Illegal immigration to Malaysia explained

Illegal immigration to Malaysia is the cross-border movement of people to Malaysia under conditions where official authorisation is lacking, breached, expired, fraudulent, or irregular. The cross-border movement of workers has become well-established in Southeast Asia, with Malaysia a major labour-receiving country and Indonesia and the Philippines the region's main labour-sending states. Managing cross-border migration (labour, refugee and human trafficking) has become an issue of increasing concern in Malaysia and its international relations.

Definitions

The term "illegal", when applied to "migration" and "migrant", has been replaced in recent years by "irregular" and "undocumented"[1] on the grounds that "illegal" is inaccurate, degrading, and prejudicial.[2] [3] Key institutions have adopted the new terms: the UN General Assembly (1975), the International Labour Organization (2004), the European Parliament (2009), and the Associated Press (2013)[2] and other US news agencies.[3]

The new terms are rarely used in official and academic discourse in Malaysia, where the popular term is "illegal immigrant".[4] The term "illegals", elsewhere perceived as outdated and pejorative,[5] is regularly used in Malaysian media.[6]

The terminology is also obscure because Malaysian law (Immigration Act 1959/63) does not distinguish between undocumented economic migrants, refugees, asylum seekers and trafficked people; all are designated as illegal immigrants.[7] The term "illegal immigrant" designates a variety of groups who are all liable to arrest, detention and deportation for immigration offences:[4] [7] [8]

Background

See main article: Immigration to Malaysia. Patterns of migration and the roles and responses of governments in the region concerning migration are rooted in the region's history. Present-day Malaysia has been a migration crossroads, where borders were lacking or permeable.

Pre-colonial migration

Malaysia's first generations of migrants were indigenous peoples, the Orang Asli, believed to have been part of the first wave of migration from Africa about 50,000 years ago or more-recent Asian evolution.[9] [10] The Malay Peninsula developed from port towns which thrived on trade routes from China to India[10] and hosted the next migrants as merchants settled in the ports, some assimilating into the local communities.[11] By the fifth century AD, networks of these towns had evolved into organised political spheres of influence defined by their centre rather than their borders. At the periphery, control is less certain. Borders may be permeable and control sometimes overlaps; areas might be under several powers, or none.[12]

During the second-century Langkasuka kingdoms, the eighth-century Srivijaya empire and the 15th-century Malacca Sultanate, the centre of power shifted between Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. In addition to their link by political rule, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula were also linked by intermarriage between the Sumatran and Peninsular ruling elite (which led to the migration of their followers).

Other significant early migrants are those now classified as Melayu Anak Dagang (non-Malays who migrated to the region and later assimilated into Malay culture, distinct from Melayu Anak Jati: ethnic Malays who are native to the region,[13] including the Minangkabau people from Sumatra and the Bugis people from Sulawesi, Indonesia.[14] Based on Malaysia's long history as a society of migrants, researchers at University Sains Malaysia say: "It is, however, pertinent to put the record straight that migration of people to the artificially created enclave known as Malaysia today dated back to centuries. Malaysia like many ex-colonies is artificial ..."

Researcher Anthony Reid draws another conclusion from this history – that Malaysia, like the US and Australia, is best viewed as an immigrant society:[14]

Refugees and asylum-seekers

See main article: Vietnamese boat people and Refugees of the Philippines. Malaysia, like most of its Southeast Asian neighbours, did not sign the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and maintains that newly-arrived aliens are illegal immigrants rather than refugees.[15] However, since the early 1970s it has allowed Muslims involved in a conflict in their own country (especially the Moro people of the southern Philippines) to seek refuge in Malaysia.[16] In 1975, Malaysia accepted thousands of Cambodian Muslims who had fled the Pol Pot regime. During the Indochina refugee crisis, Malaysia allowed a small number of Cambodian Muslims to immigrate (assisted by the Malaysian Muslim Welfare Organisation, funded by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Malaysian government.[16] In 1980, Malaysia began admitting Rohingya and Acehnese Muslims who were fleeing the persecution in Myanmar and insurgency in Indonesia.[16]

Malaysian Deputy Minister of Home Affairs Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar said in 2015 that his ministry has told the UNHCR several times that "Malaysia is not a signatory to its convention on refugees", and the United Nations should send refugees to another Third-World nation. Jaafar also said that refugees and migrant workers needed to observe Malaysian law in the country.[17] According to Deputy Foreign Minister Reezal Merican Naina Merican,

Immigration management Domestic politics

According to a National Registration Department (NRD) official, 60,000 illegal immigrants in the east Malaysian state of Sabah received Malaysian identity cards (MyKads);[18] such allegations are known as Project IC. Former senator and state assemblyman Chong Eng Leong alleged in 2012 that there are 700,000 "Project IC citizens" and that 200,000 of them are on the state electoral roll.[19] This was done through an ethnic connection to people in certain Malaysian occupations (such as the NRD, politics or security forces). A syndicate from Pakistan has mainly Pakistani clients, and syndicates from Myanmar and Indonesia have their own clients.[20] Filipinos with identity documents brought family members to Sabah.[21] [20] An officer of the Eastern Sabah Security Command said that the corruption of local authorities and the issuance of fraudulent identity cards played an important role in the increase of crime in Sabah.[22] Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad has said that illegal immigrants long resident in Malaysia should not be barred from citizenship.[23] [24]

According to researchers Myfel Joseph Paluga and Andrea Malaya Ragragio of the University of the Philippines Mindanao, the flood of migrants from Mindanao to Sabah was partly encouraged by Sabah politicians who "wanted to be the Sultan of Sulu" after the fall of the United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) and Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA) administrations.[25] Following the rampant Islamisation and Muslims migration led by USNO chief Mustapha Harun, the Muslim population in Sabah drastically increased with negative perception from the native indigenous towards the Islamic religion also increased as it have been endangering the local culture and practice of the indigenous.[26] As part of the Islamisation of Sabah state, Malaysia affords shelter around Sabah to Filipino Muslims escaping from the conflicts between Philippine government and their fellow separatists in their homeland of Mindanao.[27] [28] [29] [30] The Eastern Sabah Security Command Security Coordinating Intelligence Officer said that although the foreigners remained in Sabah, their loyalty to their homeland (Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago) in the Philippines never swayed and they brought drugs, smuggling and piracy. The Filipinos from this region are reportedly vengeful and ill-tempered and disputes often result in shooting and bloody feuds ("a culture they call Rido").[22]

During the influx of the Vietnamese boat people, the Malaysian government felt that they would threaten its national security and racial balance; most refugees resemble Malaysian Chinese, resulting in quick repatriation.[31] The Malaysian government blamed the United States, accusing it of causing the Vietnam War and a massive influx of refugees to Vietnam's neighbours.[31] Some Sabah Muslim MPs and State Assembly members, such as Rosnah Shirlin and Abdul Rahim Ismail, were aware of the Filipino Muslim problem. According to Shirlin,

Ismail agreed:

The Royal Commission of Inquiry on illegal immigrants in Sabah investigated the granting of citizenship to illegal immigrants. Former National Registration Director Mohd Nasir Sugip said that he was part of a secret operation, Ops Durian Buruk (Operation Rotten Durian),[32] during the early 1990s in which the Election Commission of Malaysia and former Deputy Home Minister Megat Junid Megat Ayub instructed his department to issue national identity cards to foreigners to change Sabah's voting demographics.[33] The names of 16,000 illegal immigrants were changed by the instruction of the Sabah Election Commission.[34] Former Sabah NRD director Ramli Kamarudin said that former Sabah Chief Minister Osu Sukam was present when Megat Junid gave instructions to carry out the project IC exercise.[35]

A Filipino man said that he received an identity card without applying for it,[36] and Indian and Pakistani immigrants said that they received identity cards less than 10 years after they arrived in Sabah during the 1980s.[37] The irregularities reportedly angered Sabahan natives, including those in neighbouring Sarawak.[38] The Christian Dayak people are stateless, without birth certificates, while the newly-arrived illegal immigrants can obtain Malaysian identity cards in a short time.[39] The Malaysian government reportedly favours Muslim asylum-seekers.[40]

National security

In 2008, the Sabah deputy chief minister said that some illegal immigrants attempted to become Malaysian security-force members with fake identity cards.[41] A Sulu militant in Sabah was a Malaysian police corporal with family in the southern Philippines who was believed to have aided militants in illegally entering and leaving the state.[42] A security guard from Tawau in Sabah killed a bank officer in Subang Jaya, Selangor during a robbery. The security guard had a fake identity card,[43] and was later identified as an Indonesian from Sulawesi.[44] Lim Kit Siang asked how the security guard obtained a MyKad, enabling him to work at the bank:

In addition to Sabah, the border in the Straits of Malacca between Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra enabled Indonesian immigrants to illegally enter the country; in 2014, an overloaded migrant boat sank.[45]

Human trafficking

See main article: Human trafficking in Malaysia and Human rights in Malaysia. Malaysia, Thailand and Venezuela were listed in the third and lowest tier of the US Department of State's 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report. The country has made little progress to combat the exploitation of foreign migrant workers subjected to forced labour and those recruited under false pretenses and coerced into sex work.[46] Rohingya refugees, seeking a better life in Malaysia, are frequently victimised by human traffickers who confine, beat and starve them and demand ransoms from their families.[47] Many Filipinas, promised good jobs in other countries by brokers in the Philippines, have been trafficked to Malaysia and are vulnerable to detention by Malaysian authorities for illegal entry.[48] Vietnamese and Chinese traffickers have shifted their prostitution rings to Malaysia, making Vietnamese women the largest number of foreign prostitutes in the country[49] (followed by Cambodian women).[50] Traffickers usually offer victims good-paying jobs in Malaysia; when they meet a trafficker (posing as a manager), they are imprisoned, raped and forced into sex work.[51] [52] Chinese traffickers kidnapped children, maimed them and used them to beg in the streets of Kuala Lumpur.[53] [54]

Malaysia is an electrical-parts manufacturing centre, and large companies such as Panasonic and Samsung (as well as the McDonald's fast-food chain) were accused of poor treatment of workers.[55] [56] Cambodian housemaids have reportedly been poorly treated,[57] [58] and a Cambodian maid detained in a Malaysian immigration centre said that she saw three Cambodian and Vietnamese women die after severe abuse; Thai, Indonesian and Laotian prisoners were also reportedly abused.[59] This however refuted by Malaysian Deputy Home Minister Nur Jazlan Mohamed who said the matter has been investigated and no deaths are actually occurred.[60] Nevertheless, a Malaysian couple were sentenced to death for starving their Cambodian maid to death.[61] [62]

Child-selling is ongoing, with babies brought from countries such as Thailand and Cambodia. Some are bought by infertile couples, but the less fortunate are sold to traffickers and forced to become sex slaves or beggars.[63] Prostitution rings also offer babies from their foreign sex workers who become pregnant; some sex workers contact couples to offer their babies, since Malaysian law forbids migrant workers from having children in the country.[64]

Social impact

In 1986, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) attempted to integrate Filipino refugees in Sabah with local communities if it could not repatriate them to the Philippines; however, this was opposed by the Sabah state government and local residents.[65] [66] The UNHCR tried a similar solution in 2015, issuing refugee cards in West Malaysia without government approval.[67]

Policy

The Immigration Department of Malaysia has promised that Malaysia will be free from illegal immigrants in 2020.[68]

Amnesty programme

In 2011, Malaysia introduced Program 6P to reduce the number of illegal immigrants. The 6P is shorthand for six Malay words beginning with p: pendaftaran (registration), pemutihan (legalisation), pengampunan (amnesty), pemantauan (supervision), penguatkuasaan (enforcement) and pengusiran (deportation).[69] Illegal immigrants were given three weeks to accept the offer or face legal penalties if found without a valid travel document or work permit.[70] There was a call to strengthen the programme by monitoring management companies appointed as intermediaries between employers and illegal foreign workers.[71]

Enforcement

Regional co-operation

A joint border commission has been formed with the Philippines to patrol from the southern Philippines to East Malaysia,[75] and Thailand has agreed to lengthen its border wall along the Malaysian state of Kedah to curb the flow of illegal workers across the Malay–Thai border.[76] Spanish Ambassador to Malaysia María Bassols Delgado has urged the country to develop closer ties with other ASEAN nations to solve the immigrant problem: "Close understanding between Asean countries would result in a more effective approach to identify the individuals who entered the country illegally and without identification papers. This would facilitate the process of sending them back to their countries of origin".[77] Malaysia received two Bay-class patrol boats from Australia in 2015, and said that the vessels would be used to protect their maritime borders from illegal migration across the Straits of Malacca.[78] Before a November 2016 meeting between Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak in Putrajaya, both leaders agreed to deport illegal Filipino migrants and refugees in Sabah back to the Philippines and signed agreements to improve the social conditions of legal Filipino migrants and expatriates in the state with a school, hospital, and consulate.[79] That month, Thai Defence Minister Prawit Wongsuwan announced a plan to replace the southern Malay–Thai border fence with a wall; Wongsuwan got the idea from a meeting in Laos with his Malaysian counterparts.[80]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Report on methodological issues. European Commission. CLANDESTINO project. 22 October 2016. 7. November 2008.
  2. Web site: Terminology Leaflet. PICUM. 22 October 2016. 2. https://web.archive.org/web/20160317120136/http://picum.org/picum.org/uploads/file_/TerminologyLeaflet_reprint_FINAL.pdf. 17 March 2016. dead. dmy-all.
  3. Web site: Human Rights Watch Guidelines for Describing Migrants. Human Rights Watch. 22 October 2016. 24 June 2014.
  4. Web site: Azizah Kassim. Ragayah Haji Mat Zin. Policy on Irregular Migrants in Malaysia: An Analysis of its Implementation and Effectiveness. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. 22 October 2016. 3. December 2011.
  5. News: Emily Bazelon. The Unwelcome Return of 'Illegals'. 22 October 2016. The New York Times. 18 August 2015.
  6. A sampling: Illegals a clear and present danger to nation, Home Ministry blamed for influx of illegals, No terrorists, only illegals slipped through KLIA immigration - Zahid
  7. Web site: Anni Santhiago. Human Smuggling, Migration And Human Rights: A Malaysian Perspective. The International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP). 22 October 2016. 1. July 2005. 3 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160803115450/http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/140/122_Santhiago.pdf. usurped.
  8. Web site: Azizah Kassim. Cross-Border Movement of Foreign Workers in Malaysia: A Comparative Analysis. https://web.archive.org/web/20161022224827/http://www.mbam.org.my/mbam/images/MBJ3Q05pdf/@CROSSBORDER(78-91).pdf. dead. 2016-10-22. Master Builders Association Malaysia. 22 October 2016. 82. 2005.
  9. Simonson TS, Xing J, Barrett R, Jerah E, Loa P, Zhang Y, etal . Ancestry of the Iban Is Predominantly Southeast Asian. PLOS ONE. 2011. 6. 1. e16338. 10.1371/journal.pone.0016338. 21305013. 3031551. free.
  10. Hatin WI, Nur-Shafawati AR, Zahri MK, Xu S, Jin L, Tan SG, etal . Population Genetic Structure of Peninsular Malaysia Malay Sub-Ethnic Groups. PLOS ONE. 2. 2011. 6. 4. 10.1371/journal.pone.0018312. 21483678. 3071720. 2011PLoSO...618312H. free.
  11. Web site: Drabble, John. Economic History of Malaysia. EH.Net Encyclopedia. 29 October 2016. July 31, 2004.
  12. Ferguson, R. James. Complexity in the centre: the new Southeast Asian mandala. Culture Mandala: The Bulletin of the Centre for East-West Cultural and Economic Studies. 1994. 1. 2. 3. 29 October 2016.
  13. Web site: Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli . Rahmat Mohamad. Were the Malays immigrants?. Malay Mail Online. 29 October 2016. June 5, 2014.
  14. Web site: Reid, Anthony. Malaysia/Singapore as Immigrant Societies. Asia Research Institute. ARI Working Paper, No. 141. 29 October 2016. 14. July 2010.
  15. Book: Franklin Ng. The History and Immigration of Asian Americans. 1998. Taylor & Francis. 978-0-8153-2690-8. 177–.
  16. Book: Sara Ellen Davies. Legitimising Rejection: International Refugee Law in Southeast Asia. 2008. BRILL. 978-90-04-16351-5. 145–.
  17. Web site: Enough, time refugees left Malaysia, deputy home minister tells UN. Opalyn Mok. The Malay Mail. 16 January 2015. 16 January 2015.
  18. Web site: Sabah RCI: Senior NRD official provided a list of 60,000 illegal immigrants with IC. Stephanie Lee. The Star. 17 July 2013. 9 November 2014.
  19. Web site: Sabah's lingering misery over 'Project IC'. Chong Eng Leong. 13 August 2012. Malaysiakini. 29 November 2012.
  20. Book: Kamal Sadiq. Paper Citizens: How Illegal Immigrants Acquire Citizenship in Developing Countries. 2 December 2008. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-970780-5. 60.
  21. Web site: RCI: Filipinos with IC would bring family members to Sabah. Tharanya Arumugam. New Straits Times. 3 December 2014. 3 December 2014.
  22. Web site: Illegals: Graft, illegal issuance of ICs, councils blamed . . 24 June 2014 . 9 November 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140629160829/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=90149 . 29 June 2014 . dmy-all .
  23. Book: Diane K. Mauzy. R. S. Milne. Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir. 22 January 2002. Routledge. 978-1-134-69521-8. 100–.
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  25. Web site: Why the exodus to Sabah continued . Daily Express . 28 October 2016 . 28 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161028102229/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=113694 . 28 October 2016 . dead . dmy .
  26. Book: I. K. Khan. Islam in Modern Asia. 1 January 2006. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.. 978-81-7533-094-8. 277.
  27. Web site: Inquiry clears Malaysia govt in citizenship-for-votes scheme. Agence France-Presse. Rappler. 3 December 2014. 3 December 2014.
  28. Web site: Official inquiry clears Malaysia government in citizenship-for-votes scheme in Sabah. The Straits Times. 3 December 2014. 3 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141215095050/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/asia-report/malaysia/story/official-inquiry-clears-malaysia-government-citizenship-vot. 15 December 2014. dead. dmy-all.
  29. 3693626. When States Prefer Non-Citizens over Citizens: Conflict over Illegal Immigration into Malaysia. Kamal Sadiq. International Studies Quarterly. Wiley Online Library. March 2005. 101–122. 49. 1. 10.1111/j.0020-8833.2005.00336.x. free.
  30. Web site: Who should be included? Non-citizens, conflict and the constitution of the citizenry. Matthew J. Gibney. Queen Elizabeth House. Department for International Development. September 2006. 10 November 2014. 6/9.
  31. Book: Robert Hopkins Miller. Vietnam and Beyond: A Diplomat's Cold War Education. 2002. Texas Tech University Press. 978-0-89672-491-4. 178.
  32. Web site: 'Ops Durian Buruk'in early 1990s, says ex-NRD officer. The Borneo Post. 17 January 2013. 10 November 2014.
  33. Web site: We gave Muslim foreigners IDs to vote. FMT Staff. Free Malaysia Today. 16 January 2013. 10 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141111064603/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/01/16/we-gave-muslim-foreigners-ids-to-vote/. 11 November 2014. dead. dmy-all.
  34. Web site: EC ordered NRD to give ICs, change immigrants' names, RCI told. Boo Su-Lyn. The Malaysian Insider. 16 January 2013. 10 November 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130118024743/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/ec-ordered-nrd-to-give-ics-change-immigrants-names-rci-told. 18 January 2013. dmy-all.
  35. Web site: RCI revelations could drown Musa, Umno. Calvin Kabaron. Free Malaysia Today. 18 January 2013. 10 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141111065614/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/01/18/rci-revelations-could-drown-musa-umno/. 11 November 2014. dead. dmy-all.
  36. Web site: Filipino refugee says got blue IC without applying for it. Boo Su-Lyn. The Malaysian Insider. 17 January 2013. 10 November 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141111064001/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/filipino-refugee-says-got-blue-ic-without-applying-for-it. 11 November 2014. dmy-all.
  37. Web site: Pakistani, Indian migrants tell how they got ICs. Boo Su-Lyn. The Malaysian Insider. 18 January 2013. 10 November 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141111064207/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/pakistani-indian-migrants-tell-how-they-got-ics/. 11 November 2014. dmy-all.
  38. Web site: Kurup: Sabahans oppose Project IC. https://web.archive.org/web/20151105194414/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/11/01/kurup-sabahans-oppose-project-ic/. dead. 5 November 2015. Free Malaysia Today. 1 November 2015. 9 November 2015.
  39. Web site: Sabah RCI disclosures anger Sarawakian. Joseph Tawie. Free Malaysia Today. 23 January 2013. 10 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141111065618/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/01/23/sabah-rci-disclosures-anger-sarawakians/. 11 November 2014. dead. dmy-all.
  40. Web site: Why do certain refugees get VIP treatment over others in Malaysia?. Jia Vern Tham. cilisos.my. 26 December 2016. 13 July 2018.
  41. Web site: Sabah MPs demand Govt Resolve Illegal immigrant Problem. Malaysia Today. 20 October 2016.
  42. Web site: DIGP: Detained police corporal has family ties in southern Philippines . New Sabah Times . 29 June 2014 . 10 November 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152213/http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/78696 . 29 June 2014 . dmy .
  43. Web site: Police say security guard who shot dead bank officer had fake IC. ABN News. 24 October 2013. 10 November 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141111070601/http://news.abnxcess.com/2013/10/police-say-security-guard-who-shot-dead-bank-officer-had-fake-ic/. 11 November 2014. dmy-all.
  44. Web site: Suspect in Ambank murder identified as Indonesian from Sulawesi. Malaysia Edition. 20 October 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161021130928/http://www.malaysiaedition.net/suspect-in-ambank-murder-identified-as-indonesian-from-sulawesi-60590/. 21 October 2016. dmy-all.
  45. Web site: People missing after boat of illegal Indonesian migrants sank off Malaysia. News.com.au. 18 June 2014. 10 November 2014.
  46. Web site: Thailand, Malaysia and Venezuela Get Failing Grade in Battle Against Human Trafficking. Liz Fields. Vice News. 22 June 2014. 10 November 2014.
  47. Web site: Exclusive: Trafficking abuse of Myanmar Rohingya spreads to Malaysia. Stuart Grudgings. Reuters. 5 March 2014. 11 November 2014.
  48. Web site: 15 Filipino human trafficking victims imprisoned in Malaysia – PH embassy. Don Kevin Hapal. Rappler. 31 August 2016. 30 November 2016.
  49. Web site: Vietnamese women top list of foreign prostitutes in Malaysia. Bernama. ABN News. 17 July 2013. 11 November 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141111075639/http://news.abnxcess.com/2013/07/vietnamese-women-top-list-of-foreign-prostitutes-in-malaysia/. 11 November 2014. dmy-all.
  50. Web site: Women Saved From Sex Work Before Boarding Plane for Malaysia. Ben Sokhean. The Cambodia Daily. 2 March 2015. 30 November 2016.
  51. Web site: Vietnamese woman in custody for trafficking 19 to Malaysia for prostitution. Thanh Nien News. 5 July 2012. 11 November 2014.
  52. Web site: Vietnam cops arrest two human trafficking cases with victims' help. Mai Tram. Thanh Nien News. 6 November 2014. 11 November 2014.
  53. Web site: Children disabled before becoming beggars in Malaysia. China.org.cn. 19 October 2016. 30 November 2016.
  54. Web site: Chinese gang kidnaps and cripples children, forces them to beg on streets of Malaysia. Seamus Gibson. The Star. Shanghaiist. 21 October 2016. 30 November 2016.
  55. Web site: Samsung and Panasonic accused over supply chain labour abuses in Malaysia. Pete Pattisson. The Guardian. 21 November 2016. 29 November 2016.
  56. Web site: Workers for McDonald's in Malaysia say they were victims of labour exploitation. Pete Pattisson. The Guardian. 28 November 2016. 29 November 2016.
  57. Web site: Government Repatriates 11 Migrant Workers From China, Malaysia. Sek Odom. The Cambodia Daily. 9 August 2016. 30 November 2016.
  58. Web site: More Cambodians Seek Help Returning Home. Pav Suy. Khmer Times. 23 November 2016. 30 November 2016.
  59. Web site: Maids Claim Fatal Abuse at Malaysian Depot. Zsombor Peter. Kuch Naren. The Cambodia Daily. 15 August 2016. 30 November 2016.
  60. Web site: Home Ministry: Claimed abuse at Juru detention camp 'untrue', case closed. Shazwan Mustafa Kamal. The Malay Mail. 21 August 2016. 7 August 2019.
  61. Web site: Malaysian couple charged in death of Cambodian maid. Cassandra Yeap. Sen David. The Phnom Penh Post. 17 April 2012. 30 November 2016.
  62. Web site: Malaysian couple sentenced to death for starving maid Isti Komariyah to death; weighed just 26kg. news.com.au. 8 March 2014. 30 November 2016.
  63. Web site: Malaysia: Babies for Sale. Al Jazeera News. 24 November 2016. 29 November 2016.
  64. Web site: This horrifying video exposes ugly truth of baby-selling in Malaysia. Lydia Aziz. Vulcan Post. AsiaOne. 26 November 2016. 29 November 2016. 28 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128102853/http://news.asiaone.com/news/malaysia/horrifying-video-exposes-ugly-truth-baby-selling-malaysia. dead.
  65. Web site: Refugees not being victimised, says UNHCR. Eddy Hiew. New Straits Times. 28 October 1986. 6 July 2015.
  66. Web site: Solving the Filipino refugee problem. New Straits Times. 13 September 1986. 6 July 2015.
  67. Web site: Police asked to probe UNHCR in Malaysia over issuing of refugee cards. Haider Yutim. Astro Awani. 15 August 2015. 16 August 2015.
  68. Web site: Immigration Dept: Country free of illegal immigrants by 2020. Bernama. The Sun. 4 December 2014. 8 December 2016.
  69. Web site: Program 6P. Ministry of Home Affairs. Department of Information, Malaysia. ms. 6 June 2011. 11 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141111124536/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/umum/11359%2Dprogram%2D6p.html%20%5B3#91;3. 11 November 2014. dead.
  70. Web site: Malaysia to launch amnesty programme for illegal immigrants. The Economic Times. 6 June 2011. 11 November 2014.
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  72. Web site: Zahid: Crackdown on illegal immigrants running businesses tonight. The Star. 1 March 2014. 12 November 2014.
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  74. Web site: Man Who Illegally Changed 22 Sulu Citizenships Faces 156 Years Imprisonment . Malaysian Digest . 3 March 2017 . 3 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170303124244/http://www.malaysiandigest.com/frontpage/29-4-tile/661425-man-who-illegally-changed-22-sulu-citizenships-faces-156-years-imprisonment.html . 3 March 2017 . usurped . dmy-all .
  75. Book: Mely Caballero-Anthony. Regional Security in Southeast Asia: Beyond the ASEAN Way. 1 January 2005. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 978-981-230-261-8. 59–.
  76. Book: Kevin McGahan. Managing Migration: The Politics of Immigration Enforcement and Border Controls in Malaysia. 2008. 978-0-549-80343-0. 176–.
  77. Web site: Spanish ambassador: Have closer ties with Asean countries to solve immigrant problem. New Straits Times. 6 March 2014. 25 March 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402191045/http://www2.nst.com.my/business/latest/spanish-ambassador-have-closer-ties-with-asean-countries-to-solve-immigrant-problem-1.499865. 2 April 2015. dmy-all.
  78. Web site: Malaysia receives two patrol vessels from Australia. The Star. 28 February 2015. 1 March 2015.
  79. Web site: PH, Malaysia agree on repatriation of Filipinos in Sabah. Pia Ranada. Rappler. 11 November 2016. 29 November 2016.
  80. Web site: Prawit Wants to Build a Wall Along Border With Malaysia. Teeranai Charuvastra. Khaosod English. 18 November 2016. 29 November 2016.

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