Ilocos Norte Explained

Ilocos Norte
Official Name:Province of Ilocos Norte
Flag Size:120x80px
Seal Size:100x80px
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:Philippines
Subdivision Type1:Region
Established Title:Founded
Established Date:February 2, 1818
Seat Type:Capital
Leader Title:Governor
Leader Name:Matthew Manotoc (NP)
Leader Title1:Vice Governor
Leader Name1:Cecilia Araneta (NP)
Leader Title2:Legislature
Leader Name2:Ilocos Norte Provincial Board
Area Footnotes:[1]
Area Rank:38th out of 81
Elevation Max M:2,361
Elevation Max Point:Mount Sicapoo
Population Rank:53rd out of 81
Population Density Km2:auto
Population Density Rank:52nd out of 81
Demographics Type1:Divisions
Demographics1 Title1:Independent cities
Demographics1 Info1:0
Demographics1 Title2:Component cities
Demographics1 Title3:Municipalities
Demographics1 Title4:Barangays
Demographics1 Info4:559
Demographics1 Title5:Districts
Demographics1 Info5:Legislative districts of Ilocos Norte
Timezone:PHT
Utc Offset:+8
Postal Code Type:ZIP code
Blank Name Sec1:Spoken languages
Blank Name Sec2:HDI
Blank Info Sec2: 0.78 [2]
Blank1 Name Sec2:HDI rank
Blank1 Info Sec2:6th (2019)
Image Map1:
Frame-Width:250
Zoom:8

Ilocos Norte, officially the Province of Ilocos Norte (Iloko: Probinsia ti Ilocos Norte; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Ilocos Norte), is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. It is located in the northwest corner of Luzon Island, bordering Cagayan and Apayao to the east, and Abra to the southeast, and Ilocos Sur to the southwest. Ilocos Norte faces the South China Sea to the west and the Luzon Strait to the north. Its capital is Laoag City.

Ilocos Norte is noted for its distinctive geography and culture.[3] [4] This includes numerous examples of well-preserved Spanish colonial era architecture, particularly Saint William's Cathedral in Laoag with its sinking bell tower done in the Earthquake Baroque style,[5] the St. Augustine Church in Paoay which is one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites in the Philippines,[6] and the Cape Bojeador Lighthouse. Famous geographical features include the La Paz Sand Dunes, the beaches of Pagudpud, and the eroded calcarenite Kapurpurawan rock formation in Burgos.[7]

It is the birthplace of several notable Philippine leaders including former President Ferdinand E. Marcos,[8] Philippine Revolutionary War general Artemio Ricarte and Iglesia Filipina Independiente co-founder Gregorio Aglipay.[9]

Three wind farms are located in Ilocos Norte. They are located in Burgos, Pagudpud and Bangui with the latter being the first wind power generation plant in the Philippines.[10]

History

Early history

Long before the arrival of the Spaniards, there existed an extensive region consisting of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra and La Union. Merchants from Japan and China would often visit the area to trade gold for beads, ceramics and silk. The Austronesian inhabitants of the region called their place samtoy, from sao mi toy, which literally meant "our language".

Spanish colonial era

In 1571, the Spanish conquistadors had Manila under their control and they began looking for new sites to conquer. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi's grandson Juan de Salcedo volunteered to lead one of these expeditions. Together with 8 armed boats and 45 men the 22-year-old voyager headed north. On June 13, 1572, Salcedo and his men landed in present-day Vigan then proceeded to Laoag, Currimao and Badoc. As they sailed along the coast they were surprised to see numerous sheltered coves (looc) where the locals lived in harmony. They named the region Ylocos and its people Ylocanos.

As the Christianization of the region grew so did the landscape of the area. Vast tracts of land were utilized for churches and bell towers in line with the Spanish mission of bajo las campanas. In the town plaza it was not uncommon to see garrisons under the church bells. Indigenous peoples living in the Ilocos Region, such as the Yapayao and Isneg, were slowly pushed into living in the sparsely populated but resource-rich mountains, which would expose them to conflicts with developers in later eras, such as during Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos.[11]

Spanish colonization of the region was not completely successful. Owing to the abusive practices of many Augustinian friars a number of Ilocanos revolted. Noteworthy of these were the Dingras uprising (1589) and the Pedro Almasan revolt (San Nicolas, 1660). In 1762, Diego Silang led a series of battles aimed at freeing the Ilocano. When he died from his friendly fire his widow Gabriela continued his cause. She too was captured and executed.

In 1807 the sugar cane (basi) brewers of Piddig rose up in arms to protest the government's monopoly of the wine industry. In 1898, the church excommunicated Gregorio Aglipay for refusing to cut off ties with the revolutionary forces of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. Unperturbed, he helped established the Iglesia Filipina Independiente.

In an effort to gain political control and because of the increasing population of the region, a Royal Decree was signed on February 2, 1818, splitting Ilocos into two provinces: Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. Soon thereafter, La Union and Abra became independent provinces.

Japanese occupation era

After the fall of Corregidor and the subsequent occupation of the Philippines by the Empire of Japan, a number of small guerilla groups formed in the area of Ilocos Norte, some of which resorted to banditry. Governor Roque Ablan Sr., with the help of Philippine Army Lt. Feliciano Madamba, was able to put together a guerilla unit to engage the Japanese forces and to rally the other guerilla groups into a common force. The leaders were assigned specific sectors using a system for distributing news and orders.[12] [13]

Philippine independence

See also: Tobacco production in the Philippines and Stonehill scandal. The decade after the recognition of Philippine independence marked a return of the tobacco industry to Ilocos Norte. Ever since the end of the tobacco monopoly, tobacco production had declined in the Ilocos as filipinos started shifting from locally made cigars to foreign made cigarettes.[14] But after reading a feature article series by Maximo Soliven which explained why Virginia tobacco would grow well on Ilocos soil, businessman Harry Stonehill was convinced to invest extensively in rebuilding the industry, establishing the Philippine Tobacco Flue-Curing and Redrying Corporation (PTFCRC) in 1951 and recruiting farmers from throughout Region 1 to produce tobacco.[15] The following year, La Union Congressman Manuel T. Cases filed a bill to "limit the importation of foreign leaf tobacco," which was eventually signed by President Elpidio Quirino as Republic Act 698.[16] This allowed Stonehill's investments to make a handsome profit, and the newly-rebuilt local industry to bloom.[17] Stonehill was later deported a decade later, in the 1960s, for tax evasion and bribery of government officials, in what would later be called the Stonehill scandal,[18] but the tobacco industry continued to grow.[15] [18]

During the Marcos dictatorship

See main article: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos.

See also: Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship and Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family. Ilocos Norte gained additional prominence in December 1965 when Ferdinand Marcos became president, and again when he won a second term in 1969, boosted by debt-driven infrastructure spending that created economic crises and massive social unrest at the beginning of the 1970s.[19] [20] Facing the end of his constitutionally allowed presidential terms, he declared martial law in 1972[21] and became dictator under a system of constitutional authoritarianism for fourteen more years.[22] His family and cronies were accused of stealing an estimated US$5 billion to US$10 billion during the 1980s,[23] [24] when the Philippine economy sharply declined until Marcos was deposed by the civilian-led People Power Revolution of February 1986.[25] [26]

Various human rights violations were documented in the Ilocos Norte region during the Marcos martial law era, despite public perception that the region was supportive of Marcos' administration.[11] [27] Various farmers from the towns of Vintar, Dumalneg, Solsona, Marcos, and Piddig were documented to have been tortured,[11] [27] and eight farmers in Bangui and three indigenous community members in Vintar were "salvaged" in 1984.[27]

There were also various protests against the Marcos administration at the time, with Aurora Park in the Laoag Plaza being one of the favored places to stage protests.[28] One of the prominent victims of the Martial Law era who came from Laoag was Catholic layperson and social worker Purificacion Pedro, who volunteered in organizations protesting the Chico River Dam Project in the nearby Cordillera Central mountains.[29] Wounded while visiting activist friends in Bataan, she was later killed by Marcos administration soldiers while recuperating in the hospital.[30] [31] Another prominent opponent of the martial law regime was human rights advocate and Bombo Radyo Laoag program host David Bueno, who worked with the Free Legal Assistance Group in Ilocos Norte during the later part of the Marcos administration and the early part of the succeeding Aquino administration. He would later be assassinated by motorcycle-riding men in fatigue uniforms on October 22, 1987 – part of a wave of assassinations that coincided with the 1986-87 coup d'état that tried to unseat the democratic government set up after the 1986 People Power Revolution.[32] Both Bueno and Pedro were later honored among the first 65 people to have their names inscribed on the Wall of Remembrance of the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani, which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought the dictatorship,[33] and Pedro was listed among Filipino Catholics nominated to be named Servant of God.[34]

Contemporary

The municipality of Batac became a component city by virtue of Republic Act No. 9407 which sought to convert the municipality into a city. The law was ratified on June 23, 2007. However, the cityhood status was lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after the LCP questioned the validity of the cityhood law. The cityhood status was reaffirmed after the court finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011 which declared the cityhood law constitutional.

Ilocos Norte was among the provinces affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, reporting its first three cases of COVID-19 on March 31, 2020, including a male patient each from Batac and Paoay, and former senator Bongbong Marcos, who had arrived from travel to Spain.[35] [36] Ilocos Norte experienced surges in cases in 2021,[37] with the spike reported in August 2021 being attributed to the Delta variant of the virus.[38]

Geography

Ilocos Norte covers a total area of occupying the northern tip of the Ilocos Region in Luzon. The province is bordered by Cagayan to the extreme northeast, Apayao to the east, and Abra to the southeast, Ilocos Sur to the southwest, the West Philippine Sea to the west, and the Luzon Strait to the north.

Administrative divisions

Ilocos Norte comprises 21 municipalities and 2 component cities, further subdivided into 559 barangays. There are two legislative districts in the province. Updated classification of municipalities in Ilocos Norte. Updated Income Class of Ilocos Norte Municipalities

City municipalityDistrictPopulationAreaDensityCoordinates
km2/km2
Adams1st1,792159.31km2NaN2,189/159.31118.4613°N 120.9035°W
Bacarra1st32,21565.32km2NaN33,496/65.324318.2528°N 120.6118°W
Badoc2nd31,61676.68km2NaN32,530/76.683117.9267°N 120.474°W
Bangui1st14,672112.98km2NaN15,019/112.981418.5367°N 120.7657°W
Banna2nd19,43892.73km2NaN19,297/92.732017.9799°N 120.6549°W
Batac∗2nd55,201161.06km2NaN55,484/161.064318.0566°N 120.5639°W
Burgos1st9,777128.9km2NaN10,759/128.901118.511°N 120.6436°W
Carasi1st1,56782.97km2NaN1,607/82.97318.1407°N 120.8215°W
Currimao2nd12,18434.08km2NaN12,215/34.082318.0194°N 120.4868°W
Dingras2nd38,56296km2NaN40,127/96.003118.1024°N 120.7014°W
Dumalneg1st2,94788.48km2NaN3,087/88.48418.522°N 120.8096°W
Laoag City†1st111,125116.08km2NaN111,651/116.088018.1973°N 120.5935°W
Marcos2nd17,77772.77km2NaN18,010/72.771318.0439°N 120.6771°W
Nueva Era2nd9,506515.02km2NaN11,968/515.021117.9153°N 120.666°W
Pagudpud1st23,770194.9km2NaN25,098/194.901618.5601°N 120.7887°W
Paoay2nd24,86676.24km2NaN25,001/76.243118.0617°N 120.5195°W
Pasuquin1st28,980210.54km2NaN29,678/210.543318.3339°N 120.6194°W
Piddig1st21,497216.2km2NaN22,475/216.202318.1635°N 120.7165°W
Pinili2nd17,30089.48km2NaN17,626/89.482517.9519°N 120.5257°W
San Nicolas2nd36,73640.18km2NaN38,895/40.182418.1749°N 120.5943°W
Sarrat1st25,21257.39km2NaN25,186/57.392418.1568°N 120.6467°W
Solsona2nd24,121166.23km2NaN24,851/166.232218.0953°N 120.7732°W
Vintar1st32,220614.35km2NaN33,339/614.353318.2298°N 120.6491°W
Total609,588593,0813,467.893467.89km2NaNPD/km2NaNPD/km2559

Barangays

Ilocos Norte has 559 barangays comprising its 21 municipalities and 2 cities.

The most populous barangay in the province is Barangay No. 1, San Lorenzo (Poblacion) in the City of Laoag with a population of 4,391 in the 2010 census. If cities are excluded, Davila in the municipality of Pasuquin has the highest population, at 3,900. The least populous is Sapat in the municipality of Pasuquin, with only 32.

Demographics

The population of Ilocos Norte in the 2020 census was 609,588 people, with a density of NaNPD/km2NaNPD/km2.

Religion

Roman Catholicism and the Aglipayan Church are the two major religions in the province.

Among the major Roman Catholic churches in Ilocos Norte include:

Ilocos Norte is the home of two Aglipay Shrines (Aglipayan Church) in which one of it is where the church's first supreme leader, Gregorio Aglipay, was buried. There are also increasing numbers of Jehovah's Witnesses. There are also minor but steadily increasing members of Iglesia ni Cristo (INC). It has 2 Ecclesiastical Districts (Batac and Laoag). Each district includes 60 plus locales with barangay chapels. INC has 5-6% adherents. Islam is also practiced by Mindanaoan traders and immigrants.

Languages

See main article: Ilocano language. Ilocano is the main language of the native majority in the province, with La Union recognized it as an official language since 2012.[40] It became widespread in neighboring regions of Cagayan Valley (Region II), Cordillera Administrative Region and major parts of Central Luzon (Region III)—where Ilocanos settled—as a lingua franca among respective Ilocano and non-Ilocano residents. Ilocano is also recognized as a minority language in Mindoro, Palawan and Mindanao (particularly in some areas in Soccsksargen), where Ilocanos had have been significant residents since the early 20th century. It is a third most widely spoken language in the Philippines, estimating 11 million speakers as of 2022. The language has many speakers overseas, including the American states of California and Hawaii.[41] Filipino/Tagalog and English are also spoken and understood in the region, utilized in business, education and media.

Aside from Ilocano, Filipino (the national language) and English, there are other two indigenous languages in Ilocos Norte. There are the Isnag language of the east, and the Apnutam language in Currimao.

Apnutam is listed as one of the 15 endangered languages of the Philippines according to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Endangered Languages. The Apnutam language is listed as Severely Endangered, with less than 300 speakers remaining. All remaining speakers of the language are part of the community's elders. Without a municipality-wide teaching mechanism of the Faire Atta language for the youth, the language may be extinct within 3-5 decades, making it a language in grave peril unless a teaching-mechanism is established by either the government or an educational institution in Currimao and nearby municipalities.[42]

Economy

Products and industries

The province specializes in the following products and industries:

Bangui Wind Farm

In 2005, NorthWind Power Development Corp. began commercial operation of the Bangui Wind Farm in the Municipality of Bangui, having initiated and developed the project in response to a 1996 study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) which identified Bangui as one of the viable sites for wind energy sites in the Philippines.[43] Connected to the Luzon Grid, the project wasthe first wind farm in Southeast Asia,[44] supplying 40% of Ilocos Norte's electricity needs,[45] and becoming a major tourist site for Bangui.[46] AC Energy, the listed energy platform of the Ayala Group, acquired the controlling shares of Northwind and of the Bangui Wind Farm in 2017.[47]

Culture and the arts

Prominent artists

Ilocos Norte has given birth to numerous artists that have received national acclaim - perhaps the most notable being Philippine Revolution era activist and leader Juan Luna, who was born in Badoc. The province is also home to at least one National Artists of the Philippines - National Artist for Theater Severino Montano who was conferred the honor in 2001.[48] Another influential artist was Ricarte Puruganan, one of the Philippines' influential "Thirteen Moderns," who broke away from the painting style of Conservatives, led by Fernando Amorsolo, during the first half of the 20th century.[49]

In the folk arts, the Philippines also recognizes Magdalena Gamayo of Pinili. Ilocos Norte as one of its National Living Treasures for textile weaving, preserving the inabel weaving tradition of the Ilocos region.[50]

Damili

The town of San Nicolas is known for its terracotta pottery, called damili after the Ilocano language word for pottery.[51] San Nicolas' pottery tradition has been declared part of the Philippine National Commission for Culture and the Arts' School of Living Traditions program.[52]

Inabel

See main article: Inabel. Ilocos Norte is a center of the inabel weaving tradition, whose cloths are well known for being soft but sturdy, with a wide range of pattern designs drawn from Ilocano culture and experience[53] [54]

Cuisine

Filipino culinary historian Doreen Fernandez notes that bitterness as a flavor principle is a uniquely prominent in Ilocano cuisine, quoting fellow food critic Edilberto Alegre saying the bitter "Ilocos Norte mystique" is best represented in papaitan, a meat variant of kilawin characterized by its bitter flavors.[3]

Government

Term of Office: June 30, 2022 - June 30, 2025

scope=rowGovernorMatthew Manotoc
scope=row Vice GovernorCecilia Araneta-Marcos
scope=row Representatives
scope=row Provincial Board Members

1st District:

  • Rodolfo Christian G. Fariñas
  • Saul A. Lazo
  • Franklin Dante A. Respicio
  • Donald G. Nicolas
  • Portia Pamela R. Salenda

2nd District:

  • Rafael Salvador C. Medina
  • Medeldorf M. Gaoat
  • Aladine T. Santos
  • Giancarlo Angelo S. Crisostomo
  • Jonathan O. Torralba
PCL PresidentHandy T. Lao
ABC PresidentElmer C. Faylogna
SK Federated PresidentMa. Prila Razelle G. Saymo

Tourism

Ilocos Norte is a tourist destination, being the location of Fort Ilocandia, hotel, resort and casino. Built between 1981 and 1983 by the Philippine Tourism Authority, the Spanish-Moroccan Villa was designed by Architect Jeorge Ramos. The golf course on Paoay Lake was built by Marcos in 1977 and was designed by Gary Player.[55]

Also of note are the La Paz Sand Dunes, Malacañang of the North, Cape Bojeador Lighthouse, Bangui Wind Farm, Saud Beach in Pagudpud and the Early Pliocene calcarenite Kapurpurawan Burgos Formation which was sculpted by wind and waves.[56]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: List of Provinces . PSGC Interactive . National Statistical Coordination Board . September 26, 2013 . Makati, Philippines . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130117174921/http://nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp . January 17, 2013 .
  2. Web site: Gender and Special Population Groups; Provincial Human Development Index . Philippine Statistics Authority . January 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200617100728/http://openstat.psa.gov.ph/PXWeb/pxweb/en/DB/DB__3E__CH__IP/0023E3D2080.px/?rxid=5bf7d5c2-1a5c-4991-a66d-5a3e07689377 . June 17, 2020.
  3. Book: Fernandez, Doreen . Tikim : essays on Philippine food and culture . 2020 . 978-90-04-41479-2 . Leiden; Boston . 1114270889.
  4. Web site: Damili . March 16, 2001 .
  5. Ichimura . Anri . April 10, 2020 . How Mother Nature Restructured 'Earthquake' Baroque Churches in the Philippines . Esquire Magazine Philippines.
  6. Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte: The Stunning Historical Icon of the North . PRIMER Magazine . en.
  7. Callejo, Gretchen & Fernando, Allan Gil & Silva, Leopoldo. (2015). New Age Dates of the Kapurpurawan Rock Formation in Burgos, Ilocos Norte based on Foraminifera Assemblage.
  8. Benedicto . Bobby . August 2021 . The place of the dead, the time of dictatorship: Nostalgia, sovereignty, and the corpse of Ferdinand Marcos . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space . 39 . 4 . 722–739 . 10.1177/02637758211013038 . 0263-7758 . 8369899 . 34421166. 2021EnPlD..39..722B .
  9. Web site: December 9, 2008 . Batac City . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200929225024/http://museoilocosnorte.com/ilocos-norte/towns/batac-city/ . September 29, 2020 . November 12, 2021 . Museo Ilocos Norte . en-US.
  10. News: Neil . October 20, 2021 . AC Energy to take control of three Ilocos wind farms . en-US . . live . November 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211020210831/https://www.bworldonline.com/ac-energy-to-take-control-of-three-ilocos-wind-farms/ . October 20, 2021.
  11. Web site: Pawilen . Reidan M. . May 2021 . The Solid North myth: an Investigation on the status of dissent and human rights during the Marcos Regime in Regions 1 and 2, 1969-1986 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211113132016/https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1065&context=journal-articles . November 13, 2021 . May 22, 2022 . University of the Philippines Los Baños University Knowledge Digital Repository.
  12. Book: Agoncillo, Teodoro A. . The fateful years: Japan's adventure in the Philippines, 1941-45 . 2001 . University of the Philippines Press . 971-542-274-8 . Quezon City . 611–612 . 48220661.
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  14. News: Sison . Norman . Tabacalera: 130 years of cigars and Philippine history . 2024-03-26 . The Philippine Star.
  15. Web site: A ghost from the past – the Stonehill scandal . .
  16. June 1951 . The American Chamber of Commerce Journal, June 1951 . live . The American Chamber of Commerce Journal . XXVII . 6 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240330124126/https://repository.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/omekas/s/rare-periodicals/media/86281 . 2024-03-30.
  17. Web site: Department of Agriculture . National Tobacco Administration . Tobacco History . 2024-03-26 . National Tobacco Administration . en-US.
  18. Book: Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. . Asia Publishing Company Limited . 1998 . Magno . Alexander R. . Hong Kong . A Web of Corruption.
  19. Balbosa . Joven Zamoras . 1992 . IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines . Journal of Philippine Development . XIX . 35.
  20. Cororaton . Cesar B. . Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines . DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05 . 3, 19.
  21. Book: Celoza, Albert F.. Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. 1997. Praeger Publishers. 9780275941376.
  22. Navera . G.S. . 2019 . Metaphorizing Martial Law: Constitutional Authoritarianism in Marcos's Rhetoric (1972–1985) . Philippine Studies . 66 . 4.
  23. Book: Romero, Jose V. Jr. . Philippine political economy . 2008 . Central Book Supply . 9789716918892 . Quezon City, Philippines . 302100329 . Jose V. Romero Jr..
  24. News: November 12, 2016. Hail to the thief. The Economist.
  25. Web site: A History of the Philippine Political Protest . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. en-US . https://web.archive.org/web/20170705180022/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest-appendix/ . July 5, 2017 . dead . December 10, 2018.
  26. Book: Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. . Asia Publishing Company Limited . 1998 . Magno . Alexander R. . Hong Kong . Democracy at the Crossroads.
  27. Web site: Ilocanos remember dark days of martial law, vow to continue fight. October 2, 2012.
  28. News: Guiang . Jun . November 12, 2021 . Youth activism in Ilocos Norte in the 70s - Ilocos Sentinel . The Ilocos Sentinel . live . November 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211112084148/https://www.ilocossentinel.com/home/youth-activism-in-ilocos-norte-in-the-70s.html . November 12, 2021.
  29. Web site: MARTYRS & HEROES: PEDRO, Purificacion A.. July 13, 2016.
  30. Web site: Human Rights Martyrs of the Word . Remollino . Alexander Martin . December 14–20, 2003 . www.bulatlat.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20040312211338/http://bulatlat.com/news/3-45/3-45-martyrs.html . March 12, 2004.
  31. No Way to Go But Onwards! Philippine Religious Resist Marcos Repression . PDF . Christian Conference of Asia: CCA News . Christian Conference of Asia . March 1983 . 18 . 3 . 4.
  32. Book: Clarke, Gerard. Routledge. The Politics of NGOs in Southeast Asia. 2006.
  33. Web site: A Tribute to Human Rights Lawyer David Bueno (1988). August 19, 2015. November 2, 2021. May 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220523180742/https://www.bantayog.org/a-tribute-to-human-rights-lawyer-david-bueno-1988/. dead.
  34. Web site: Philippines . newsaints.faithweb.com . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191009161948/http://newsaints.faithweb.com/new_martyrs/Philippines1.htm . October 9, 2019.
  35. News: Ilocos Norte lists first coronavirus cases . en . live . October 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201125091351/https://www.rappler.com/nation/ilocos-norte-coronavirus-cases-march-31-2020 . November 25, 2020.
  36. News: Despite earlier denials, former Sen. Bongbong Marcos tests positive for COVID-19 . en-PH . Yahoo! News Philippines . live . October 19, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200401064127/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/despite-earlier-denials-former-sen-030112258.html . April 1, 2020.
  37. News: Mugas . John Michael . August 19, 2021 . Ilocos Norte bans returning residents anew amid virus surge . en . . October 19, 2021.
  38. News: Paciente. Kenneth. September 3, 2021. Ilocos Norte confirms increase in cases caused by Delta variant. PTV. October 19, 2021.
  39. Web site: Laoag Earthquake - 17 August 1983 . Phivolcs . 1983 . January 2, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110815100819/http://earthquake.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/update_SOEPD/Earthquake/1983LaoagEQ/index-laoag.html . August 15, 2011 . dead .
  40. Web site: Elias . Jun . Iloko La Union's official language . 2023-09-23 . Philstar.com.
  41. Web site: Webster . 2022-04-30 . Language of the Month April 2022: Ilocano . 2023-09-23 . The National Museum of Language . en-US.
  42. Web site: UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger. Unesco.org. February 23, 2019.
  43. News: Giant windmills energize Ilocos Norte . Philstar.com . October 13, 2005.
  44. Web site: First wind farm for Southeast Asia | WWF . wwf.panda.org . January 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211005113936/https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?13509/First-wind-farm-for-Southeast-Asia . October 5, 2021 . dead.
  45. News: Cabie . Honor . November 2, 2016 . Ilocos Norte's Windmills: Tourism and Energy Giants . en . Manilastandard.net . March 8, 2020.
  46. Web site: AC Energy Corporation - NorthWind . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211009061821/https://www.acenergy.com.ph/project/north-wind-power/ . October 9, 2021 . October 19, 2021 . AC Energy Corporation . en-US.
  47. Web site: February 5, 2017 . AC Energy Takes Control of Northwind . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211019071910/https://www.acenergy.com.ph/2017/02/ac-energy-takes-control-of-northwind/ . October 19, 2021 . October 19, 2021 . AC Energy Corporation . en-US.
  48. Web site: About Culture and Arts . www.ncca.gov.ph . January 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051754/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/cultprofile/natarts/theater/montano.php . September 28, 2007 . dead.
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  51. Web site: Damili. March 16, 2001.
  52. Web site: San Nicolas town in Ilocos Norte banks on heritage for development. December 14, 2014.
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