Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League Explained
Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League |
Sport: | Minor League Baseball |
President: | Michael H. Sexton (1901–1904) Edward Holland (1905–1907) Tom Loftus (1908) Michael H. Sexton (1909) Albert R. Tearney (1910–1917, 1919–1924) L.J. Wylie (1924–1932, 1935) Tom Fairweather (1937–1942, 1948–1950) Vern McMillan (1951) Hal Totten (1952–1959) Vern Hoscheit (1960–1961) |
Teams: | 31 |
Country: | United States of America |
Continent: | or |
Continents: | --> |
Most Champs: | 8 Evansville Braves/ Bees/ Hubs (1957, 1956, 1954, 1952, 1949, 1941, 1938, 1930) |
Classification: | Class D (1901) Class B (1902–1917, 1919–1932, 1935, 1937–1942, 1948–1961) |
The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League was a Minor League Baseball organization that operated for the better part of 60 seasons, with teams based in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska and Wisconsin. The league began play in 1901 and disbanded after the 1961 season. It was popularly known as the Three–I League and sometimes as the Three–Eye League.
The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League played from 1901 to 1961 with some interruptions due to world events: the league did not play in 1918 due to World War I and it had a break in 1933 and 1934 because of the Great Depression. After resuming play in 1935, it closed down in 1936, but reformed and had a six-year run from 1937 through 1942, before a break due to World War II. The league resumed play in 1946, lasting through 1961, where it was largely supplanted by the Midwest League. A Class B level league from 1902 throughout its lifespan, no other league survived for as long at that level.
History
The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League was founded in 1901 with Rock Island, Illinois native Michael H. Sexton serving as the first president. Eight charter members began play in 1901. The Bloomington Blues, Cedar Rapids Rabbitts, Davenport River Rats, Decatur Commodores, Evansville River Rats, Rock Island Islanders, Rockford Red Sox and Terre Haute Hottentots were the charter teams.[1] Bloomington, Illinois, Decatur, Illinois and Terre Haute, Indiana had left the Central League to join expansion teams in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Davenport, Iowa, Evansville, Indiana, Rockford, Illinois, and Rock Island, Illinois and form the Class D level league. Two expansion teams, Davenport and Evansville, chose "River Rats" as their team name.[2]
For the second season, 1902, the league became Class B level league, a classification it retained for the next 59 seasons of league operation.[3]
The Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League was inactive during some years of World War I (1918), the Great Depression (1933–1934, 1936) and World War II (1943–1945), similar to many minor leagues that were forced to suspend operations or disband during those severe times.[2] [4]
As with many minor leagues, especially at the lower classifications, league membership fluctuated a great deal over its six decades. Overall, the league hosted teams in 31 cities during its existence.[5] At various times it had teams in such medium-sized cities as Cedar Rapids, Davenport, Bloomington, Decatur, Danville, Peoria, Springfield, Evansville and Terre Haute. It was a Class B league in the old classification system that ran from Class D up to Class Triple-A.
The 1955 Keokuk Kernels are ranked #30 in the Top–100 All–Time minor league teams by MiLB.com.[6] The Kernels finished with a 92–34 record and were led by Russ Nixon and Mudcat Grant.[6]
Since 1956 its territory had largely been supplanted by the Midwest League, which began play in 1947 as the Class D level Illinois State League. After 1956 there were no Illinois or Indiana teams in the league. The final 1961 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League franchises were the Fox Cities Foxes, Burlington Bees, Topeka Reds, Lincoln Chiefs, Cedar Rapids Braves and Des Moines Demons.[7] In 1962, Appleton (Fox Cities), Burlington, and Cedar Rapids joined the Midwest League and the Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League folded operations when those franchises switched leagues.[8]
The league's unique name made it a convenient reference point for any mention of the minor leagues. Casey Stengel made the following comment in later life, evidently still feeling stung from having been traded by the New York Giants to the Boston Braves in the 1923–1924 off-season, despite having hit 2 game-winning home runs in the World Series: "It's lucky I didn't hit 3 home runs in three games, or McGraw would have traded me to the 3-I League!"
Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League teams (1901–1961)
Alton, Illinois
Appleton, Wisconsin
Bloomington, Illinois
Burlington, Iowa
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Clinton, Iowa
Danville, Illinois
Davenport, Iowa
- Davenport River Rats, 1901–1904
- Davenport Riversides, 1905
- Davenport Knickerbockers, 1906
- Davenport Prodigals, 1909–1912
- Davenport Blue Sox, 1913–1916
- Davenport Cubs, 1946–1947
- Davenport Pirates, 1948–1949
- Davenport Quads, 1950
- Davenport Tigers, 1951–1952
- Davenport DavSox, 1957–1958
Decatur, Illinois
- Decatur Commodores, 1901–1909, 1912–1915, 1922–1932,
1935, 1937–1942, 1946–1947, 1950
- Decatur Nomads, 1911
- Decatur Commies, 1948
- Decatur Cubs, 1949
Des Moines, Iowa
Dubuque, Iowa
Evansville, Indiana
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Freeport, Illinois
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Hannibal, Missouri
Joliet, Illinois
Keokuk, Iowa
Lincoln, Nebraska
Madison, Wisconsin
Moline, Illinois
Peoria, Illinois
Quincy, Illinois
Rochester, Minnesota
Rock Island, Illinois
Rockford, Illinois
Sioux City, Iowa
Springfield, Illinois
Terre Haute, Indiana
Topeka, Kansas
Waterloo, Iowa
Winona, Minnesota
Year-by-year (1901–1932)
1901 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Terre Haute won the title behind the impressive pitching of Mordecai Brown, future Chicago Cubs mound star.
1902 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
1903 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Evansville and Terre Haute joined the Central League. New teams in Dubuque, Iowa and Joliet, Illinois formed. Joliet, with a record of 14–19, moved to Springfield, Illinois on June 12, where they had a record of 28–61.
1904 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
1905 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Rockford team folded, and a new team in Peoria, Illinois formed.
After the season ended, Cedar Rapids lost to the Burlington, Iowa team from the Iowa State League 4 games to 3.
1906 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
1907 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Davenport team folded. The team from Clinton, Iowa joined after leaving the Iowa State League.
1908 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
1909 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Clinton team folded. A new team in Davenport, Iowa formed.
1910 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
After the previous disappointing season, Cedar Rapids folded. The Decatur team moved to the Northern Association. The team from Waterloo, Iowa left the Central Association to join here. A new team from Danville, Illinois formed and joined the league as well.
1911 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The team from Bloomington folded. The Quincy, Illinois team from the Central Association joined the league. The Springfield team, with a 12–4 record, moved to Decatur, Illinois on May 31, where their record was 57–56.
1912 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams from Rock Island and Waterloo folded. New teams from Springfield, Illinois and Bloomington, Indiana joined the league.
1913 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
1914 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Danville team, with a record of 26–53, moved to Moline, Illinois on July 14, where their record was 20–33.
1915 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Springfield team folded. A new team in Rockford, Illinois formed. Dubuque moved to Freeport, Illinois during the season. The Decatur team folded on August 10. The league adopted a playoff system in which the team with the best record in the first half of the season would play the team with the best record in the second half of the season.
Moline beat Davenport 4 games to 2 for the title.
1916 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Freeport team folded. New teams in Hannibal, Missouri and Rock Island, Illinois formed and joined the league. The playoff system was apparently dropped.
1917 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Davenport team folded. A new team in Alton, Illinois formed and joined the league.
1918, The league suspended operations because of World War I.
1919 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams in Alton, Hannibal, Quincy, and Rock Island folded. New teams in Evansville, Indiana and Terre Haute, Indiana formed and joined the league.
1920 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
New teams in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and Rock Island, Illinois formed and joined the league. Evansville changed their names to the "Evas".
1921 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
1922 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams in Cedar Rapids and Rock Island moved to the Mississippi Valley League. New teams in Danville and Decatur formed and joined the league.
1923 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
1924 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The Rockford team folded. The Moline team moved to the Mississippi Valley League.
1925 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
New teams in Quincy and Springfield formed and joined the league.
1926 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Springfield played Bay City of the Michigan State League and won 4 games to none. They were leading against Des Moines of the Western League 3 games to 1 when the series was canceled due to cold weather.
1927 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
1928 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The league returned to the playoff format in which the team with the best record in the first half of the season played the team with the best records in the second half of the season for the title.
Decatur beat Terre Haute for the title 4 games to 1, with 1 tie.
1929 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Two teams with the nickname "Tractors" played in the league this season.
Quincy played Canton of the
Central League after the season ended and lost 4 games to 2.
1930 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The league returned to the best record in the 1st half vs. best record in the 2nd half playoff system.
Danville defeated Evansville 4 games to 2 for the title. Danville went on to play Springfield of the Central League and lead 3 games to 2 when the series was cancelled because of poor attendance.
1931 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Quincy beat Springfield 4 games to 2 for the championship.
1932 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
The teams in Bloomington and Evansville folded before the season, and the Springfield and Decatur teams folded on July 12.
The Terre Haute, Peoria, Quincy, and Danville teams all folded on July 15, as did the league itself. The league was restarted in 1935, 1937–1942, and 1946–1961.
Year–by–year 1935 to 1949
1935 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
Playoff: Springfield 4 games, Bloomington 2. Bloomington was declared the winner when Springfield refused to replay protested final game that was upheld by the league president.
1937 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa Leagueschedule Bloomington and Terre Haute disbanded July 3, at the end of the first half.
Playoff: Moline 4 games, Clinton 2.
1938 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa Leagueschedule Playoffs: Decatur 3 games, Springfield 2; Mobile 3 games, Evansville 1.
Finals: Decatur 4 games, Moline 1.
1939 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa Leagueschedule Playoffs: Springfield 3 games, Evansville 1; Decatur 3 games, Cedar Rapids 1.
Finals: Springfield 3 games, Decatur 2.
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!TotDel Jones | Cedar Rapids | BA | .362 | | Joe Callahan | | Evansville | W | 19 |
Del Jones | Cedar Rapids | Runs | 120 | | Mike Naymick | Cedar Rapids | SO | 181 |
Del Jones | Cedar Rapids | Hits | 168 | | Joe Callahan | Evansville | ERA | 1.86 |
George Binks | Cedar Rapids | RBI | 116 | | Roger Wolff | Cedar Rapids | PCT | .750 15–5 |
Fred Stroble | Springfield | HR | 21 | |
1940 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League Playoffs: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Springfield 0; Decatur 3 games, Evansville 2.
Finals: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Decatur 1.
1941 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League schedule Playoffs: Decatur 3 games, Evansville 2; Cedar Rapids 3 games, Springfield 1.
Finals: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Decatur 2.
1942 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League Playoffs: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Evansville 2; Madison 3 games, Springfield 1.
Finals: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Madison 0.
The league did not play in 1943, 1944 and 1945 due to World War II1946 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League Playoffs: Davenport defeated Danville in a one game playoff for first place; Evansville 3 games, Davenport 1. Terre Haute 3 games, Danville 1.
Finals: Evansville 3 games, Terre Haute 0.
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!Tot Rube Walker | Davenport | BA | .354 | | Bob Kohout | Danville | W | 14 |
Richard Welker | Terre Haute | Runs | 105 | | Ken Manus | Waterloo | W | 14 |
Cal Abrams | Danville | Hits | 146 | | Charles Shipman | Evansville | W | 14 |
Bill Sanders | Terre Haute | RBI | 96 | | Ray Shore | Springfield | SO | 157 |
Bill Sanders | Terre Haute | HR | 14 | | Jean Davison | Davenport | ERA | 2.18 |
Jim Christie | Terre Haute | HR | 14 | | Jean Davison | Davenport | PCT | .867 13–2 | |
1947 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League Playoffs: Springfield defeated Waterloo in a playoff for third place; Danville 3 games, Springfield 2; Waterloo 3 games, Terre Haute 0.
Finals: Waterloo 4 games, Danville 1.
1948 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa Leagueschedule Playoffs: Terre Haute 3 games, Danville 2. Evansville 3 games, Quincy 2.
Finals: Evansville 4 games, Terre Haute 0.
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!Tot John Novosel | Springfield | BA | .339 | | Art Bohman | Quincy | W | 16 |
Bob Marquis | Quincy | Runs | 108 | | Lew Burdette | Quincy | W | 16 |
Bob Marquis | Quincy | Hits | 164 | | Glenn Thompson | Evansville | SO | 230 |
Kite Thomas | Quincy | RBI | 99 | | David Thieke | Danville | ERA | 1.81 |
John Novosel | Springfield | HR | 22 | | Glenn Thompson | Evansville | PCT | .789 15–4 |
Don Lenhardt | Springfield | HR | 22 | |
1949 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa Leagueschedule Playoffs: Evansville 3 games, Terre Haute 2; Davenport 3 games, Waterloo 2.
Finals: Davenport 3 games, Evansville 0.
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!Tot Emil Tellinger | Quincy | BA | .322 | | Bob Miller | Terre Haute | W | 19 |
Herman Rhodes | Waterloo | Runs | 86 | | Paul Stuffel | Terre Haute | SO | 288 |
Robert Anderlik | Decatur | Hits | 140 | | William Koszarek | Terre Haute | ERA | 1.97 |
Ed McGhee | Waterloo | RBI | 88 | | William Koszarek | Terre Haute | PCT | .875 14–2 |
Lloyd Lowe | Decatur | HR | 15 |
Emil Tellinger | Quincy | HR | 15 | |
Year-by-year 1950 to 1961
1950 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League
1950 Three-I League schedule
Playoffs: Terre Haute 3 games, Quincy 0; Danville 3 games, Waterloo 0.
Finals: Terre Haute 3 games, Danville 1.
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!Tot Jim King | Cedar Rapids | BA | .332 | | Jacob Schmitt | Terre Haute | W | 21 |
Jack Lillis | Danville | Runs | 110 | | Niles Jordan | Terre Haute | SO | 206 |
Frank Marchio | Quincy | Hits | 162 | | Niles Jordan | Terre Haute | ERA | 2.35 |
Frank Marchio | Quincy | RBI | 112 | | Jacob Schmitt | Terre Haute | PCT | .808 21–5 |
Allen Thomas | Waterloo | HR | 25 | |
1951 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa Leagueschedule Playoffs: Quincy 3 games, Terre Haute 1; Cedar Rapids 3 games, Evansville 2.
Finals: Quincy 3 games, Cedar Rapids 2.
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!Tot Jim Command | Terre Haute | BA | .328 | | Alfred Dumouchelle | Evansville | W | 17 |
James Deery | Terre Haute | Runs | 103 | | Jack Urban | Quincy | W | 17 |
Jim Command | Terre Haute | Hits | 166 | | Bob P. Coleman | Cedar Rapids | W | 17 |
Robert Erps | Davenport | RBI | 97 | | Jack Urban | Quincy | SO | 164 |
Bill Renna | Quincy | HR | 26 | | Ben Johnson | Evansville | ERA | 2.47 |
| | | | | Daniel Ramer | Terre Haute | PCT | .750 15–5 | |
1952 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League schedule Playoffs: Evansville 3 games, Burlington 2; Terre Haute 3 games, Waterloo 0.
Finals: Terre Haute 3 games, Evansville 1.
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!Tot Art Pennington | Keokuk | BA | .349 | | George Yorke | Evansville | W | 17 |
Art Pennington | Keokuk | Runs | 126 | | Bud Daley | Cedar Rapids | SO | 198 |
Chuck Harmon | Burlington | Hits | 153 | | Gerald Speck | Waterloo | ERA | 2.44 |
Horace Garner | Evansville | RBI | 107 | | Stewart Alton | Evansville | PCT | .786 11–3 |
Robert Erps | Waterloo | HR | 27 | |
1953 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa Leagueschedule Playoffs: Evansville 3 games, Terre Haute 2; Quincy 3 games, Waterloo 1.
Finals: Quincy 3 games, Evansville 0.
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!TotBob Coats | Cedar Rapids | BA | .327 | | Jim Owens | Terre Haute | W | 22 |
James Fishback | Peoria | Runs | 107 | | Seth Morehead | Terre Haute | SO | 206 |
Bob Coats | Cedar Rapids | Hits | 162 | | Joe Stanka | Cedar Rapids | ERA | 2.35 |
Ed Barbarito | Quincy | Hits | 162 | | Jim Owens | Terre Haute | PCT | .733 22–8 |
Ed Barbarito | Quincy | RBI | 127 |
Marv Throneberry | Quincy | HR | 30 | |
1954 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League schedule Playoffs: Peoria 3 games, Evansville 1; Quincy 3 games, Keokuk 1.
Finals: Quincy 3 games, Peoria 0.
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!Tot Tom Gott | Quincy | BA | .348 | | Stan Pitula | Keokuk | W | 20 |
Ed Barbarito | Quincy | Runs | 121 | | Stan Pitula | Keokuk | SO | 172 |
Tom Gott | Quincy | Hits | 168 | | Ray Rippelmeyer | Evansville | ERA | 2.91 |
Bob Kosis | Peoria | RBI | 121 | | Ray Rippelmeyer | Evansville | PCT | .762 16–5 |
Ed Barbarito | Quincy | HR | 35 | |
1955 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League schedule Playoffs: Keokuk 3 games, Peoria 0; Burlington 3 games, Waterloo 1.
Finals: Keokuk 3 games, Burlington 1.
1956 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League scheduleTerre Haute disbanded July 3.
Playoffs: None Scheduled
1957 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa Leagueschedule Playoffs: None Scheduled
Player Statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!Tot Horace Garner | Evansville | BA | .334 | | Don Nichols | Peoria | W | 20 |
Billy Smith | Evansville | Runs | 107 | | Hal Trosky Jr. | Davenport | SO | 204 |
George Holder | Evansville | Hits | 148 | | Don Nichols | Peoria | ERA | 2.09 |
Horace Garner | Evansville | RBI | 100 | | Don Nichols | Peoria | PCT | .870 20–3 |
Jim Koranda | Cedar Rapids | HR | 31 | |
1958 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League -
scheduleRochester (20—37) moved to Winona June 29.
Playoff: Cedar Rapids 3 games, Davenport 2.
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!Tot Carlos Pascual | Fox Cities | BA | .372 | | Bill Hamilton | Cedar Rapids | W | 15 |
Frank Howard | Green Bay | Runs | 104 | | Ed Rakow | Green Bay | W | 15 |
Bob Sager | Davenport | Hits | 180 | | Robert Sedlak | Green Bay | W | 15 |
Frank Howard | Green Bay | RBI | 119 | | Stan Horvatin | Roches/Winona | SO | 210 |
Frank Howard | Green Bay | HR | 37 | | Bill Hamilton | Cedar Rapids | ERA | 2.18 |
| | | | | Bob Hendley | Cedar Rapids | PCT | .737 14–5 | |
1959 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League schedule Playoff: Green Bay 3 games, Des Moines 1.
1960 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa Leagueschedule Playoff: None Scheduled
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!Tot Pete Ward | Fox Cities | BA | .345 | | Ron Woods | Lincoln | W | 17 |
Frank Montgomery | Fox Cities | Runs | 111 | | Hank Fischer | Cedar Rapids | SO | 217 |
Gerry Reimer | Des Moines | Hits | 179 | | Hank Fischer | Grand Rapids | ERA | 2.01 |
Billy Joe Dashner | Topeka | RBI | 108 | | Hank Fischer | Grand Rapids | PCT | .682 15–7 |
Manly Johnston | Lincoln | HR | 23 |
Billy Joe Dashner | Topeka | HR | 23 | |
1961 Illinois–Indiana–Iowa Leagueschedule Playoff: None Scheduled
Player statistics !Player!! Team!!Stat!! Tot!!!!Player!!Team!!Stat!!Tot Dick Haines | Des Moines | BA | .355 | | Bill Holmes | Cedar Rapids | W | 18 |
Tommy Harper | Topeka | Runs | 131 | | Bob Locker | Lincoln | SO | 215 |
Paul Snyder | Cedar Rapids | Hits | 153 | | Bill Holmes | Cedar Rapids | ERA | 2.21 |
Miles McWilliams | Topeka | RBI | 102 | | Bill Holmes | Cedar Rapids | PCT | .818 18–4 |
Barry Morgan | Cedar Rapids | HR | 23 |
Source:[9] | |
Baseball Hall of Fame alumni
- Luis Aparicio, 1954 Waterloo White Hawks Lou Boudreau, 1938 Cedar Rapids Raiders
- Mordecai Brown, 1901 Terre Haute Hottentots; 1919–1920 Terre Haute Browns Jim Bunning, 1951 Davenport Tigers Red Faber, 1909–1910 Dubuque Dubs Warren Giles, 1920–1921 Moline Plowboys Hank Greenberg, 1931 Evansville Hubs Burleigh Grimes, 1935 Bloomington Bloomers Whitey Herzog, 1952 Quincy Gems Carl Hubbell, 1927 Decatur Commodores Chuck Klein, 1927 Evansville Hubs Tony Lazzeri, 1923 Peoria Tractors Joe McGinnity, 1922 Danville Veterans Red Ruffing, 1923 Danville Veterans Warren Spahn, 1941 Evansville Bees Earl Weaver, 1960–1961 Fox Cities Foxes Billy Williams, 1958 Burlington Bees
- also: Milo Hamilton, 1950–1951 Davenport Tigers Announcer, Ford C. Frick Award
Three-I Most Valuable Players
Source:[9]
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: 1901 Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League - Baseball-Reference.com. Baseball-Reference.com.
- Web site: Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League (D) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com. Baseball-Reference.com.
- Web site: Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League (B) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com. Baseball-Reference.com.
- Web site: Register League Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com. Baseball-Reference.com.
- Web site: Era comes to close for Q-C minor league baseball. Steve. Batterson. qctimes.com. May 19, 2009 .
- Web site: Top 100 Teams - MiLB.com History - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball. MiLB.com.
- Web site: 1961 Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League - Baseball-Reference.com. Baseball-Reference.com.
- Web site: Midwest League (A) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com. Baseball-Reference.com.
- Book: The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball . Lloyd . Johnson . Miles . Wolff . Third . . 2007 . 978-1932391176.
- Web site: Tommy Harper – Society for American Baseball Research.
- News: Three-I Loop MVP to Ward. Newspapers.com. News-Record. Neenah. September 3, 1960. 5.
- Web site: Frank Howard – Society for American Baseball Research.