8 May 2024 . QS MBA by Career Specialisation Rankings 2023: Entrepreneurship . 3 July 2024 . TopMBA.com . en . 24 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240324212829/https://www.topmba.com/specialisation-rankings/entrepreneurship . live .
  114. News: 11 October 2018 . Reuters . 26 July 2024 . 11 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181011231806/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amers-reuters-ranking-innovative-univ/reuters-top-100-the-worlds-most-innovative-universities-2018-idUSKCN1ML0AZ . live .
  115. Web site: 7 June 2023 . You're hired! Imperial grads are the most likely to get good job offers in the whole UK . 17 March 2024 . The Tab . 17 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240317033719/https://thetab.com/uk/london/2023/06/07/youre-hired-imperial-grads-are-most-likely-to-get-the-best-job-offers-in-the-whole-uk-50532 . live .
  116. Web site: The Guardian University Guide 2024 – the rankings . 16 March 2024 . The Guardian . 15 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231215180913/https://www.theguardian.com/education/ng-interactive/2023/sep/09/the-guardian-university-guide-2024-the-rankings . live .
  117. Web site: szadmin . 13 September 2013 . The Times and The Sunday Times Good University Guide: New recruits are not job ready according to survey . 16 March 2024 . News UK . 16 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240316191447/https://www.news.co.uk/latest-news/the-times-and-the-sunday-times-good-university-guide-new-recruits-are-not-job-ready-according-to-survey/ . live .
  118. Web site: 18 September 2021 . UK Graduate Salaries 2021 – Highest Paid Graduates by UK University Ranking 2021 – UACU UK . 17 March 2024 . 17 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240317032131/https://uacu.uk/articles/3177/uk-graduate-salaries-2021/ . live .
  119. News: World-ranked universities with the most international students . 30 September 2015 . Times Higher Education . 2 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200802022811/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/world-ranked-universities-most-international-students . live .
  120. Web site: 2013/14 Students by HE provider, level, mode and domicile . . 8 November 2015 . XLSX . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231845/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/pressOffice/sfr210/071277_student_sfr210_1314_table_3.xlsx . 3 March 2016 .
  121. Web site: Search best UK universities, make university comparisons and see student satisfaction ratings and UCAS points . Unistats . 23 March 2011 . 18 January 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100118135524/http://www.unistats.com/ . live .
  122. Web site: Dave Parry . Imperial College Union . Union.ic.ac.uk . 16 June 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060430052412/http://www.union.ic.ac.uk/money/FinanceFiles/list.shtml . 30 April 2006 .
  123. Web site: Felix : The student voice of Imperial College London . Felixonline.co.uk . 10 March 2015 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003703/http://felixonline.co.uk/archive/IC_2011/2011_1504_A.pdf . dead .
  124. Web site: Sponsors . Elsalvadorproject.org.uk . 10 March 2015 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023404/http://www.elsalvadorproject.org.uk/2012/sponsors.html . dead .
  125. Web site: Imperial College London . Imperial College Sports Facilities . imperial.ac.uk . 21 March 2012 . 2 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102121155/http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/sports/facilities . dead .
  126. Web site: Imperial College London . Imperial College Music Facilities . imperial.ac.uk . 21 March 2012 . 2 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102120912/http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/arts/blythcentre/facilities/practicefacilities . dead .
  127. Web site: Imperial College Union . Food and Drink . imperialcollegeunion.org . 21 March 2012 . 22 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120322050815/https://www.imperialcollegeunion.org/food-drink/ . live .
  128. Web site: Questions about Tankards . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170523182226/https://www.imperialcollegeunion.org/food-drink/union-bar/questions-about-tankards . 23 May 2017 .
  129. Web site: Imperial College Radio, London, UK . Icradio.com . 16 June 2011 . 5 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200705004951/http://www.icradio.com/ . dead .
  130. Web site: Imperial College – Centenary website – Timeline – 1940–1949 . ic.ac.uk . 26 July 2024 . 26 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726122355/http://www.ic.ac.uk/centenary/timeline/1940.shtml . live .
  131. Web site: Putney Boathouse development‌ . Imperial College London . 25 December 2018 .
  132. Web site: Imperial College Union A to Z of Societies . Imperial College Union . 24 February 2020 . 7 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200307045516/https://www.imperialcollegeunion.org/activities/a-to-z . live .
  133. Web site: Exploration Club . A timeline of College Developments . 26 July 2024 . 1 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170301233401/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/about/history/college-developments/ . live .
  134. Web site: DramSoc . DramSoc . 25 December 2018 . 1 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200801184239/https://www.dramsoc.org/ . live .
  135. News: Dramatic Changes . 28 June 2015 . Felix Newspaper . 371 . 9 December 1974 . 14 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150314012727/http://felixonline.co.uk/issuearchive/issue/367/download/ . dead .
  136. Web site: London Student Drama Festival . UCLU Drama . UCLU Drama Society . 28 June 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150701102125/http://ucludrama.org.uk/london-student-drama-festival-2/ . 1 July 2015 .
  137. Web site: Imperial A Cappella Society . Imperial College Union . 3 June 2020 . 3 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200603164127/https://www.union.ic.ac.uk/arts/acappella/ . live .
  138. Web site: Results . Varsity Vocals . 12 August 2015 . 3 June 2020 . 3 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200603162015/https://varsityvocals.com/results-page/?fwp_year=2016 . live .
  139. Web site: College Accommodation Licence (2019–2020) . 14 August 2019 . 14 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190814162928/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/current-students/accommodation/public/College-Accommodation-Licence-19-20.pdf . dead .
  140. Web site: Accommodation for returning students . 27 December 2021 . 26 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210426131521/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/study/campus-life/accommodation/halls/returning-students-accommodation/ . dead .
  141. Web site: Award winners | Imperial College London . Imperial.ac.uk . 10 March 2015 . 1 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170301173707/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/about/introducing-imperial/our-people/award-winners/ . live .
  142. Web site: Fields medallists . Imperial College London . 13 July 2018 . 13 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180713170625/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/about/introducing-imperial/our-people/award-winners/fields-medallists/ . live .
  143. 'KIBBLE, Sir Thomas (Walter Bannerman)', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2016; online edn, Nov 2016 accessed 2 April 2017
  144. Book: Who's Who . 978-0-19-954089-1 . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U257519 . Virdee, Sir Tejinder Singh, (Born 13 Oct. 1952), Professor of Physics, Imperial College London, since 1996 . 2013 . 26 July 2024 . 26 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240726154231/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-257519 . live .
  145. News: Narinder S. Kapany, 'Father of Fiber Optics,' Dies at 94 . Clay . Risen . The New York Times . 7 January 2021 . 26 July 2024 . 10 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210210145758/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/narinder-s-kapany-dead.html . live .
  146. Nobel question mark . Dinesh C. Sharma . 15 October 2009 . India Today . 26 July 2024 . 16 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211216180339/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/nobel-question-mark-58572-2009-10-15 . live .
  147. Web site: How India missed another Nobel Prize . Shivanand . Kanavi . Rediff . 26 July 2024 . 5 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240605184614/http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm . live .
  148. Web site: Narinder Singh Kapany: The relentless innovator behind the science of fibre optics . The New Indian Express . 11 December 2021 . 26 July 2024 . 13 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231113182312/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2021/dec/12/narinder-singh-kapany-therelentless-innovator-behind-the-science-of-fibre-optics-2393969.html . live .
  149. Book: Who's Who . 978-0-19-954089-1 . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U30495 . Pendry, Sir John (Brian), (Born 4 July 1943), Professor of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Imperial College London (Formerly Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London), since 1981 (Head, Department of Physics, 1998–2001); Dean, Royal College of Science, 1993–96 . 2007 . 26 July 2024 . 6 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240606063324/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-30495 . live .
  150. 'INGOLD, Sir Christopher (Keik)', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 accessed 2 April 2017
  151. 'PERKIN, Sir William Henry', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2015; online edn, Feb 2015 accessed 2 April 2017
  152. 'FRANKLAND, Sir Edward', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 accessed 2 April 2017
  153. 'CROOKES, Prof. Sir William', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 accessed 2 April 2017
  154. Book: Fersht, Sir Alan (Roy), (born 21 April 1943), Herchel Smith Professor of Organic Chemistry, University of Cambridge, 1988–2010; Fellow, since 1988, and Master, 2012–18, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; Hon. Director, Cambridge Centre for Protein Engineering (formerly MRC Unit for Protein Function and Design), 1989–2010; Emeritus Group Leader, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, since 2010 . 1 December 2018 . Oxford University Press . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U15668 . Who's Who .
  155. Book: Phillips, Prof. David, (born 3 Dec. 1939), Professor of Physical Chemistry, 1989–2006, Hofmann Professor of Chemistry, 1999–2006, now Professor Emeritus, and Dean, Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences, 2002–06, Imperial College London . 1 December 2018 . Oxford University Press . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U30743 . Who's Who .
  156. 'HOPKINS, Prof. Harold Horace', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 accessed 2 April 2017
  157. 'WHITEHEAD, Alfred North', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 accessed 2 April 2017
  158. Book: Who's Who . 978-0-19-954089-1 . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U261946 . Cowley, Prof. Steven, President, Corpus Christi College, Oxford, since 2016 . 2015 .
  159. 'FLEMING, Sir (John) Ambrose', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 accessed 2 April 2017
  160. Davies, Dame Sally (Claire) . Who's Who & Who Was Who . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U13126 . 978-0-19-954088-4 . 26 July 2024 . 25 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225092733/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-13126 . live .
  161. Higgins, Dame Julia (Stretton) . Who's Who & Who Was Who . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U20092 . 978-0-19-954088-4 . 26 July 2024 . 24 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224232119/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-20092 . live .
  162. Hackitt, Dame Judith (Elizabeth) . Who's Who & Who Was Who . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U151505 . 978-0-19-954088-4 . 26 July 2024 . 24 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224221921/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-151505 . live .
  163. Newitt, Dudley Maurice . Who's Who & Who Was Who . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U157958 . 978-0-19-954089-1 . 26 July 2024 . 1 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210301091044/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-157958 . live .
  164. Brown of Cambridge, Baroness (Julia Elizabeth King) . Who's Who & Who Was Who . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U41612 . 978-0-19-954088-4 . 26 July 2024 . 5 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210305073624/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-41612 . live .
  165. Parrinder . Patrick . Wells, Herbert George (1866–1946), novelist and social commentator . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . 6 January 2011 . 10.1093/ref:odnb/36831 .
  166. Book: Who's Who . 978-0-19-954089-1 . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U32829 . Robins, Sir Ralph (Harry), (Born 16 June 1932), Chairman, Rolls-Royce PLC, 1992–2003 . 2007 . 26 July 2024 . 5 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240605040751/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-32829 . live .
  167. Book: Who's Who . 978-0-19-954089-1 . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U247368 . May, Dr Brian Harold, (Born 19 July 1947), guitarist, songwriter and producer; Owner, London Stereoscopic Company, since 2008 . 2008 . 26 July 2024 . 21 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240721124644/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-247368 . live .
  168. 'VOGEL, Hon. Sir Julius', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 accessed 2 April 2017
  169. 'GANDHI, Rajiv', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 accessed 2 April 2017
  170. Book: Who's Who . 978-0-19-954089-1 . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U282180 . Thomas, Prof. Huw Jeremy Wyndham, (Born 25 Feb. 1958), Consultant Physician and Gastroenterologist, St Mary's Hospital, London, since 1994; Professor of Gastrointestinal Genetics, Imperial College London, since 2007; Physician to the Queen and Head of HM Medical Household, since 2014 . 2014 . 26 July 2024 . 4 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240604051539/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-282180 . live .
  171. Book: Who's Who . 978-0-19-954089-1 . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U6405 . Bannister, Sir Roger (Gilbert), (Born 23 March 1929), Master of Pembroke College, Oxford, 1985–93; Hon. Consultant Physician, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, WC1 (Formerly Consultant Physician, National Hospital for Nervous Diseases), 1963–96; Hon. Consultant Neurologist: St Mary's Hospital and Western Ophthalmic Hospital, W2 (Formerly Consultant Neurologist); Oxford Regional and District Health Authorities, 1985–95 . 2007 . 26 July 2024 . 5 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240605131708/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-6405 . live .
  172. News: This little-known inventor has probably saved your life . BBC News . 18 July 2019 . 26 July 2024 . 13 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240513104018/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-49012771 . live .
  173. Book: Who's Who . 978-0-19-954089-1 . 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U268705 . Mistry, Cyrus Pallonji, (Born 4 July 1968), Chairman, Tata Sons LTD, since 2012 (Director, since 2006) . 2014 . 26 July 2024 . 26 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240726154124/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-268705 . live .
  174. News: MP Chi Onwurah: "As an engineer, I was often the only Black person in the room" . Imperial College London . Imperial News . 10 November 2018 . 11 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181111093247/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/188594/mp-chi-onwurah-as-engineer-often/ . live .
  175. News: Women should never be afraid to ask questions, NASAs, new science chief . The Guardian . 17 March 2023 . 26 July 2024 . 26 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240726154108/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/mar/17/women-should-never-be-afraid-to-ask-questions-nasas-new-science-chief . live .
  176. Web site: 22 July 2006 . DANNY LUI . 15 September 2022 . Greater Good Radio – Leaders Inspiring Leaders . 15 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220915022615/http://www.greatergoodradio.com/2006/07/22/danny-lui/ . live .
  177. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/civil-engineering/alumni/alumni-profiles/phd-graduate-1993---chen-jining/ PhD graduate 1993 – Chen Jining

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