Imidazole-4-acetaldehyde explained

Imidazole-4-acetaldehyde is a metabolite of histamine in biological species.

Biological inactivation of histamine

The process of histamine inactivation in biological species involves its metabolism through the oxidative deamination of its primary amino group. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO). The metabolite produced from this reaction is imidazole-4-acetaldehyde.^{[1] [2]}

Imidazole-4-acetaldehyde is then further oxidized by a NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to imidazole-4-acetic acid.^[1]

Synthesis under prebiotic conditions

Under prebiotic conditions, imidazole-4-acetaldehyde can be synthesized from erythrose, formamidine, formaldehyde, and ammonia.^[3]

Role in fungal amine oxidase and bacterial aldehyde oxidase

In a study of imidazole-4-acetaldehyde presence in the reaction mixture during the coupling reaction of fungal amine oxidase and bacterial aldehyde oxidase for histamine elimination, imidazole 4-acetaldehyde was not detected, which suggests that imidazole 4-acetaldehyde was not produced as a result of the coupling reaction between fungal amine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase, as such, its absence in the reaction mixture implies that the fungal amine oxidase-aldehyde oxidase coupling reaction likely proceeded directly from histamine to imidazole-4-acetic acid with an apparent yield of 100%, without the intermediate formation of imidazole 4-acetaldehyde.^[4]

Postoperative opioid prediction

In a 2022 observational study aimed to identify preoperative serum metabolites that could predict postoperative opioid consumption, the role of imidazole-4-acetaldehyde was identified as one of the metabolites that showed different trends between gastric cancer patients with high postoperative opioid consumption and those with low opioid consumption group. The results suggest that imidazole-4-acetaldehyde, along with other metabolites, was significantly different between the two groups, so that that imidazole-4-acetaldehyde may serve as a potential biomarker for predicting postoperative opioid consumption in gastric cancer patients, still, the results of this study is inconclusive.^[5]

Notes and References

1. Bähre H, Kaever V . Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Histamine and Histamine Metabolites . Handb Exp Pharmacol . Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology . 241 . 3–19 . 2017 . 28321587 . 10.1007/164_2017_22 . 978-3-319-58192-7 .
2. Ambroziak W, Maśliński C . Participation of aldehyde dehydrogenase in the oxidative deamination pathway of histamine and putrescine . Agents Actions . 23 . 3–4 . 311–3 . April 1988 . 3394581 . 10.1007/BF02142573 . 8283492 .
3. Shen C, Yang L, Miller SL, Oró J . Prebiotic synthesis of imidazole-4-acetaldehyde and histidine . Orig Life Evol Biosph . 17 . 3–4 . 295–305 . 1987 . 2957640 . 10.1007/BF02386469 . 1987OrLi...17..295S . 19561011 .
4. Usui M, Kubota H, Ishihara M, Matsuki H, Kawabe S, Sugiura Y, Kataoka N, Matsushita K, Ano Y, Akakabe Y, Hours RA, Yakushi T, Adachi O . Histamine elimination by a coupling reaction of fungal amine oxidase and bacterial aldehyde oxidase† . Biosci Biotechnol Biochem . 86 . 10 . 1438–1447 . September 2022 . 35876648. 10.1093/bbb/zbac121 .
5. Li J, Li S, Yu L, Wei J, Sun H, Yang C, Tan H . Identification of Preoperative Serum Metabolites Associated With Postoperative Opioid Consumption in Gastric Cancer Patients by Extreme Phenotype Sampling . Pain Physician . 25 . 2 . E385–E396 . March 2022 . 35322994 .