Iligan Explained

Flag Size:120x80px
Seal Size:80
Image Map1:
Frame-Width:250
Pushpin Map:Philippines
Pushpin Label Position:left
Pushpin Map Caption:Location within the
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name:Philippines
Subdivision Type1:Region
Subdivision Type2:Province
Nickname:
  • The Industrial Center of the South
  • City of Majestic Waterfalls
Anthem:Martsa Iliganon

Subdivision Type3:District
Established Title:Founded
Established Date:1609
Established Title1:Chartered
Established Date1:1914
Established Title2:Cityhood
Established Date2:June 16, 1950
Established Title3:Highly urbanized city
Established Date3:November 22, 1983
Parts Type:Barangays
Parts Style:para
P1: (see Barangays)
Leader Name:Frederick W. Siao (NP)
Leader Title1:Vice Mayor
Leader Name1:Marianito D. Alemania (NP)
Leader Name2:Celso G. Regencia (Lakas)
Leader Title3:City Council
Leader Title4:Electorate
Leader Name4: voters (electorate_point_in_time}}|)
Elevation Max M:1195
Elevation Min M:0
Population Density Km2:auto
Population Blank1 Title:Households
Population Demonym:Iliganon
Timezone:PST
Utc Offset:+8
Postal Code Type:ZIP code
Demographics Type1:Economy
Demographics1 Title1:Gross domestic product
Demographics1 Info1:₱77.015 billion (2022)[1]
$1.36 billion (2022)[2]
Demographics1 Title3:Poverty incidence
Demographics1 Info3:%
Demographics1 Title4:Revenue
Demographics1 Title5:Assets
Demographics1 Title6:Assets rank
Demographics1 Title7:IRA
Demographics1 Title8:IRA rank
Demographics1 Title9:Expenditure
Demographics1 Title10:Liabilities
Demographics Type2:Service provider
Demographics2 Title1:Electricity
Blank1 Name Sec1:Native languages
Blank2 Name Sec1:Crime index
Blank1 Name Sec2:Major religions
Blank2 Name Sec2:Feast date
Blank3 Name Sec2:Catholic diocese
Blank4 Name Sec2:Patron saint

Iligan, officially the City of Iligan (Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Iligan; Maranao: Bandar a Iligan; Filipino; Pilipino: Lungsod ng Iligan), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Northern Mindanao, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 363,115 people making it the second most populous city in Northern Mindanao after Cagayan de Oro.

It is the largest city in the province of Lanao del Norte both in population and land area wherein it is geographically situated and grouped under the province by the Philippine Statistics Authority, but administered independently from the province. It was once part of Central Mindanao (Region 12) until the province was moved under Northern Mindanao (Region 10) in 2001.[3] Iligan is approximately 90 kilometers away from the capital of the province, Tubod, and approximately 800 kilometers from the capital of the Philippines, Manila.

Iligan has a total land area of, making it one of the 10 largest cities in the Philippines in terms of land area. Among the 33 highly urbanized cities of the Philippines, Iligan is the third-least dense, with a population density of 421 inhabitants per square kilometer, just behind Butuan and Puerto Princesa.[4]

Etymology

The name Iligan is from the Higaunon (Lumad/Native of Iligan) word "Ilig" which means "to go downstream".[5] However, some also claim that the name of Iligan was taken and inspired by the Higaunon term "iligan" or "ilijan", which means "fortress of defense", an appropriate term due to frequent attacks incurred by pirates as well as other Mindanao tribes.[6]

History

Higaonon Manobo settlement of Bayug

Iligan was first settled by Higaonon Manobos on Bayug island, now in Barangay Hinaplanon, four kilometres north of the present city centre. It was a settlement of sea dwellers.

In Dapitan, Datu Pagbuaya of Panglao received the Spaniard Miguel Lopez de Legazpi's agents in 1565. Later, Pagbuaya's son Manooc was baptized as Don Pedro Manuel Manooc. Sometime afterward by the end of the 16th century, Manooc subdued the Higaonon Manobo settlement of Bayug and turned it into one of the earliest Christian settlements in the Philippines.[7]

Spanish rule

Although Bayug survived other raids from other enemies, especially Muslims from Lanao, the early settlers and Christian converts moved their settlement from Bayug to Iligan, which the Augustinian Recollects founded in 1609.[8] During Christianization, the Spaniards in Iligan received a hundred Spanish soldiers.[9]

The Jesuits replaced the Recollects in 1639. Iligan was the Spaniards' base of operations in attempting to conquer and Christianize the Lake Lanao area throughout its history. A stone fort called Fort St. Francis Xavier was built in 1642 where Iliganons sought refuge during raids by bandits. But the fort sank due to floods. Another fort was built and this was named Fort Victoria or Cota de Iligan.

In 1850, because of floods, Don Remigio Cabili, then Iligan's gobernadorcillo, built another fort and moved the poblacion of the old Iligan located at the mouth of Tubod River west of the old market to its present site.

Being the oldest town in Northern Mindanao, Iligan was already a part of the once undivided Misamis Province by the year 1832. However, it did not have an independent religious administration because its diocese by then was based at Misamis, the provincial capital. It was one of the biggest municipalities of Misamis Province.

The Spaniards abandoned Iligan in 1899, paving the way for the landing of the American forces in 1900.

American rule

In 1903, the Moro Province was created. Iligan, because of its Moro residents, was taken away from the Misamis Province. Then, Iligan became the capital of the Lanao District and the seat of the government where the American officials lived and held office. Later in 1907, the capital of the Lanao District has transferred to Dansalan.[10]

In 1914, under the restructuring of Moroland after the end of the Moro Province (1903–1913), Iligan became a municipality composed of eight barrios together with the municipal district of Mandulog. After enjoying peace and prosperity for about 40 years, Iligan was invaded by Japanese forces in 1942.

The liberation of Iligan by the Philippine Commonwealth forces attacked by the Japanese held sway in the city until 1944 to 1945 when the war ended. On November 15, 1944, the city held a Commonwealth Day parade to celebrate the end of Japanese atrocities and occupation.[11]

After WW2

Establishment of the Iligan Steel Mill

See main article: Iligan Steel Mill. The Iligan Steel Mill was established in 1952 as a government-initiated project of the National Shipyards and Steel Corporation (NASSCO).[12] After NASSCO applied for a $62.3 million loan from the United States-based Eximbank to fund projects, the latter suggested a transfer of the facilities' management to the private entity. The company was sold in 1963 to Iligan Integrated Steel Mills, Inc. of the Jacinto family.

Cityhood

See main article: Cities of the Philippines. Using the same territorial definition as a municipality, Iligan became a chartered city of Lanao del Norte on June 16, 1950.[13] It was declared a first-class city in 1969 and was reclassified as First Class City "A" on July 1, 1977, by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 465. In 1983, Iligan was again reclassified as a highly urbanized city.

Rising conflicts during the late 1960s

See main article: First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. The election of Ferdinand Marcos as President of the Philippines saw a large influx of Christian groups settling in Mindanao, displacing many locals and resulting in numerous land ownership conflicts.[14] [15] The Marcos administration encouraged these new settlers to form militias, which were eventually nicknamed the Ilaga. The Ilaga were often associated with committed human rights abuses targeted at the Moro and Lumad people. This resulted in a lingering animosity and a cycle of violence between Moro and Christian communities which still persists today.[16] Despite this local violence, prominent Moro thought leaders were mostly not politically active until the news of the 1968 Jabidah massacre ignited the Moro insurgency. Reports of Moro men being recruited into the Philippine Army and then being massacred when they had a dispute with their commanding officers led to the conviction that Moros were being treated as second class citizens. Ethnic tensions arising from this led to the formation of secessionist political movements,[17] such as Cotabato Governor Datu Udtog Matalam's Muslim Independence Movement and Lanao del Sur congressman Haroun al-Rashid Lucman's Bangsamoro Liberation Organization.Additionally, the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis led to social unrest throughout the country, and violent crackdowns on protests led to the radicalization of many students,[18] with some joining the New People's Army, bringing the New People's Army rebellion to Mindanao for the first time.[19]

Iligan during martial law and Marcos administration

See main article: Marcos dictatorship, Moro conflict and Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship. Towards the end of the last term allowed to him by the Philippine Constitution, Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in 1972, which had the effect of further increasing tensions in Mindanao. It marked the beginning of a 14-year period of one-man rule, historically remembered for its human rights abuses[20] [21] [22] In Iligan, one incident documented by a 1975 fact finding mission of Amnesty International documented the killing of twelve detainees, which was staged the incident to make it look like a prison break.[23] The witness was himself detained without a warrant at the time, and was regularly being subjected to torture and forced labor.[23]

The proclamation of Martial law also helped escalate the moro secessionist situation by banning political parties and organizatiions. The formal establishment of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) one month after Marcos' proclamation of Martial Law thus marked a shift to a more military phase of the Moro conflict, taking in the members of the former BMLO, and attracting members who had become dissatisfied with the MIM. Lanao del Sur and Iligan itself were deeply affected by the conflict, with the Armed Forces of the Philippines' conflicts with MNLF and its later splinter group the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) affecting combatants and civilians alike.

Aside from political groups, Marcos' proclamation of Martial law also shuttered press outlets - television stations, national newspapers, weekly magazines, community newspapers, and radio stations - throughout the country, including in Iligan and Lanao del Sur.[24] The 14 years of the Marcos dictatorship saw the killings of many Mindanao journalists,[25] with prominent examples being Bulletin Today Lanao provincial correspondent Demosthenes Dingcong, [26] [27] Philippine Post Iligan correspondent and radio commentator Geoffrey Siao,[28] [29] and DXWG Iligan commentator Charlie Aberilla.[30]

Numerous activists arose from Iligan during the 1970s, despite significant personal risks. These included Iligan natives such as prominent Nurse empowerment advocate Minda Luz Quesada (who would later be invited to the Philippines' 1987 Constitutional Convention);[31] Electrical workers' union leader David S. Borja;[32] religious youth organizer Edwin Laguerder;[33] activist professor and writer Ester Kintanar of the MSU Iligan Institute of Technology;[34] and even activist politicians such as Masiding Alonto Sr. who was a prominent supporter of opposition leader Ninoy Aquino.[35] Some of these activists were eventually killed in the pursuit of their beliefs, including farm workers organizers James Orbe[36] and Herbert Cayunda.[37]

Dingcong, Quezada, Borja, Kintanar, Laguerder, Alonto Sr., Orbe, and Cayunda were all later recognized by having their names inscribed on the Wall of Remembrance of the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani, which honors those who fought for the restoration of democracy and against the authoritarian regime of the time.[38]

Contemporary history

Asian Financial Crisis and recovery

During the 1997 Asian financial crisis Iligan City experienced a severe economic slowdown. A number of industrial plants were closed, most notably the National Steel Corporation. [39]

The city began to see some economic recovery with the reopening of the National Steel Corporation, which was renamed Global Steelworks Infrastructures, Inc. (GSII) in 2004. [40] This reopening marked a critical turning point for Iligan, as it restored a significant number of jobs and revitalized the local economy. The re-establishment of steel production brought renewed hope and stability to the community, encouraging further investments and business activities in the region.

In October 2005, GSII officially took a new corporate name: Global Steel Philippines (SPV-AMC), Inc.[41] This rebranding was part of a broader strategy to rejuvenate the company’s operations and re-establish its presence in the steel industry both locally and internationally. The transition signified not only a change in name but also a commitment to modernizing the plant's facilities and improving production processes to compete effectively in the global market.

Lone District

Republic Act No. 9724, an Act separating the City of Iligan from the First Legislative District of the Province of Lanao del Norte was approved, by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on October 20, 2009. This legislative change elevated Iligan to the status of a lone congressional district, providing it with greater political autonomy and representation. The creation of a separate legislative district allowed Iligan to have its own representative in the Philippine Congress, ensuring that the city's specific needs and interests were more effectively addressed at the national level.

This move was seen as a step towards fostering greater local governance and development. It enabled the city to receive more focused attention and resources from the national government, which in turn could help drive further economic recovery and growth. By having its own legislative district, Iligan could better advocate for policies and programs tailored to its unique economic and social landscape, promoting sustainable development and improved quality of life for its residents.

Geography

Iligan is bounded on the north by three municipalities of Misamis Oriental (namely Lugait, Manticao and Opol), to the south by three municipalities of Lanao del Norte (Baloi, Linamon and Tagoloan) and two municipalities of Lanao del Sur (Kapai and Tagoloan II), to the north-east by the city of Cagayan de Oro, to the east by the municipality of Talakag, Bukidnon; and to the west by Iligan Bay.

To the west, Iligan Bay provides ferry and container ship transportation. East of the city, flat cultivated coastal land gives way to steep volcanic hills and mountains providing the waterfalls and cold springs for which the area is well known.

Climate

Iligan falls within the third type of climate wherein the seasons are not very pronounced. Rain is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Because of its tropical location, the city does not experience cold weather. Neither does it experience strong weather disturbances due to its geographical location (being outside the typhoon belt) And also because of the mountains that are surrounding the city.

Barangays

Iligan is politically subdivided into 44 barangays.. Depending on the barangay, it is subdivided to puroks or zones.

Demographics

Iliganons are composed of a Cebuano-speaking majority and local minorities, mainly Maranaos, and other cultural minorities and immigrants. It is not only rich in natural resources and industries but it is also the home of a mix of cultures: the Maranaos of Lanao, the Higaonon of Bukidnon, and many settlers and migrants from other parts of the country. It is known for its diverse culture.

Language

Cebuano is the most spoken language in the city, with 92.27% reporting it as their first language. Minor languages include Maranao, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Chavacano, and Waray. The majority of the population can speak and understand Tagalog (Filipino) and English, the official languages of the country.[44] Tagalog (Filipino) and English are taught in the city's schools.

Religion

The majority of Iligan citizens are Christians (mainly Roman Catholics). The city is also the center of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Iligan which has 25 parishes in Iligan City and twelve municipalities of Lanao del Norte (Linamon, Kauswagan, Bacolod, Maigo, Kolambugan, Tubod, Baroy, Lala, Kapatagan, Sapad, Salvador, and Magsaysay). It covers an area of 3,092 square kilometers with a population of 1,551,000, which 65.5% of the population are Roman Catholics.[45]

Muslims are the largest minority, comprising 11.48% of the population. They are mainly Sunnites.[46]

Economy

Industrial

Iligan is known as the Industrial Center of the South as its economy is largely based on heavy industries. It produces hydroelectric power for the Mindanao region through the National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), the site of the Mindanao Regional Center (MRC) housing Agus V, VI, and VII hydroelectric plants. Moreover, Holcim Philippines' largest Mindanao cement plant is located in the city. It also houses industries like steel, tinplate, cement, and flour mills.

After the construction of Maria Cristina (Agus VI) Hydroelectric Plant by National Power Corporation (NPC, NAPOCOR) in 1950, the city experienced rapid industrialization and continued until the late 1980s. The largest steel plant in the country, National Steel Corporation (NSC), was also established in 1962.[47]

During the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the city experienced a severe economic slowdown. A number of industrial plants were closed, notably the National Steel Corporation.[48]

The city saw its economic revival with the reopening of the National Steel Corporation, renamed Global Steelworks Infrastructures, Inc. (GSII) in 2004.[49] In October 2005, GSII officially took a new corporate name: Global Steel Philippines (SPV-AMC), Inc.[50]

Agro-Industry

Aside from heavy industries, Iligan is also a major exporter and producer of various plants and crops.

Crops:

Finance

As of the fiscal year 2018, Iligan has a current operating income of ₱2,052.89 million. The income grew by 8% compared to the fiscal year of 2017 in which Iligan's operating income was ₱1,900 million. According to the 2017 Financial Report by the Commission on Audit, Iligan's total assets amounted to ₱10.27 billion.

Tourism

Iligan is commonly known as the "City of Majestic Waterfalls" because of the numerous waterfalls located within its area. The many waterfalls in the area attract tourists from all over the world with their beauty and power. There are about 24 waterfalls in the city. The most well-known is the Maria Cristina Falls. It is also the primary source of electric power of the city, harnessed by the Agus VI Hydroelectric Plant.

Other waterfalls in the city are Tinago Falls, accessible through a 300-step staircase in Barangay Ditucalan. Mimbalut Falls in Barangay Buru-un, Abaga Falls in Barangay Suarez, and Dodiongan Falls in Barangay Bonbonon.

Limunsudan Falls in Barangay Rogongon about 50 kilometers from the city proper of Iligan. These are the highest waterfalls in the Philippines, at 265 m (870 feet).

Iligan is home to the famous San Miguel of Iligan. It is an image of Saint Michael the archangel that dons a Native American Headdress especially when he goes to battle against Satan.[51] The animist Lumad, the Muslim Moro and the Christian Visayans, Chavacanos, and Latinos who live together peacefully in Iligan all celebrate this festival dedicated to San Miguel and they have Eskrima dances dedicated to him.[52] The Eskrima martial art called San Miguel Eskrima is related to this Saint.

Government

Iligan is a highly urbanized city and is politically independent of the province of Lanao del Norte. Registered voters of the city no longer vote for provincial candidates such as the Governor and Vice Governor, unlike its nearby towns that make up the provinces as a result of its charter as a city in the 1950s.

Iligan's seat of government, the city hall, is located at Buhanginan Hills in Barangay Pala-o. The local government structure is composed of one mayor, one vice mayor, and twelve councilors. Each official is elected publicly to a 3-year term and can be re-elected up to 3 terms in succession. The day-to-day administration of the city is handled by the city administrator.

Vice Mayors since 1986

Transportation

Seaport

The Port of Iligan is located along the northern central coastal area of Mindanao facing Iligan Bay with geographical coordinates of approximately .[53]

It serves the port users and passengers coming from the hinterlands of the provinces of Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, parts of Misamis Oriental, and the Cities of Iligan and Marawi.[53]

Passenger and cargo shipping lines operating in the Port of Iligan serve the cities of Manila, Cebu City, and Ozamiz.

There are around seven private seaports in Iligan operated by their respective heavy industry companies. These private seaports can be found in Barangays Maria Cristina, Suarez, Tomas L. Cabili, Santa Filomena, and Kiwalan.

Airports

The main airport is Laguindingan Airport, located in the municipality of Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental, which opened on June 15, 2013.[54] The airport replaced Lumbia Airport as the main airport of Misamis Oriental and Northern Mindanao.[55] It has daily commercial flights to and from Manila, Cebu, Davao, Iloilo, and Clark via Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific.

Maria Cristina Airport is located in Balo-i, Lanao del Norte and was the main airport of Iligan in the late 1980s. Aerolift Philippines, a now-defunct regional airline, ceased its services when its passenger plane crashed into some structures at the end of the runway of the Manila Domestic Airport in 1990 which resulted to its bankruptcy.[56] [57] Thus, it ended its service to Iligan's airport at Balo-i which also resulted in the closure of the airport. Philippine Airlines served the city for many years before ending flights in 1998 due to the Asian financial crisis.

Bus terminals

There are two main bus terminals in Iligan.

Rural Transit (RTMI) and Super 5 Land Transport and Services Inc. are the dominant public bus companies with daily trips from and to Iligan. Passenger vans and jeeps also service various municipalities in Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, and Misamis Oriental.

City transportation

The public modes of transportation within the city are jeepneys (both traditional and modern) and pedicabs. Tartanillas service main roads in Barangay Pala-o and Barangay Tambacan.

Education

The City of Iligan has one state university and seven private colleges specializing in Engineering and Information Technology, Health Services, Maritime Science, Business and Administration, Primary and Secondary Education, and Arts and Social Sciences.

With a total of 181 schools (106 public; 75 private; 17 madaris) including vocational and technical schools, Iligan has an average literacy rate of 94.71, one of the highest in the whole Philippines.

Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology

The Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT) is one of the few autonomous external campuses of the Mindanao State University (MSU) and "the light-bearer of the several campuses of the MSU System."[58] It is considered one of the best universities in the Philippines with excellence in Science and Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Information Technology, and Natural Sciences.[59] The institution has also produced many topnotchers and rankers in multiple board exams.

Colleges

Basic education

Notable personalities

Sister cities

Local

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: All Provinces and HUCs in Northern Mindanao Continue to Expand in 2022; City of Cagayan de Oro Records the Fastest Growth with 9.4 Percent. 2023-12-09. Philippine Statistics Authority.
  2. Web site: PH₱56.598 per dollar (per International Monetary Fund on Representative Exchange Rates for Selected Currencies for December 2022). 2023-12-09. IMF.
  3. Godinez-Ortega, C. (September 9, 2001). Iligan City 'moves' to Northern Mindanao, Philippine Daily Inquirer. P. A13.
  4. Web site: Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines.
  5. Web site: Iligan: The City of Failing Waters . Ladaga . John Oliver . January 24, 2016 . . . August 7, 2022.
  6. Web site: ILIGAN CITY . DILG REGION 10 . Department of the Interior and Local Government . August 2, 2021 . August 7, 2022.
  7. http://www.iligan.gov.ph/about-iligan/history/during-spanish-times/ History of Iligan during Spanish times
  8. http://allaboutiligan.blogspot.com/ All About Iligan
  9. San Agustín, Conquistas, lib. 2 cap 37: 545
  10. Prof. Patrocenia T. Acut, Iligan During the American Period, Iligan City Official Website
  11. Prof. Leonor Buhion Enderes, Japanese Occupation in Iligan City, Iligan City Official Website
  12. News: SteelAsia offers to revive defunct National Steel. Tomacruz. Sofia. Rappler. en. January 27, 2019.
  13. Web site: R.A. No. 525, Iligan City Charter. LawPH.com. April 9, 2011. dead. https://archive.today/20120720222348/http://lawph.com/statutes/ra525-iligan-city-charter.html. July 20, 2012.
  14. See Book: Francia, Luis H. . History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos . 2013 . Overlook Press . 978-1-4683-1545-5 . New York.
  15. For an in-depth survey of indigenous peoples and forced land seizures in the Philippines, see Web site: Eder . James F. . June 1994 . Indigenous Peoples, Ancestral Lands and Human Rights in the Philippines . https://web.archive.org/web/20181222221421/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/indigenous-peoples-ancestral-lands-and-human-rights . December 22, 2018 . Cultural Survival Quarterly.
  16. Book: Ethnicity in Asia . 2004 . RoutledgeCurzon . 0-203-38046-0 . Mackerras . Colin . London . 143.
  17. Book: George, T. J. S. . Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics . 1980 . Oxford University Press . 0-19-580429-5 . Kuala Lumpur . 6569089.
  18. News: Rodis . Rodel . January 30, 2015 . Remembering the First Quarter Storm . Inquirer.net . live . September 15, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150131131959/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm/ . January 31, 2015.
  19. Book: Miclat, Gus . Turning Rage Into Courage: Mindanao Under Martial Law . 2002 . MindaNews Publications, Mindanao News and Information Cooperative Center . Arguillas . Carolyn O. . Our Lives Were Never the Same Again . 644320116.
  20. Web site: Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime. September 20, 1999. Ateneo de Manila University.
  21. Book: State and society in the Philippines. Abinales. P.N.. Amoroso. Donna J.. 2005. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 978-0742510234. Lanham, MD. 57452454.
  22. News: Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law. Rappler. June 15, 2018. en.
  23. Amnesty 1975 https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa350191977en.pdf
  24. Web site: Infographic: The day Marcos declared Martial Law . Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . https://web.archive.org/web/20170911040256/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/infographic-day-marcos-declared-martial-law-september-23-1972/ . September 11, 2017 . October 26, 2018 .
  25. Book: Maslog, Crispin C. . The rise and fall of Philippine community newspapers . Published by the Philippine Press Institute with funding from Konrad Adenauer Foundation . 1993 . 971-8703-09-8 . Intramuros, Manila . 29830136.
  26. News: December 11, 2006 . Florante de Castro, killed 1984, not 1986 . . October 25, 2022.
  27. Web site: October 13, 2021 . The Marcos Regime and the Making of a Subservient Philippine Press (Part 2) . Human Rights Violations Victims' Memorial Commission . . October 25, 2022.
  28. News: David Briscoe . Aug 6, 1985 . More Than a Dozen Journalists Killed in Philippines in a Year . . Oct 27, 2022.
  29. News: Aug 31, 1985 . Journalists Appeal to Marcos . . Oct 27, 2022.
  30. News: Richel Umel . Aug 30, 2013 . Radioman shot dead in Iligan City . . Oct 24, 2022.
  31. Web site: Minda Luz Quesada - Bantayog ng mga Bayani . May 31, 2023 .
  32. Web site: David Borja - Bantayog ng mga Bayani . May 31, 2023 .
  33. Web site: Edwin Laguerder - Bantayog ng mga Bayani . June 11, 2023 .
  34. Web site: Ester Kintanar - Bantayog ng mga Bayani . June 11, 2023 .
  35. Web site: Datu Masiding Alonto - Bantayog ng mga Bayani . May 31, 2023 .
  36. Web site: James Orbe - Bantayog ng mga Bayani . June 20, 2023 .
  37. Web site: Herbert Cayunda - Bantayog ng mga Bayani . May 27, 2023 .
  38. Web site: Iligan - Bantayog ng mga Bayani .
  39. Maricar T. Manuzon, A Giant Awakens, Philippine Business Magazine
  40. Genalyn D. Kabiling, National Steel Plant reopens, Manila Bulletin
  41. https://web.archive.org/web/20090628155601/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/08/prweb273857.htm GSII Changes Name to Global Steel Philippines
  42. Web site: Republic Act No. 11902 . The LawPhil Project . December 5, 2022.
  43. Web site: Batas Pambansa Blg. 196 . The LawPhil Project . March 6, 2021.
  44. Web site: Lakbay Pilipinas Iligan City. Lakbay Pilipinas.
  45. Web site: Diocese of Iligan Statistics . Diocese of Iligan. August 31, 2018. July 26, 2017.
  46. Web site: Muslim Population in Mindanao (based on POPCEN 2015. Philippine Statistics Authority. August 31, 2018. July 26, 2017. May 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190504160119/http://rssoarmm.psa.gov.ph/release/54739/factsheet/muslim-population-in-mindanao-(based-on-popcen-2015). dead.
  47. Prof. Geoffrey G. Salgado, Iligan: A History of the Phenomenal Growth of an Industrial City, Iligan City Official Website
  48. Maricar T. Manuzon, A Giant Awakens, Philippine Business Magazine
  49. Genalyn D. Kabiling, National Steel Plant reopens, Manila Bulletin
  50. https://web.archive.org/web/20090628155601/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/08/prweb273857.htm GSII Changes Name to Global Steel Philippines
  51. https://pintakasiph.wordpress.com/2019/09/18/san-miguel-arcangel-de-iligan-the-powerful-patron-of-iligan-city/ San Miguel Arcangel de Iligan - The Powerful Patron of Iligan City
  52. https://www.phtourguide.com/saint-michael-the-archangel-cathedral-diyandi-festival-of-iligan/ Saint Michael the Archangel Cathedral & Diyandi Festival of Iligan
  53. http://www.ppa.com.ph/iligan/Iligan_AdminJurisdiction.htm PMO Iligan Website
  54. Amojelar, D. (April 16, 2013). Gov't defers transfer of flights to Laguindingan Airport until after summer, Retrieved April 18, 2013, from www.interaksyon.com.
  55. Betonio, T., Managbanag, N. (February 27, 2013). Laguindingan airport to open in April, Retrieved April 18, 2013, from www.sunstar.com.ph.
  56. Web site: Aviation Safety Database, Accident Description . Aviation-safety.net . May 18, 1990 . September 14, 2013.
  57. Web site: The Philippines Air Accidents 1990-1999 . Baaa-acro.com . September 14, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192849/http://www.baaa-acro.com/Pays/P/Philippines-1990-1999.htm . July 14, 2014 .
  58. Macapado A. Muslim, "Commencement Address", a speech at MSU-IIT's 38th Commencement Exercises, MSU-IIT Gymnasium, Iligan City, April 4, 2008.
  59. Web site: Recognitions MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology . 2024-06-01 . Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology.
  60. http://www.cdsea.org/old/city%20websites/iligan%20city/schools.htm Iligan City Schools
  61. News: GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO President of the Philippines (2001-2010) . . October 24, 2023.
  62. Web site: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo . June 4, 2007 . Current Biography International Yearbook 2004 . The H. W. Wilson Company . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070418022434/http://www.hwwilson.com/print/cbintl_arroyo_biography.htm . April 18, 2007 .
  63. Glory, Gloria!. Time. January 29, 2001. Spaeth. Anthony . https://web.archive.org/web/20010605173216/http://www.time.com/time/pacific/magazine/20010129/cover2.html . June 5, 2001. dead. June 4, 2007.
  64. News: Bb. Pilipinas Pia Alonzo Wurtzbach: Cdeo is my second home . Argen . April . Marzon . Pat B. . February 9, 2017 . . March 23, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151225014008/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/weekend-cagayan-de-oro/2015/03/21/bb-pilipinas-pia-alonzo-wurtzbach-cdeo-my-second-home-398747 . December 25, 2015 . dead.
  65. Web site: Makati and Iligan Sign Sister-City Pact . Makati city government.
  66. Web site: Bohol Sunday Post - June 19, 2011 - Tagbilaran is now Iligan's sister city.