Ilyushin Il-76 Explained

The Ilyushin Il-76 (Russian: Илью́шин Ил-76; NATO reporting name: Candid) is a multi-purpose, fixed-wing, four-engine turbofan strategic airlifter designed by the Soviet Union's Ilyushin design bureau as a commercial freighter in 1967, to replace the Antonov An-12. It was developed to deliver heavy machinery to remote, poorly served areas. Military versions of the Il-76 have been widely used in Europe, Asia and Africa, including use as an aerial refueling tanker or command center.

The Il-76 has seen extensive service as a commercial freighter for ramp-delivered cargo, especially for outsized or heavy items that cannot be carried by other means. It has also been used as an emergency response transport for civilian evacuations as well as for humanitarian aid and disaster relief around the world. Thanks to its ability to operate from unpaved runways, it has been useful in undeveloped areas. Specialized models have also been produced for aerial firefighting and zero-G training.

Design and development

Origins

The aircraft was conceived by Ilyushin in 1967 to meet a requirement for a freighter able to carry a payload of 40t over a range of 5000km (3,000miles) in less than six hours, able to operate from short and unprepared airstrips, and capable of coping with the worst weather conditions likely to be experienced in Siberia and the Soviet Union's Arctic regions. It was intended to replace the Antonov An-12. Another project design for a double-decked 250-passenger airliner was cancelled. The Il-76 first flew in .[1]

Production of Il-76s was allocated to the Tashkent Aviation Production Association in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, then a republic of the Soviet Union. Some 860 of the basic transport variants were manufactured. In the 1990s, modernized variants also equipped with Soloviev D-30 turbofan engines[2] were developed (MF, TF), with a cargo compartment long by wide by tall; these larger variants were not produced in significant quantity due to the financial difficulties being experienced by the Russian Air Force, which was the primary operator of the type.

Further development

From 2004 onwards, a number of aircraft in commercial service were modernized to the Il-76TD-90VD version; this involved the adoption of the newly developed PS-90 engine to comply with European noise limitations.[3] In 2005, the People's Republic of China placed an order for 34 new Il-76MDs and four Il-78 tankers. In June 2013, Russian military export agency Rosoboronexport announced an order by China for 12 Il-76MD aircraft.[4]

The Il-76 has also been modified into an airborne refuelling tanker, designated the Il-78, around 50 aircraft having been produced. A variant of the Il-76 also serves as a firefighting waterbomber. Its airframe was used as a base for the Beriev A-50 'Mainstay' AEW&C (airborne early warning and control) aircraft; around 25 aircraft were made. Another application for the type was found in Antarctic support flights and for conducting simulated weightlessness training for cosmonauts (akin to the "Vomit Comet" used by NASA).[5] Beriev and NPO Almaz also developed an airborne laser flying laboratory designated A-60, of which two were built, much of this project's details remaining classified.[6]

Il-76MD-90A

It was announced in 2010 that the production of a modernized Il-76, the Il-76MD-90A (also known as project Il-476 during the design stage), would begin; a proposed new production line would be located in Aviastar's facility in Ulyanovsk, Russia, and be operated in cooperation with the Tashkent works.[7] At that point, the construction of two Il-76MD-90A prototypes had begun at the Ulyanovsk facility.[8] The first Il-76MD-90A was rolled out at Aviastar's Ulyanovsk plant on 16 June 2014. On 29 April 2015, it was reported that the Russian Aerospace Forces received the first Il-76MD-90A built at the Ulyanovsk plant "Aviastar-SP" from the 2012 contract for 39 aircraft.[9] The Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD) received its first serial production Ilyushin Il-76MD-90A airlifter on 2 April 2019.[10] As of late-2023, 27 aircraft are ordered to be delivered in the period up to 2028 and 20 had been built, 6 in 2023.[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]

Operational history

The first aircraft was delivered to the Soviet Air Force in June 1974[3] and subsequently became the main Soviet strategic transport aircraft. From 1976, it was operated by Aeroflot.

Between 1979 and 1991, the Soviet Air Force Il-76s made 14,700 flights into Afghanistan, transporting 786,200 servicemen and 315,800 tons of freight. The Il-76 carried 89% of Soviet troops and 74% of the freight that was airlifted. As Afghan rebels were unable to shoot down high-flying Il-76s, their tactics were to try and damage it on takeoff or landing. Il-76s were often hit by shoulder-launched Stinger and Strela heat-seeking missiles and large-calibre machine gun fire, but because the strong airframes were able to take substantial damage and remain operational, the aircraft had a remarkably low attrition rate during this period of conflict. Building on that experience, the bulk of the Canadian Forces equipment into Afghanistan was flown in using civilian Il-76s.[21] In 2006, the Russian Air Force had about 200 Il-76s. Civilian users in Russia have 108.[7]

On 3 August 1995, an Airstan Ilyushin Il-76 piloted by a Russian crew was forced down by a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan Air Force fighter in what became known as the Airstan incident. The crew were imprisoned for nearly a year, but later escaped out of their confinement and managed to sneak into their aircraft still at the airport and fly out of Afghanistan.[22]

In 2004, a Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) Il-76 carried out a flight mission in Afghanistan, and later in 2011, PLAAF Il-76s were sent to Libya to evacuate Chinese citizens. The two missions were the reported first steps of PLAAF developing long-range transportation capability.[23]

On 23 March 2007, a Transaviaexport Il-76 was shot down by an anti-aircraft missile while taking off from Mogadishu, Somalia. Everybody on board, seven crew and four passengers, were killed.[24]

Syrian Air Force Il-76s, operating as civil Syrianair aircraft, have been reportedly used to ship weapons, money, and other cargo from Russia and Iran to Syria, according to a defected Syrian military pilot. Since the start of the war, in April 2011 (and up to July 2012), around 20 military flights have been conducted to and from Tehran, via Iraqi airspace. Further information exposes that since around 2012, Syrian Il-76s have regularly flown to Moscow's Vnukovo Airport to fetch shipments of Syrian banknotes that have been useful to Bashar al-Assad's government to survive international sanctions.[25] [26] [27]

On 14 June 2014, a Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 was shot down by ground fire from pro-Russian separatists while on approach to landing at Luhansk, resulting in the deaths of 40 soldiers and 9 crew members on board.[28] [29] [30]

On 30 January 2017, an Il-76 firebomber of the Russian EMERCOM agency was deployed to Chile to assist firefighters. The assignment took 39 days.[31]

All Il-76 transport aircraft in service with the RF Aerospace Forces were to receive anti-missile systems, and aircraft reconfiguration started in spring 2019.[32]

On 25 February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Ukrainian State Special Communications Agency and US officials claimed that Russian Il-76s were shot down over Bila Tserkva.[33] As of September 2022, no wreckage of the planes has been found.[34]

On 4 April 2022, photographs of two destroyed Il-76s from the Ukrainian 25th Transport Aviation Brigade were displayed; these cargo planes were destroyed on the ground by Russian forces at Melitopol Airport.[35]

On 30 August 2023, four Il-76s were reportedly destroyed by Ukrainian kamikaze drone strikes at Pskov Airport.[36] [37]

On 24 January 2024, an Il-76 crashed near Yablonovo in Russia's Belgorod Oblast near the Russian-Ukrainian border. In the immediate aftermath, multiple unsubstantiated, conflicting accounts regarding the circumstances of the crash were presented by Ukraine-aligned sources and Russian state media outlets and officials.[38] [39]

On 12 March 2024, an Il-76 crashed near the Ivanovo Severny airbase, after a fire occurred in one engine, and the aircraft was unable to reach the airfield. All eight crew and seven passengers were killed in the crash.[40]

Variants

Prototypes and developmental variants

Il-76TD-90/Il-76MD-90: Engine upgrades to Perm PS-90s.
  • Il-76 firebomber: Firefighting aircraft to drop exploding capsules filled with fire retardant.
  • Il-76PSD: SAR version of Il-76MF
  • Il-96: Early development of convertible passenger/cargo aircraft, (project only, designation re-used later)
  • Il-150: Proposed Beriev A-50 with Perm PS-90 engines.
  • Beriev A-60
  • Airborne laser weapon testbed (Il-76 version 1A)

    Special purpose/research variants

    Il-76LL: With reinforced wing (at least 3 aircraft) to be used as test-bed aeroplane for engine prototypes flight testing in Gromov Flight Research Institute.
  • Izdeliye-176: Prototype Il-76PP.
  • Izdeliye-576:
  • Izdeliye-676: Telemetry and communications relay aircraft, for use during trial programmes (prototype).
  • Izdeliye-776: Telemetry and communications relay aircraft, for use during trial programmes (prototype).
  • Izdeliye-976 ("SKIP", Il-976, or Il-76SK)[41] – (СКИП – Самолетный Контрольно-Измерительный Пункт, Airborne Check-Measure-and-Control Center): Il-76/A-50 based range control and missile tracking platform. Initially built to support Raduga Kh-55 cruise missile tests.
  • Izdeliye-1076: Special mission aircraft for unknown duties.
  • Izdeliye-1176: ELINT electronic intelligence aircraft, or Il-76-11
  • Il-76-Tu160 tailplane transporter: One-off temporary conversion to support Tu-160 emergency modification programme.
  • Il-76K/Il-76MDK/Il-76MDK-II: Zero-g cosmonaut trainer (dlya podgotovki kosmonavtov), used by Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.
  • Il-76LL: Engine testbed (ooniversahl'naya letayuschchaya laboratoriya).
  • Il-76PP: ECM aircraft, major problems with ECM equipment on the Izdeliye-176 only.
  • Il-84: Maritime search and rescue aircraft (alternative designation – Il-76PS – poiskovo-spasahtel'nyy), not produced.

    • Military variants

    Il-76D: ('D' for "Desantnyi", Десантный – "paratrooper transport") has a gun turret in the tail for defensive purposes.
  • Il-76M: Military transport version, (modifitseerovannyy – modified).
  • Il-76MD: Improved military transport version, (modifitseerovannyy Dahl'ny – modified, long-range).
  • Il-76MD Skal'pel-MT: Mobile Hospital
  • Il-76M/Il-76MD: Built without military equipment but designated as Ms and MDs (Gordon – 'Falsies')
  • Il-76MD-90: An Il-76MD with quieter and more economical Aviadvigatel PS-90 high-bypass turbofan engines.
  • Il-76MF: Stretched military version with a longer fuselage, PS-90A-76 engines, maximum takeoff weight of and a lift capability of . First flew in 1995. Two built and delivered to the Royal Jordanian Air Force,[3] later sold to the Egyptian Air Force.
  • Il-76MD-M: Modernized Il-76MD for the Russian Aerospace Forces.[42] [43] [44]
  • Il-76MD-90A: An upgraded version with a new glass cockpit, upgraded avionics, new one-piece carbon-fibre wing, and Aviadvigatel PS-90A-76 engines. It was also known as Il-476 while in development.[45] [46]
  • Il-76T/Il-76TD: Built as military aircraft but given civilian designations. (Gordon – 'Falsie')
  • Ilyushin Il-78/Il-78M/Il-78MD-90A: Aerial refuelling tanker.
  • Il-78 MKI: A customized version of the Il-78 developed for the Indian Air Force.
  • Il-82: Airborne Command Post/communications relay aircraft, (alternative designation – Il-76VKP – 'version65S').
  • Beriev A-50/Beriev A-50M/Beriev A-50I/Beriev A-50E: Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft. Beriev given control over the program.
  • Beriev A-100
  • An AEW&C version of the Il-76MD-90A. Currently in development, with at least two prototypes built.

    Civil variants

    Il-76MGA: Initial commercial freighter (two prototypes and 12 production) equipped with Soloviev D-30 turbofan engines.[47]
  • Il-76MD to Il-76TD conversions: Complete removal of military equipment, identified by crude cover over OBIGGS inlet in Starboard Sponson.
  • Il-76P/Il-76TP/Il-76TDP/Il-76MDP: firefighting aircraft. The Il-76 waterbomber is a VAP-2 1.5-hour install/removal tanking kit conversion. The Il-76 can carry up to 13000usgal of water; 3.5 times the capacity of the C-130 Hercules. Since this kit can be installed on any Il-76, the designation Il-76TP, Il-76TDP are also used when those versions of the Il-76 are converted into waterbombers. The Il-76P was first unveiled in 1990.
    • Il-76T: ('T' for Transport, Транспортный) unarmed civil cargo transport version. NATO code-name "Candid-A". It first flew on November 4, 1978.
  • Il-76TD: The civil equivalent of the Il-76MD, first flew in 1982, equipped with Soloviev D-30 turbofan engines.[47]
  • Il-76TD-90: An Il-76TD with Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines and a partial glass cockpit.
  • Il-76TD-90VD: An Il-76TD with Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines and a partial glass cockpit. It was developed specially for Volga-Dnepr cargo company, which operates five aircraft as of 2021.[48]
  • Il-76TD-S: Civilian mobile hospital, similar to Il-76MD Skal'pel-MT.
  • Il-76TF: Civil transport stretched version with Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines. It is the civil version of the Il-76MF (none produced).

    • Foreign variants

    Beriev A-50E/I: For the Indian Air Force. Hosts Israeli Phalcon radar for AEW&C and Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines.[49]
  • Il-76MD tanker: Iraqi Air Force tanker conversions.
  • KJ-2000
  • Domestic Chinese airborne early warning and control conversion of Il-76, developed after A-50I was cancelled and currently in service with the armed forces of China.
    CFTE engine testbed: The China Flight Test Establishment (CFTE) currently operates a flying testbed converted from a Russian-made Il-76MD jet transport aircraft to serve as a flying testbed for future engine development programmes. The first engine to be tested on the aircraft is the WS-10A "Taihang" turbofan, currently being developed as the powerplant for China's indigenous J-10 and J-11 fighter aircraft. Il-76MD #76456, acquired by the AVIC 1 from Russia in the 1990s, is currently based at CFTE's flight test facility at Yanliang, Shaanxi Province.
  • Baghdad-1: Iraqi development with a radar mounted in the cargo hold enabling it to serve as AEW&C, used in the Iran–Iraq War.
  • Baghdad-2: Iraqi development (with French assistance) with fibreglass-reinforced plastic radome over the antenna of the Thomson-CSF Tiger G surveillance radar with a maximum detection range of . One was destroyed on the ground during the 1991 Persian Gulf War; two others were flown to Iran where they remained.[50] At least one went into service with the IRIAF. One aircraft crashed following a midair collision with a HESA Saeqeh fighter, during the annual Iranian military parade in Tehran. It can be distinguished from the Beriev A-50 by having the Il-76 navigator windows in the nose, which the A-50 does not.

    • Operators

    Military and civil operators in 38 countries have operated more than 850 Il-76 in large numbers. While Russia is the largest military operator of the Il-76, followed by Ukraine and India, Belarus' TransAVIAexport Airlines is the largest civilian operator.

    Military operators

    Former military operators

    Zimbabwe

    Civil operators

    Azerbaijan
    Belarus
    Kazakhstan

    Former civil operators

    Bahrain
    Iraq

    Accidents and incidents

    As of July 2024, the Aviation Safety Network has tracked 137 incidents involving Il-76 series aircraft resulting in the 1,158 fatalities. have been written off in crashes and other accidents.[71] Some of the most notable incidents can be found here.

    1990s

    2000s

    2010s

    2020s

    Aircraft on display

    In popular culture

    References

    Bibliography

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. News: Ilyushin. Flight International. . 4 December 1996 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130523125647/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ilyushin-10206/. 2013-05-23 . dead.
    2. Commercial aircraft of the world–Ilyushin Il-76. . 4–10 September 1991. 4283. 140. 66 . 15 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171116075006/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%202340.html. 16 November 2017 . live. dmy-all.
    3. Butowski, Piotr. Iliuszyn Ił-76 powraca. Lotnictwo nr. 9/2004, p. 28–32
    4. Web site: IL-76MD aircraft will be provided to China . 2013-06-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130624074440/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/il-76-transporter-china.htm . 2013-06-24 . dead.
    5. Web site: File:Марка России 2006г №1073-Самолет ИЛ-76ТД и научно-экспедиционное судно "Академик Федоров"; панорама станции.jpg . 2006-01-26. Stamps of Russia. Publishing and Trading Centre "Marka". 2009-04-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203513/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_2006%D0%B3_%E2%84%961073-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%9B-76%D0%A2%D0%94_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%22%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%22;_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg. 2013-10-29 . live.
    6. Web site: âÅÒÉÅ× á-60. airwar.ru. 26 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20180818093345/http://airwar.ru/enc/other/a60.html. 18 August 2018 . live. dmy-all.
    7. Butowski, Piotr. Rosyjski kontrakt na Ił-76 i Ił-78 dla Chin. Lotnictwo nr. 1/2007, pp. 54–55
    8. Web site: Поставки транспортников Ил-476 заказчикам начнутся в 2012 году – ВПК.name . 2 July 2010 . Vpk.name . 2010-11-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110124194410/http://vpk.name/news/41009_postavki_transportnikov_il476_zakazchikam_nachnutsya_v_2012_godu.html . 2011-01-24 . live.
    9. News: http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20150429/1061634982.html . ru:Первый серийный самолет Ил-76МД-90А передан Минобороны России . ru . The first production aircraft Il-76MD-90A passed the Russian Defense Ministry . . 29 April 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150501143543/http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20150429/1061634982.html . May 1, 2015.  
    10. Web site: Russian MoD receives first serial production Il-76MD-90A airlifter | Jane's 360 . 2019-04-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190404151310/https://www.janes.com/article/87659/russian-mod-receives-first-serial-production-il-76md-90a-airlifter . 2019-04-04 . live.
    11. Web site: Минобороны переоценило транспортные самолеты . 28 May 2020. Kommersant.
    12. Web site: Russian radars track 30 foreign spy planes and six drones over week.
    13. Web site: ЦАМТО / / Предприятия ОАК выполнили гособоронзаказ в 2020 году. 2021-01-30. 2021-11-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20211108054216/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0129/153061471/detail.shtml. dead.
    14. Web site: ЦАМТО / / Минобороны России получило новый военно-транспортный самолет Ил-76МД-90А. 2021-07-18. 2021-12-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20211210194719/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0716/103063597/detail.shtml. dead.
    15. Web site: ЦАМТО / / Первый Ил-76МД-90А, собранный в АО "Авиастар-СП" на новой поточной линии, передан заказчику. 2021-09-10. 2021-12-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20211210194718/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/0909/093064415/detail.shtml. dead.
    16. Web site: Очередной серийный самолет Ил-76МД-90А передан в эксплуатацию. www.uacrussia.ru.
    17. Web site: ЦАМТО / / ОАК передала Минобороны транспортники Ил-76МД-90А и Ил-76МД-М.
    18. Web site: Defense contractor delivers new top-notch military transport plane to Russian troops.
    19. Web site: ЦАМТО / / ПАО «ОАК» выполнило гособоронзаказ 2022 года. armstrade.org. February 27, 2023.
    20. Web site: ЦАМТО / / ОАК: Минобороны за год получило шесть Ил-76, в планах утроить производство . armstrade.org . 2023-12-26 . ru . . 2023-12-27.
    21. http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/CommitteePublication.aspx?SourceId=187014 Canadian Parliament Website
    22. News: AMBAH . FAIZA . August 17, 1996 . Russian Air Crew, Held in Afghanistan, Escapes to UAE . https://web.archive.org/web/20230515193011/https://apnews.com/article/56e5bba6554b9bafec82dadc4f2da074 . May 15, 2023 . June 27, 2024 . Associated Press.
    23. Web site: IL-76s' mission in PLAAF, China . 2011-09-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111015141956/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/il-76-transporter-china.htm . 2011-10-15 . dead.
    24. News: Cargo Plane Shot Down in Somalia. Mohamed Olad. Hassan. Associated Press. . 24 March 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121103010430/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/23/AR2007032301775.html. 2012-11-03 . dead.
    25. News: I flew secret missions carrying cash and weapons into Syria for Assad, pilot reveals . London . The Daily Telegraph . Nigel . Wilson . 24 March 2013 . 3 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180413063140/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9949957/I-flew-secret-missions-carrying-cash-and-weapons-into-Syria-for-Assad-pilot-reveals.html . 13 April 2018 . live . dmy-all.
    26. Web site: Flight Records Say Russia Sent Syria Tons of Cash. Jeff Larson. Dafna Linzer . 26 November 2012. ProPublica. 26 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190125160838/https://www.propublica.org/article/flight-records-list-russia-sending-tons-of-cash-to-syria . 25 January 2019 . live. dmy-all.
    27. Web site: NEWS – AZERBAIJAN – TURAN NEWS AGENCY. https://web.archive.org/web/20130417065522/http://www.contact.az/docs/2013/Politics/032600032347en.htm . dead. April 17, 2013. www.contact.az.
    28. News: Ukrainian military plane with at least 49 aboard shot down . edition.cnn.com . 14 June 2014 . 14 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140617010111/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/13/world/europe/ukraine-crisis . 17 June 2014 . live . dmy-all.
    29. News: Ukraine crisis: Military plane shot down in Luhansk . 14 June 2014 . . 14 June 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140614064304/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-27845313 . 14 June 2014 . live . dmy-all.
    30. http://news.xin.msn.com/en/world/49-killed-when-ukraine-military-plane-downed-defence-spokesman-1 "49 killed when Ukraine military plane downed: defence spokesman"
    31. Web site: Russian IL-76 completes its assignment in Chile. Gabbert. Bill. Fire Aviation. 2017-06-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20170629231957/http://fireaviation.com/2017/02/27/russian-il-76-completes-its-assignment-in-chile/. 2017-06-29 . live . 2017-02-27.
    32. Web site: Il-76 aircraft to receive new onboard defense systems.
    33. Web site: Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv . AP News . Associated Press . 25 February 2022.
    34. Web site: An unexpected air-to-air battle is raging over Ukraine. Here's what we know about the losses on both sides.. Insider. 5 September 2022.
    35. Web site: Two IL-76MD strategic airlifter were destroyed from Russian strikes at Melitopol Air Base, Ukraine . AirLive . 7 April 2022 . 19 April 2022.
    36. Web site: GDC . 2023-08-30 . Ukrainian kamikaze Beaver drones destroyed six IL-76 transport aircraft and Tu-22M3 bombers in Pskov airport . 2023-08-31 . Global Defense Corp . en-US.
    37. News: 2023-08-29 . Ukraine war: 'Drone attack' on airport damages Russian transport planes . en-GB . BBC News . 2023-08-30.
    38. News: 23 January 2024 . Russian IL-76 shot down .
    39. News: 24 January 2024 . Russian jet crashes carrying Ukrainian PoWs - Moscow . BBC News . Laura . Gozzi . Paul . Kirby.
    40. Web site: У Росії біля військового аеродрому впав літак Іл-76, на борту було 15 людей .
    41. Web site: The Ilyushin Il-76, A-50 AWACS / Aircraft 976 . airvectors.net . 1 April 2020 . 4 April 2020.
    42. Web site: ОАО "Ил" приступило к работам по модернизации... ОАО "Ил". ilyushin.org. 2017-03-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20170308225055/http://ilyushin.org/press/news/ev3992/?sphrase_id=19202. 2017-03-08 . dead.
    43. Web site: ЦАМТО / Новости / Первый модернизированный транспортный самолет Ил-76МД-М передан Минобороны России. armstrade.org. 26 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190127035446/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0313/104545769/detail.shtml. 27 January 2019 . live. dmy-all.
    44. Web site: Russian Air Force receives first upgraded Ilyushin Il-76MD-M. airrecognition.com. 26 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190127094122/http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-defense-security-news/global-news-2018/march/4157-russian-air-force-receives-first-upgraded-ilyushin-il-76md-m.html. 27 January 2019 . live. dmy-all.
    45. Web site: IL-476: Russia's New Medium-Heavy Transport Jet. Defense Industry Daily. 26 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195858/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/il-476-russia-begins-production-of-modernized-jet-transports-07569/. 4 April 2019 . live. dmy-all.
    46. Web site: First serial-production Ilyushin Il-76MD-90A strategic airlifter made its maiden flight . January 5, 2015 . January 13, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150113053753/http://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/archive-world-worldwide-news-air-force-aviation-aerospace-air-military-defence-industry/global-news-2015/january-2015-air-force-military-aviation-defence-industry-news/1397-first-serial-production-ilyushin-il-76md-90a-strategic-airlifter-made-its-maiden-flight.html . January 13, 2015 . live . mdy-all.
    47. Web site: The Ilyushin Il-76. airvectors.net. 26 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190410194810/http://www.airvectors.net/avil76.html. 10 April 2019 . live. dmy-all.
    48. Web site: IL-76TD – the heavy cargo-carrying ramp aircraft . . January 10, 2021 . en . Volga-Dnepr has 5 modernized Ilyushin-76-TD-90-VD aircraft in its fleet..
    49. Web site: domain-b.com : Air Force starts flight tests of first Phalcon Il-76 airborne early warning system. domain-b.com. 9 June 2008 . 26 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20181213173324/https://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/mil_aircraft/20080609_air_force.html. 13 December 2018 . live. dmy-all.
    50. Book: AEW&C and Hawkeyes – The Complete History of Airborne Early Warning. 26 January 2019. 978-0-7603-1140-0. Armistead. Leigh. Armistead. Edwin Leigh. 2002.
    51. Web site: Embraer . In association with . 2023 World Air Forces directory . 2023-11-04 . Flight Global . en.
    52. The Military Balance 2016, p. 200.
    53. Book: Cooper . Tom . Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 2: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1994-2017 . 2018 . Helion & Company Publishing . 978-1-911628-18-7 . Warwick, UK . 33,I.
    54. Web site: 2016-09-30 . Airshow Review – Wonsan Air Festival, North Korea . 2023-11-04 . GAR - We've got aviation covered . en-GB.
    55. Web site: Volga-Dnepr evaluates stretched AN-124-102 for special aerospace and industrial payloads . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120228213247/http://www.jamierochepr.co.uk/newsletters/volga-dnepr/august2008/download/Volga-Dnepr_Big_News_Issue_15.pdf . 2012-02-28 . 2009-10-22.
    56. Web site: News . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120113203123/http://www.heavyliftpfi.com/content/NewsItem.aspx?id=3747 . 2012-01-13 . 2012-01-08.
    57. Web site: Fleet in Flight Radar . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170925035239/https://www.flightradar24.com/data/aircraft/volga-dnepr-airlines-vi-vda . 2017-09-25 . 2017-09-24.
    58. News: World Air Forces 2023. Flight Global. Flightglobal Insight . 2023 . 30 July 2023.
    59. Web site: June 27, 2024 . FAA Registry N-Number Inquiry Results . June 27, 2024 . FAA Aircraft Inquiry.
    60. Web site: Angola Air Charter. rzjets.net. 2019-07-03.
    61. Retrieved 2 December 2015. FlightStats. Global Aviation Services 509 Flight Status
    62. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Web site: The Plane That Should NOT Have Been Flying . 17 January 2021. Mini Air Crash Investigation . 2020-11-25 . YouTube.
    63. Web site: Jordan International Air Cargo. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722071053/http://www.jiac.com.jo/Default.aspx . dead. July 22, 2011.
    64. Web site: Jordan gave Egypt two military transport Il-76MF . 2019-08-05 . weaponews.com . en.
    65. http://www.airalmaty.kz/index.php?mode=view&r=6&p=2&lang=en "Lease"
    66. Web site: Jet Line . 2018-12-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071215155013/http://www.jetlineintl.com/ . 2007-12-15 . dead.
    67. http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Hronika/125844/Trgovao-oruzjem-sa-bivsim--agentima-KGB Trgovao oružjem sa bivšim agentima KGB
    68. "Ilyushin 76 ", Aerolift
    69. Web site: JUBA Cargo . 2006-12-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061205051448/http://jubacargo.com/ . 2006-12-05 . dead.
    70. Web site: Badr Airlines – Your Load in Good Hands! . June 24, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090624124057/http://www.badrairlines.com/. 2009-06-24.
    71. Web site: Aviation Safety Network > > ASN Aviation Safety Database results . 2024-08-01 . asn.flightsafety.org.
    72. Web site: Crash of an Ilyushin II-76M near Kabul: 47 killed Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives . 2024-08-01 . www.baaa-acro.com.
    73. Web site: Accident Ilyushin Il-76MD CCCP-76569, Wednesday 18 October 1989 . 2024-08-01 . asn.flightsafety.org.
    74. Web site: Accident description for CCCP-86021 . Aviation Safety Network.
    75. News: 2001-10-29 . Escape from Kandahar . 2024-08-01 . en-GB.
    76. News: IL-76 hits mountain. . 4 December 1996 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151017121032/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/il-76-hits-mountain-13376/. 2015-10-17 . dead.
    77. Web site: July 13, 1998: Cargo plane crashes off Ras Al Khaimah. gulfnews.com. 12 July 2018.
    78. Web site: ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-76TD RA-76839 Novaya Inya . 2023-09-25 . aviation-safety.net.
    79. Web site: ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-76MD 15-2280 Kerman . 2023-09-25 . aviation-safety.net.
    80. News: At 10,000 feet the door flipped open and scores of passengers were sucked out. James. Astill. Nairobi. . 10 May 2003 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121129104233/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2003/may/10/theairlineindustry.congo. 2012-11-29 . dead.
    81. http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/2004/2004-02%20-%200041.PDF "Safety Review"
    82. Web site: 2012-11-03 . Cargo Plane Shot Down in Somalia . 2024-08-01 . web.archive.org.
    83. Web site: Crash: Ababeel IL76 at Khartoum on June 30th 2008, hit ground immediately after takeoff.
    84. Web site: Crash: Aerolift IL76 at Entebbe on Mar 9th 2009, impacted Lake Victoria after takeoff . Simon . Hradecky . The Aviation Herald . 27 December 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151017121032/http://avherald.com/h?article=41635921%2F0002&opt=0 . 17 October 2015 . live . dmy-all.
    85. Web site: Accident description . Aviation Safety Network . 23 September 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090926025656/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20090922-0 . 26 September 2009 . live . dmy-all.
    86. Web site: Iranian Military Planes Crashes in Annual Parade . Defensenews . 23 September 2009 . dead . https://archive.today/20210114191020/https://www.webcitation.org/5k5dUA3SP?url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php%3Fi=4289949&c=AIR&s=MID . 14 January 2021.
    87. News: Cargo Plane Crashes In Eastern Russia, 11 Dead. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 26 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190127035302/https://www.rferl.org/a/Cargo_Plane_Crashes_In_Eastern_Russia_11_Dead/1866269.html. 27 January 2019 . live. dmy-all.
    88. News: 1 November 2009 . Russian military cargo plane crashes on takeoff, killing all 11 crew members on board . Daily Press . https://web.archive.org/web/20091102224945/http://www.dailypress.com/news/national/sns-ap-eu-russia-plane-crash%2C0%2C1520443.story . 2 November 2009.
    89. Web site: Crash: Sun Way IL76 at Karachi on Nov 28th 2010, engine fire . Simon . Hradecky . The Aviation Herald . 28 November 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180913115036/http://avherald.com/h?article=433ef657&opt=0 . 13 September 2018 . live . dmy-all.
    90. Web site: Hradecky. Simon. Crash: Silk Way IL76 near Bagram on Jul 6th 2011, impacted mountain . The Aviation Herald. 6 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180938/http://www.avherald.com/h?article=43f45a43&opt=0. 23 September 2015 . live. dmy-all.
    91. News: Cargo plane crash in Afghanistan. . 6 July 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130412230625/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14042010. 2013-04-12 . dead.
    92. Web site: Crash: Aero Services IL76 at Brazzaville on Nov 30th 2012, clipped trees then impacted buildings short of runway. December 2, 2012. Hradecky. Simon. Aviation Herald. December 1, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181028/http://www.avherald.com/h?article=459df3ac&opt=0. September 23, 2015. live. mdy-all.
    93. Web site: 2012 Ilyushin 76T Accident . Accident description. aviation-safety.net. 30 November 2012 . 30 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121204140043/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20121130-0. 4 December 2012 . live. dmy-all.
    94. News: Plane crashes houses in Congo killing 30 . 30 November 2012 . heraldsun.com.au . 30 November 2012 . Australian Associated Press (AAP).
    95. News: Military Plane Crashes in Algeria, Killing at Least 257. The New York Times. 11 April 2018 . 11 April 2018. Walsh . Declan.
    96. Web site: Russian military cargo plane crashes, killing 5 crewmembers . 2022-06-24 . ABC News . en.
    97. News: 2022-06-24 . Russian military cargo plane crashes, killing four - reports . en . Reuters . 2022-06-24.
    98. Web site: September 28, 2023 . Au Mali, la junte évoque de manière détournée le crash d'un avion militaire . Le Monde.
    99. News: September 27, 2023 . Mali: la junte évoque de manière détournée le crash d'un avion militaire .
    100. News: 2023-10-20 . Russian Il-76MD plane burst into flames during take-off in Dushanbe .
    101. News: 2024-01-24 . Russian jet crashes carrying Ukrainian PoWs - Moscow . 2024-01-24 . en-GB.
    102. News: 2024-01-25 . EXPLAINED: Russia's Downed IL-76 Plane, Everything We Know So Far . 2024-01-25 . en-GB.
    103. News: 2024-01-25 . Why Did The Russian Il-76 Crash? What We Know, and Don't Know, About A Major Aviation Disaster . 2024-01-25 . en-GB.
    104. Web site: RIA Novosti . 12 March 2024 . RIA Novosti via @GirkingGirkin account .
    105. Web site: Aircraft Photo of UR-UCI Ilyushin Il-76 Ukrainian Cargo Airways . airhistory.net. 14 March 2023.

    This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Ilyushin Il-76".

    Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.