Mimiviridae Explained

Mimiviridae is a family of viruses. Amoeba and other protists serve as natural hosts. The family is divided in up to 4 subfamilies.[1] [2] [3] [4] Viruses in this family belong to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus clade (NCLDV), also referred to as giant viruses.

Mimiviridae is the sole recognized member of order Imitervirales. Phycodnaviridae and Pandoraviridae of Algavirales are sister groups of Mimiviridae in many phylogenetic analyses.[5]

History

The first member of this family, Mimivirus, was discovered in 2003,[6] and the first complete genome sequence was published in 2004.[7] However, the mimivirus Cafeteria roenbergensis virus[8] was isolated and partially characterized in 1995,[9] although the host was misidentified at the time, and the virus was designated BV-PW1.

Taxonomy

Group: dsDNA

Family Mimiviridae is currently divided into three subfamilies.[2] [10]

The majority of Mimiviridae appear to belong to this subfamily (Mimiviruses).

It is sometimes also referred to as Mimiviridae group I.

Furthermore, it has been proposed either to extend Mimiviridae by an additional tentative group III (subfamily Mesomimivirinae) or to classify this group as a sister family Mesomimiviridae instead,[18] comprising legacy OLPG (Organic Lake Phycodna Group). This extension (or sister family) may consist of the following:

This group seems to be closely related to Mimiviridae rather than to Phycodnaviridae and therefore is sometimes referred to as a further subfamily candidate Mesomimivirinae. Sometimes the extended family Mimiviridae is referred to as Megaviridae although this has not been recognized by ICTV; alternatively the extended group may be referred to just as Mimiviridae.[22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

With recognition of new order Imitervirales by the ICTV in March 2020 there is no longer need to extend the Mimiviridae family to comprise a group of viruses of the observed high diversity. Instead, the extension (or at least its main clade) may be referred to as a sister family Mesomimiviridae.

Although only a couple of members of this order have been described in detail it seems likely there are many more awaiting description and assignment[27] [28] Unassigned members include Aureococcus anophagefferens virus (AaV), CpV-BQ2 and Terra2.

Structure

[17] Viruses in Mimiviridae have icosahedral and round geometries, with between T=972 and T=1141, or T=1200 symmetry. The diameter is around 400 nm, with a length of 125 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 1200kb in length. The genome has 911 open reading frames.

Genus Structure Symmetry !--> Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentation
MimivirusIcosahedralT=972-1141 or T=1200 (H=19 +/- 1, K=19 +/- 1)-->LinearMonopartite
KlosneuvirusIcosahedral-->
CafeteriavirusIcosahedralT=499-->LinearMonopartite
TupanvirusTailed-->Linear

Life cycle

Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Amoeba serve as the natural host.

Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site Transmission
MimivirusAmoebaNoneUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownPassive diffusion
KlosneuvirusmicrozooplanktonNoneUnknownUnknownUnknownCytoplasmPassive diffusion
CafeteriavirusmicrozooplanktonNoneUnknownUnknownUnknownCytoplasmPassive diffusion

Molecular biology

Three putative DNA base excision repair enzymes were characterized from Mimivirus.[29] The base excision repair (BER) pathway was experimentally reconstituted using the purified recombinant proteins uracil-DNA glycosylase (mvUDG), AP endonuclease (mvAPE), and DNA polymerase X protein (mvPolX).[29] When reconstituted in vitro mvUDG, mvAPE and mvPolX function cohesively to repair uracil-containing DNA predominantly by long patch base excision repair, and thus these processes likely participate in the BER pathway early in the Mimivirus life cycle.[29]

Clinical

Mimiviruses have been associated with pneumonia but their significance is currently unknown.[30] The only virus of this family isolated from a human to date is LBA 111.[31] At the Pasteur Institute of Iran (Tehran), researchers identified mimivirus DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and sputum samples of a child patient, utilizing real-time PCR (2018).  Analysis reported 99% homology of LBA111, lineage C of the Megavirus chilensis.[32] With only a few reported cases previous to this finding, the legitimacy of the mimivirus as an emerging infectious disease in humans remains controversial.[33] [34]

Mimivirus has also been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis.[35]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Viral Zone. ExPASy. 15 June 2015.
  2. Web site: ICTV. Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release. 15 June 2015.
  3. Schulz. Frederik. Yutin. Natalya. Ivanova. Natalia N.. Ortega. Davi R.. Lee. Tae Kwon. Vierheilig. Julia. Daims. Holger. Horn. Matthias. Wagner. Michael. 2017-04-07. Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components. Science. en. 356. 6333. 82–85. 10.1126/science.aal4657. 28386012. 0036-8075. 2017Sci...356...82S. 206655792. free., UCPMS ID: 1889607, PDF
  4. Tailed giant Tupanvirus possesses the most complete translational apparatus of the known virosphere. Jônatas. Abrahão. Lorena. Silva. Ludmila Santos. Silva. Jacques Yaacoub Bou. Khalil. Rodrigo. Rodrigues. Thalita. Arantes. Felipe. Assis. Paulo. Boratto. Miguel. Andrade. Erna Geessien. Kroon. Bergmann. Ribeiro. Ivan. Bergier. Herve. Seligmann. Eric. Ghigo. Philippe. Colson. Anthony. Levasseur. Guido. Kroemer. Didier. Raoult. Bernard La. Scola. 27 February 2018. Nature Communications. 9. 1. 749. 10.1038/s41467-018-03168-1. 29487281. 5829246. 2018NatCo...9..749A . . Fig. 4 and §Discussion: "Considering that tupanviruses comprise a sister group to amoebal mimiviruses..."
  5. Bäckström D, Yutin N, Jørgensen SL, Dharamshi J, Homa F, Zaremba-Niedwiedzka K, Spang A, Wolf YI, Koonin EV, Ettema TJ . Virus genomes from deep sea sediments expand the ocean megavirome and support independent origins of viral gigantism . 2019 . mBio . 10 . 2 . e02497-18 . 10.1128/mBio.02497-18 . 30837339 . 6401483 . PDF
  6. Suzan-Monti . M . La Scola . B . Raoult . D . 2006 . Genomic and evolutionary aspects of Mimivirus . Virus Res . 117 . 1 . 145–155 . 16181700 . 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.07.011.
  7. 1344–50 . 10.1126/science.1101485 . The 1.2-Megabase Genome Sequence of Mimivirus . 2004 . Raoult . D. . Science . 306 . 5700 . 15486256 . Audic . S . Robert . C . Abergel . C . Renesto . P . Ogata . H . La Scola . B . Suzan . M . Claverie . JM . 2004Sci...306.1344R . 84298461 .
  8. Matthias G. Fischer . Michael J. Allen . William H. Wilson . Curtis A. Suttle . Giant virus with a remarkable complement of genes infects marine zooplankton. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010. 10.1073/pnas.1007615107 . 107 . 45 . 19508–13 . 2010PNAS..10719508F . 20974979 . 2984142. free .
  9. D.R. Garza . C.A. Suttle . Large double-stranded DNA viruses which cause the lysis of a marine heterotrophic nanoflagellate (Bodo sp.) occur in natural marine viral communities. Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 1995. 10.3354/ame009203 . 9 . 3 . 203–210. free .
  10. Colson P, Fournous G, Diene SM, Raoult D . Codon usage, amino acid usage, transfer RNA and amino-acyl-tRNA synthetases in Mimiviruses . Intervirology . 56 . 6 . 364–75 . 2013 . 24157883 . 10.1159/000354557 . free .
  11. Gaia M, Benamar S, Boughalmi M, Pagnier I, Croce O, Colson P, Raoult D, La Scola B . Zamilon, a novel virophage with Mimiviridae host specificity . PLOS ONE . 9 . 4 . e94923 . 2014 . 24747414 . 3991649 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0094923 . 2014PLoSO...994923G . free .
  12. See also
  13. Desnues C, La Scola B, Yutin N, Fournous G, Robert C, Azza S, Jardot P, Monteil S, Campocasso A, Koonin EV, Raoult D . Provirophages and transpovirons as the diverse mobilome of giant viruses . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 109 . 44 . 18078–83 . October 2012 . 23071316 . 3497776 . 10.1073/pnas.1208835109 . 2012PNAS..10918078D . free .
  14. Yutin N, Wolf YI, Koonin EV . Origin of giant viruses from smaller DNA viruses not from a fourth domain of cellular life . Virology . 466–467 . 38–52 . October 2014 . 25042053 . 4325995 . 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.032.
  15. Gaia M, Pagnier I, Campocasso A, Fournous G, Raoult D, La Scola B . Broad spectrum of mimiviridae virophage allows its isolation using a mimivirus reporter . PLOS ONE . 8 . 4 . e61912 . 2013 . 23596530 . 3626643 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0061912 . 2013PLoSO...861912G . free .
  16. For LBA111 and Powai lake megavirus see also
  17. Deeg . C.M. . Chow . E.C.T. . Suttle . C.A. . The kinetoplastid-infecting Bodo saltans virus (BsV), a window into the most abundant giant viruses in the sea . eLife . 7 . e33014 . 2018 . 10.7554/eLife.33014 . 29582753 . 5871332 . free .
  18. Jonathan Filée: Giant viruses and their mobile genetic elements: the molecular symbiosis hypothesis, in: Current Opinion in Virology, Volue 33, December 2018, pp. 81–88;
  19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/GenomesGroup.cgi?opt=virus&taxid=10239 NCBI Complete genomes: Viruses
  20. Moniruzzaman. Mohammad. LeCleir. Gary R.. Brown. Christopher M.. Gobler. Christopher J.. Bidle. Kay D.. Wilson. William H.. Wilhelm. Steven W.. 2014. Genome of brown tide virus (AaV), the little giant of the Megaviridae, elucidates NCLDV genome expansion and host–virus coevolution. Virology. en. 466–467. 60–70. 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.031. 25035289. free.
  21. Schvarcz CR, Steward GF . A giant virus infecting green algae encodes key fermentation genes . Virology . 518 . 423–433 . May 2018 . 29649682 . 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.010 . free.
  22. Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Yutin N . Evolution of double-stranded DNA viruses of eukaryotes: from bacteriophages to transposons to giant viruses . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. . 1341 . 10–24, see Figure 3 . April 2015 . 1 . 25727355 . 4405056 . 10.1111/nyas.12728 . 2015NYASA1341...10K .
  23. Yutin N, Colson P, Raoult D, Koonin EV . Mimiviridae: clusters of orthologous genes, reconstruction of gene repertoire evolution and proposed expansion of the giant virus family . Virol. J. . 10 . 106 . April 2013 . 23557328 . 3620924 . 10.1186/1743-422X-10-106 . free .
  24. Blog of Carolina Reyes, Kenneth Stedman: Are Phaeocystis globosa viruses (OLPG) and Organic Lake phycodnavirus a part of the Phycodnaviridae or Mimiviridae?, on ResearchGate, Jan. 8, 2016
  25. Maruyama F, Ueki S . Evolution and Phylogeny of Large DNA Viruses, Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae Including Newly Characterized Heterosigma akashiwo Virus . Front Microbiol . 7 . 1942 . 2016 . 27965659 . 5127864 . 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01942 . free .
  26. Zhang W, Zhou J, Liu T, Yu Y, Pan Y, Yan S, Wang Y . Four novel algal virus genomes discovered from Yellowstone Lake metagenomes . Sci Rep . 5 . 15131 . October 2015 . 26459929 . 4602308 . 10.1038/srep15131 . 2015NatSR...515131Z .
  27. Ghedin E, Claverie JM . Mimivirus relatives in the Sargasso sea . Virol. J. . 2 . 62 . August 2005 . 16105173 . 1215527 . 10.1186/1743-422X-2-62 . q-bio/0504014 . 2005q.bio.....4014G . free .
  28. Monier A, Claverie JM, Ogata H . Taxonomic distribution of large DNA viruses in the sea . Genome Biol. . 9 . 7 . R106 . 2008 . 18598358 . 2530865 . 10.1186/gb-2008-9-7-r106 . free .
  29. Lad SB, Upadhyay M, Thorat P, Nair D, Moseley GW, Srivastava S, Pradeepkumar PI, Kondabagil K. Biochemical Reconstitution of the Mimiviral Base Excision Repair Pathway. J Mol Biol. 2023 Sep 1;435(17):168188. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168188. Epub 2023 Jun 26. PMID 37380013
  30. Saadi H, Pagnier I, Colson P, Cherif JK, Beji M, Boughalmi M, Azza S, Armstrong N, Robert C, Fournous G, La Scola B, Raoult D . First isolation of Mimivirus in a patient with pneumonia . Clin. Infect. Dis. . 57 . 4 . e127–34 . August 2013 . 23709652 . 10.1093/cid/cit354 . free .
  31. Yoosuf N, Pagnier I, Fournous G, Robert C, La Scola B, Raoult D, Colson P . Complete genome sequence of Courdo11 virus, a member of the family Mimiviridae . Virus Genes . 48 . 2 . 218–23 . April 2014 . 24293219 . 10.1007/s11262-013-1016-x . 12038772 .
  32. Sakhaee. Fatemeh. Vaziri. Farzam. Bahramali. Golnaz. Davar Siadat. Seyed. Fateh. Abolfazl. October 2020. Pulmonary Infection Related to Mimivirus in Patient with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26. 10. 2524–2526. 10.3201/eid2610.191613. 32946733. 7510730. free.
  33. La Scola. Bernard. Marrie. Thomas J.. Auffray. Jean-Pierre. Raoult. Didier. March 2005. Mimivirus in pneumonia patients. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11. 3. 449–452. 10.3201/eid1103.040538. 15757563. 3298252. free.
  34. Saadi. Hanene. Pagnier. Isabelle. Colson. Philippe. Kanoun Cherif. Jouda. Beji. Majed. Boughalmi. Mondher. Azza. Saïd. Armstrong. Nicholas. Robert. Catherine. Fournous. Ghislain. La Scola. Bernard. May 24, 2013. First isolation of Mimivirus in a patient with pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 57. 4. e127–e134. 10.1093/cid/cit354. 23709652. Oxford Academic. free.
  35. 10.1128/JVI.03141-13. 24173233. Exposure to Mimivirus Collagen Promotes Arthritis. Journal of Virology. 88. 2. 838–45. 2013. Shah . N.. Hulsmeier . A. J.. Hochhold . N.. Neidhart . M.. Gay . S.. Hennet . T. . 3911627.

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