Icelandic Air Policing Explained

Icelandic Air Policing is a NATO operation conducted to patrol Iceland's airspace. As Iceland does not have an air force, in 2006 it requested that its NATO allies periodically deploy fighter aircraft to Keflavik Air Base to provide protection of its airspace. The first deployment of aircraft took place in May 2008.

Background

As Iceland does not maintain an air force, the country was left without means to patrol its airspace when the United States Air Force (USAF) ceased deploying fighter units to Keflavik Air Base in September 2006, and the U.S. Iceland Defense Force was withdrawn.[1] [2] Following the American withdrawal Russian Air Force 37th Air Army aircraft entered Icelandic airspace on several occasions.[3]

Prime Minister Geir Haarde requested that Iceland's NATO allies assume responsibility for protecting Iceland's airspace during the Riga Summit in November 2006. The North Atlantic Council agreed to this request at its July 2007 meeting.[1] The other NATO member states who lack the ability to patrol their own airspace have similar arrangements in place.[4] In March 2008, Prime Minister Haarde denied that the air policing operation was targeting Russian aircraft, and stated that "It is going to be a general patrolling exercise. We consider Russia to be our friends, by the way."[5]

In contrast with the Baltic Air Policing mission, which involves the continuous presence of fighter aircraft from NATO countries at Šiauliai International Airport in Lithuania and Ämari Air Base in Estonia, the Icelandic government requested that NATO not maintain a permanent force at Keflavik.[1] Instead, an average of three deployments are made per year, with each lasting from three to four weeks.[6] Most deployments involve four fighter aircraft, though the number varies with some being larger.

As of January 2013, NATO had re-designated the deployments to Iceland as being the "Airborne Surveillance and Interception Capabilities to meet Iceland's Peacetime Preparedness Needs" mission, and emphasised to reporters that it was focused on training rather than air policing.[7]

Since 2014 the aircraft deployed to Iceland have been placed on Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) status and flown armed patrols. While these tasks were not previously undertaken, it was decided to commence them in response to the deterioration in relations between Russia and NATO countries following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the conflict in Donbass, Ukraine.

In 2018, the deployments to Iceland came under the Allied Air Command and were controlled by NATO's northern Combined Air Operations Centre at Uedem in Germany. The Combined Air Operations Centre manages NATO air policing north of the Alps, including by controlling the Baltic Air Policing operation.[8]

In March 2022 it was reported that the Icelandic government was considering whether a continuous air policing presence was required due to the increased threat resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Formal discussions of the matter had not yet taken place.[9]

Deployments

The following deployments have been made to Iceland:

DatesNationalityAir ForceUnitAircraftNotesReference
5 May – 30 June 2008French Air ForceEC 01.002 Cigognes4 x Mirage 2000-5FDeployment had a strength of 110 personnel [10] [11] [12]
September 2008United States Air Force48th Fighter Wing? x F-15C Eagle[13] [14]
4 - 30 March 2009727 squadron, 730 squadron and Air Control Wing.4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon48 personnel deployed [15] [16] [17]
? 2009Royal Norwegian Air Force338 skv & 331 skv ? x F-16AM Fighting Falcon[18] [19]
? 2009? ?
1 – 31 March 2010727 squadron, 730 squadron and Air Control Wing.4 x F-16AM Fighting FalconThis deployment included two ground intercept controllers from the Estonian Defence Forces.[20] [21]
1 – 25 June 2010German Air ForceJagdgeschwader 716 x F-4F Phantom II[22]
6 – 24 September 2010United States Air Force493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, 48th Fighter Wing8 x F-15C EagleAbout 200 personnel deployed [23] [24]
28 March – 30 April 2011Royal Canadian Air Force409 Tactical Fighter Squadron5 x CF-18 HornetAbout 140 personnel deployed [25] [26]
? 2011Royal Norwegian Air Force331 skv ? x F-16AM Fighting Falcon
? 2011United States Air Force?
5 March – 2 April 2012German Air ForceJagdgeschwader 716 x F-4F Phantom II[27]
1 May – 7 June 2012United States Air Force493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron 1 x KC-135 Stratotanker & 1 x C-130J Hercules supported deployment[28] [29] [30]
7 August–20 September 2012Portuguese Air Force201 and 301 Squadrons6 x F-16AM Fighting FalconDetachment had a strength of 70 military personnel[31]
18 March – 28 April 2013Royal Canadian Air Force425 Tactical Fighter Squadron6 x CF-18 HornetDetachment consisted of 1 x CC-150 Polaris & 160 Canadian Forces personnel[32]
7 June – 10 July 2013Italian Air Force4° Stormo - 9° Gruppo6 x Eurofighter Typhoon2 x KC-767, 1 x C-130J Super Hercules and about 150 personnel deployed[33] [34]
November 2013United States Air Force493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, 48th Air Expeditionary Group6 x F-15C Eagle
2 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker personnel deployed		[35]
27 January – 21 February 2014Royal Norwegian Air Force338 skv & 331 skv6 x F-16AM Fighting FalconAbout 110 personnel deployed[36] [37]
16 May – 5 June 2014United States Air Force48th Air Expeditionary Group6 x F-15C Eagle1 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker & about 200 personnel deployed [38] [39]
10 October – 3 December 2014Czech Air Force211th Tactical Squadron5 x JAS 39C Gripen75 personnel deployed[40] [41]
17 April 2015 – United States Air Force871st Air Expeditionary Squadron4 x F-15C Eagle1 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker and about 200 personnel deployed[42]
27 July – 28 August 2015Czech Air Force211th Tactical SquadronThe detachment conducted 91 sorties, and included 8 pilots and 60 other personnel.[43] [44]
31 August – 1 October 2015 Royal Danish Air Force? 4 x F-16AM Fighting FalconDetachment had a strength of 60 personnel[45] [46]
4–28 April 2016 Massachusetts Air National Guard131st Fighter Squadron4 x F-15C Eagle1 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker and about 160 personnel deployed[47] [48]
30 May 2016 – ?? ?4 weeks June 2016 / About 80 personnel deployed[49]
5 October – late October 2016Czech Air Force211th Tactical Squadron5 x JAS 39C Gripen75 personnel deployed[50] [51]
16 March – 14 April 2017 Italian Air Force4° Stormo 145 personnel deployed for 3.011 million Euro[52] [53]
18 May – Mid-June 2017Royal Canadian Air Force433 Tactical Fighter Squadron6 x CF-18 HornetDetachment consisted of 154 personnel[54]
23 August – Late September 2017 Florida Air National Guard159th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron6 x F-15C Eagle1 x KC-135, 1 x KC-10 aircraft and personnel from both the Louisiana and Florida Air National Guard. Detachment included approximately 280 personnel.[55] [56] [57]
14 April 2018 - 30 May 2018Royal Danish Air ForceEsk 7304 x F-16AM Fighting FalconApproximately 60 personnel[58] [59] [60] [61]
30 July - 31 August 2018United States Air Force493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron14 x F-15C EagleIncluded 300 personnel[62] [63] [64]
4 September – 5 October 2018Italian Air Force37° Stormo - 18° Gruppo 120 personnel deployed [65] [66]
11 March 2019 – 11 April 2019Italian Air Force36° Stormo - 10° Gruppo & 12° Gruppo 130 personnel deployed [67] [68] [69] [70]
29 July - 10 August 2019 United States Air Force5 x F-16COver 100 personnel deployed[71] [72]
1 – 25 October 2019 Italian Air Force32° Stormo - 13° Gruppo6 x F-35A Lightning IIF-35's first Icelandic Air Policing deployment. 1 x KC-767 supported deployment[73] [74] [75] [76]
13 November – 10 December 2019Royal Air ForceNo. 1 Squadron4 x Eurofighter TyphoonApproximately 100 personnel[77] [78] [79] [80]
21 February – March 2020 Royal Norwegian Air Force332 Squadron4 x F-35A Lightning II130 military and civilian personnel[81] [82]
9 June – mid-July 2020Italian Air Force32° Stormo - 13° Gruppo6 x F-35A Lightning II135 military personnel[83] [84]
13 October 2020 - ?United States Air Force493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, 48th Fighter Wing[85]
22 February – 5 March 2021 Royal Norwegian Air Force332 Squadron4 x F-35A Lightning II130 military personnel[86] [87]
July 2021United States Air Force493rd Fighter Squadron, 48th Fighter Wing[88]
5 August 2021 – 10 October 2021Polish Air Force32nd Air Base4 x General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon140 personnel[89]
1 February – 30 March 2022Portuguese Air Force4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon155 military personnel[90] [91]
25 April – 4 July 2022Italian Air Force32° Stormo - 13° Gruppo4 x F-35A Lightning II
2 x F-35B Lightning II[92] 		130+ military personnel. F-35Bs deployed for one week; 1 x KC-767 & 1 x C-130J supported deployment.[93] [94] [95] [96]
17 August 2022 – Mid-September 2022Esk 727 & Esk 730 4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon[97] [98]
20 January 2023 – 9 February 2023 Royal Norwegian Air Force332 Squadron4 x F-35A Lightning IIApproximately 100 personnel [99] [100] [101] [102]
22 October 2023 – 12 November 2023 United States Air Force4 x F-16CApproximately 100 personnel [103] [104]
15 January – mid-February 2024 Royal Norwegian Air Force331 Squadron4 x F-35A Lightning IIApproximately 100 personnel [105] [106]
3 June 2024 – 17 June 2024 United States Air Force4 x F-15E Strike Eagle120 personnel [107] [108]
5 August - Early September 2024 Royal Air Force617 Squadron4 x F-35B Lightning II180 personnel [109] [110] [111]

A planned deployment of four British Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoons from No. 3 (F) Squadron in December 2008 was cancelled as a result of the Icesave dispute between Britain and Iceland.[112] [113] Poland also cancelled a planned deployment of F-16 fighters to Iceland in 2010 due to the impact of the financial crisis of 2007–2010.[114] As part of the terms of an agreement signed in March 2019 between the British and Icelandic governments, the RAF was scheduled to undertake an air policing deployment to Iceland in 2019.[115]

Fighter aircraft deployed to Iceland are accompanied by NATO Boeing E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft to enhance the Iceland Air Defence System radar network as well as other supporting aircraft as required.[4]

In addition to the NATO deployments, fighter aircraft from Finland and Sweden have also undertaken training in Iceland.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: French Air Force in Iceland. Ministry for Foreign Affairs. 2 October 2010. 5 May 2008.
  2. News: Schogol. Jeff. U.S. pledges continued defense help after Keflavik base closes. 9 October 2010. Stars and Stripes. 29 September 2006.
  3. News: Cornwell. Susan. Condoleezza Rice defends Guantanamo. 3 October 2010. Reuters. 30 May 2008.
  4. Web site: Air Policing. NATO Air Command Operations. 2 October 2010.
  5. News: Bases . Daniel . 14 March 2010 . Iceland sees more Russian flights in N. Atlantic . Reuters . live . 3 October 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180609130439/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iceland-monitor-flights/iceland-sees-more-russian-flights-in-n-atlantic-idUSN1461960020080314 . 9 June 2018.
  6. Web site: Skarphéðinsson. Össur. Iceland's Interests and a Responsible Foreign Policy (executive summary). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2 October 2010. 7. 14 May 2010.
  7. Jennings. Gareth. NATO approves Swedish, Finnish participation in Icelandic mission. Jane's Defence Weekly. 2 January 2012. 50. 1. 6.
  8. Web site: Combined Air Operations Centre Uedem . ac.nato.int . NATO . 12 March 2022 . en.
  9. News: Does Not Rule Out Changes to Icelandic Air Policing . 12 March 2022 . Iceland Monitor . 8 March 2022.
  10. News briefs. Air Forces Monthly. June 2008. 243. 13. Key Publishing. Avenel, New Jersey. 0306-5634.
  11. News: Mackenzie. Christina. French Air Defense Umbrella Over Iceland. https://archive.today/20140110123001/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post:92965f9e-6a87-4872-9387-9f6b02d48f1d. 10 January 2014 . dead.
  12. Web site: Allies Mark Ten Years of Safeguarding Icelandic Skies. ac.nato.int. 15 September 2020.
  13. Web site: Dewitte. Lieven. Four Danish F-16s deployed to Iceland. F-16 Conflict News. F-16.net. 9 October 2010. 5 March 2009.
  14. Mladenov. Alexander. The Russian bear gets restless again. Air Forces Monthly. August 2009. 257. 63. Key Publishing. Avenel, New Jersey. 0306-5634.
  15. Web site: Iceland's "Peacetime Preparedness Needs". Allied Command Operations. 20 January 2013.
  16. Web site: F-16s in Operation Iceland Air Policing and Surveillance. F-16 Aircraft Database. F-16.net. 9 October 2010.
  17. Web site: Learning from the F-16 . cms.polsci.ku.dk . 14 September 2020.
  18. Web site: 338th skvadron (RNoAF). f-16.net. 14 September 2020.
  19. Web site: 331st skvadron (RNoAF). f-16.net. 14 September 2020.
  20. Web site: Hansen. Kurt. Icelandic Air Policing and Surveillance (ISLAPS) for NATO – Royal Danish Air Force is doing it again!. Headquarters Allied Air Command Ramstein. 2 October 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013326/http://www.airn.nato.int/press/2010/news0310.htm. 22 July 2011.
  21. News: TBT staff. Estonia to patrol Iceland airspace. 3 October 2010. The Baltic Times. 9 March 2008.
  22. Web site: German Air Force ensures protection of the Icelandic Airspace for the first time. Headquarters Allied Air Command Ramstein. 3 October 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013339/http://www.airn.nato.int/press/2010/news1110.htm. 22 July 2011.
  23. Web site: Linch. Stephen. RAF Mildenhall Airmen fuel NATO's Icelandic Air Policing Mission. Royal Air Force Lakenheath. 2 October 2010. 21 September 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100926112132/http://www.lakenheath.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123222927. 26 September 2010.
  24. Web site: COMUSAFE gets inside view of NATO's Icelandic Air Policing mission. www.lakenheath.af.mil. 27 September 2010. 15 September 2020.
  25. Web site: Operation IGNITION. Past Operations. National Defence and the Canadian Forces. 24 May 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110728153512/http://www.cefcom-comfec.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/ignition/index-eng.asp. 28 July 2011.
  26. Web site: Canadian Hornets to conduct NATO's Icelandic Air Policing Mission at Keflavik. Headquarters Allied Air Command Ramstein. 24 May 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120318071909/http://www.airn.nato.int/press/2011/news0811.htm. 18 March 2012.
  27. Web site: Fiorenza. Nicholas. Luftwaffe To Police Icelandic Airspace. Ares. Aviation Week. 2 March 2012.
  28. Web site: NATO mission calls for USAF teamwork. 28 October 2019. 23 May 2012 .
  29. Web site: Horn . Lyndsey . Air Force, NATO fly to protect Iceland's air sovereignty . News . US Air Force . 24 May 2012 . 23 May 2012 . https://archive.today/20120803005604/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123303245 . 3 August 2012 . dead .
  30. Web site: Horn. Lyndsey. EFS flies to protect Iceland's air sovereignty. News. U.S. Air Forces in Europe. 24 May 2012. 23 May 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130309075259/http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123302906. 9 March 2013.
  31. Web site: ICELAND Air Policing 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121009002834/http://www.emfa.pt/iceland/index.php?pg=5. dead. October 9, 2012.
  32. Web site: Operation Ignition 2013 to help protect Iceland's airspace. March 25, 2013. National Defence and the Canadian Forces. March 25, 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130522213729/http://forces.gc.ca/site/news-nouvelles/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?id=4702. May 22, 2013.
  33. Web site: Cenciotti. David. Italian Typhoons providing NATO air defense capability to Iceland. 19 June 2013 . theaviationist.com. 19 June 2013.
  34. News: Cenciotti. David. Italy's Typhoon Jets Can Fly Over Iceland Now. 13 June 2013. Business Insider. 11 June 2013.
  35. Web site: Butler. Dana J.. USAF units combine to create 48th AEG in Iceland. RAF Mildenhall. 6 January 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140106180216/http://www.mildenhall.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123369913. 6 January 2014.
  36. Web site: Norwegian jets take on NATO's peacetime preparedness mission over Iceland. News. NATO. 3 February 2014.
  37. Web site: Luftforsvaret. Facebook. 18 January 2015.
  38. Web site: US begins Icelandic Air Policing. af.mil. 18 January 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141029030204/http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123410972. 29 October 2014.
  39. Web site: Icelandic Air Policing rotation ends. af.mil. 18 January 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141029030356/http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123413749. 29 October 2014.
  40. News: Lazarová. Daniela. Czech Air Force takes over surveillance of Icelandic airspace. 12 October 2014. Radio Prague. 10 October 2014.
  41. News: Kominek. Jiri. Czech Gripens take on Iceland air policing role. 14 October 2014. IHS Jane's 360. 12 October 2014.
  42. Web site: US begins Icelandic Air Surveillance and Policing 2015. af.mil. 28 April 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150722011934/http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123445974. 22 July 2015.
  43. Web site: Letouny JAS-39 Gripen jsou z Islandu zpět v ČR. Czech Ministry of Defence. 30 August 2015. 28 August 2015. 12 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150912182501/http://www.mise.army.cz/aktualni-mise/air-surveillance/zpravodajstvi/letouny-jas-39-gripen-jsou-z-islandu-zpet-v-cr-113763/. dead.
  44. News: Gripen fighters return from Iceland. 30 August 2015. Prague Post. 29 August 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150831133456/http://www.praguepost.com/czech-news/49512-gripen-fighters-return-from-iceland. 31 August 2015.
  45. Web site: Four F-16 Fighter Jets Coming. 28 August 2015.
  46. Web site: Four F-16 Fighter Jets Coming. 28 August 2015. 2019-10-28.
  47. Web site: Total Force arrives to patrol Icelandic skies. U.S. Air Forces in Europe / Air Forces Africa. 24 April 2016.
  48. News: Cenciotti. David. U.S. Air National Guard F-15s deploying to Iceland and the Netherlands "to deter further Russian aggression". 3 April 2016. The Aviationist. 31 March 2016.
  49. Web site: Norway starting a four week deployment. NATO HQ AIRCOM. 8 June 2016.
  50. Web site: Czech Air Force returns to Iceland for third NATO mission. Allied Air Command. 4 November 2016. 26 September 2016.
  51. Web site: Czech Gripen certified to scramble in Iceland. Allied Air Command. 4 November 2016. 5 October 2016.
  52. Web site: Six Italian Typhoons Are Deploying to Keflavik to Support NATO's Iceland Air Policing Mission. The Aviationist. 18 March 2017. 15 March 2017.
  53. News: Jennings . Gareth . 20 March 2017 . Italy deploys Typhoons for Icelandic air policing and training . IHS Jane's 360 . dead . 23 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170320160140/http://www.janes.com/article/68839/italy-deploys-typhoons-for-icelandic-air-policing-and-training . 20 March 2017.
  54. News: Thatcher. Chris. Hornets return from Iceland air surveillance. 19 August 2017. Skies. 16 June 2017.
  55. Web site: 2017 TSP Iceland. DVIDS. 26 December 2017.
  56. Web site: Louisiana, Florida ANG F-15Cs deploy to Iceland in support of NATO. Media release. 24 August 2017 . US Air Forces in Europe and Air Forces Africa. 26 December 2017.
  57. Web site: Hines. Jessica. Louisiana, Florida ANG F-15Cs deploy to Iceland in support of NATO. DVIDS. 26 December 2017.
  58. Web site: Denmark deploys four F-16 fighters to safeguard the airspace of Iceland. Media release. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. 13 February 2018. 9 February 2018. 13 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195327/http://um.dk/en/news/newsdisplaypage/?newsid=77775fee-facf-47a1-b88c-79a2bc61c16c. dead.
  59. Web site: Royal Danish Air Force safeguards Icelandic airspace. blogbeforeflight.net. 23 April 2018. 14 September 2020.
  60. Web site: Iceland Air Policing . flymag.dk . 10–12. 14 September 2020.
  61. Web site: F-16 Aircraft Database . f-16.net . 15 September 2020.
  62. Web site: Reapers arrive in Iceland. lakenheath.af.mil. 31 July 2018. 13 September 2020.
  63. Web site: The Reapers return: NATO Icelandic Air Surveillance complete. lakenheath.af.mil. 31 August 2018. 13 September 2020.
  64. News: Egnash . Martin . Fighter jet practice and shark for dinner: Air Force completes Iceland mission . 25 August 2018 . Stars and Stripes . 23 August 2018.
  65. Web site: 4 September 2018 . Italy takes up NATO air patrols over Iceland . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210923064032/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_157864.htm . 23 September 2021 . 8 September 2018 . Newsroom . NATO.
  66. Web site: Air Defence: Air Policing Mission in Iceland Concluded. difesa.it. 5 October 2018. 14 September 2020.
  67. Web site: Russian Bombers Re-Enter NATO Airspace Near Iceland. icelandreview.com. 29 March 2019. 24 September 2020.
  68. News: Italian Eurofighter safeguards Icelandic airspace under NATO deployment for the fourth time . 21 March 2019 . Aviation Report . 19 March 2019.
  69. Web site: Italian Eurofighters return from Iceland completing four-week NATO deployment. aviation-today.com. 14 April 2019. 14 September 2020.
  70. Web site: Italian Typhoons safeguard Icelandic airspace under NATO deployment. aviation-today.com. 19 March 2019. 14 September 2020.
  71. Web site: US, NATO allies team up for Icelandic Air Surveillance exercise. 26 October 2019. 16 August 2019 .
  72. Web site: Five F-16 Fighter Jets Expected Today. icelandmonitor.mbl.is. 25 July 2019. 14 September 2020.
  73. News: Jennings . Gareth . 26 September 2019 . Italy deploys F-35 on first NATO mission . Jane's 360 . dead . subscription . 28 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190927010125/https://www.janes.com/article/91542/italy-deploys-f-35-on-first-nato-mission . 27 September 2019.
  74. Web site: Italy first Ally to deploy F-35 fighter aircraft to NATO mission in Iceland. 26 October 2019.
  75. News: Cenciotti . David . Italy's F-35s Have Completed The NATO's Icelandic Air Policing Mission . 26 October 2019 . The Aviationist . 25 October 2019.
  76. News: Cenciotti . David . First Among All The Partner Nations, Italy Deploys F-35s To Iceland For NATO Air Policing Mission . 27 September 2019 . The Aviation st.
  77. News: RAF Eurofighter Typhoons conclude Nato Air Policing mission in Iceland . 21 December 2019 . Air Force Technology . 11 December 2019.
  78. Web site: Iceland Thanks RAF for NATO Air Policing Mission. raf.mod.uk. 10 December 2019. 12 September 2020.
  79. Web site: Royal Air Force Jets to Patrol Icelandic Skies for NATO. mod.uk. 13 November 2019. 15 September 2020.
  80. Web site: Iceland Thanks RAF for NATO Air Policing Mission. mod.uk. 10 December 2019. 15 September 2020.
  81. News: Cenciotti . David . Norwegian F-35s Have Deployed To Iceland for NATO Air Policing Mission . 23 February 2020 . The Aviationist . 21 February 2020.
  82. Web site: Norway Will Solve Missions on Iceland with the Brand New F-35 Fighter Aircraft. highnorthnews.com. 30 January 2020. 12 September 2020.
  83. News: D'Urso . Stefano . Italy's F-35s are back in Iceland for another NATO air-policing mission . 11 July 2020 . Business Insider . 9 June 2020.
  84. Web site: Italian F-35 fighters arrive in Iceland for second NATO deployment. ac.nato.int. 9 June 2020. 13 September 2020.
  85. Web site: F-15s out of Lakenheath patrol the skies above Iceland. stripes.com. 13 October 2020. 25 October 2020.
  86. Web site: Norwegian Air Force F-35A Lightnings will deploy to Iceland for the second time . scramble.nl. 22 February 2021 . 4 March 2021.
  87. News: Einarsdóttir . Gréta Sigríður . Four Norwegian Airforce F-35 Fighter Aircraft Deployed To Iceland . 21 February 2021 . Iceland Review . 19 February 2021.
  88. News: Everstine . Brian W. . Lakenheath F-15s Take Over Icelandic Air Policing Mission . 10 July 2021 . Air Force Magazine . 8 July 2021.
  89. News: Polish military contingent set to start air policing mission in Iceland . 20 August 2021 . The First News . 18 August 2021 . en.
  90. Web site: FORÇA AÉREA INICIA MISSÃO NATO DE POLICIAMENTO AÉREO NA ISLÂNDIA. emfa.pt. 27 February 2022.
  91. Web site: https://twitter.com/NATO_AIRCOM/status/1511293036575313922.
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  93. Web site: Italian Air Force deploys F-35B jets to Iceland to boost Air Expeditionay capability. blogbeforeflight.net. 10 October 2022.
  94. Web site: Italy Supports NATO Collective Efforts With F-35a Deployment To Iceland. ac.nato.int. 27 February 2022.
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  98. Web site: Danish F16s Deploy to Iceland. key.aero. 23 August 2022 . 5 October 2022.
  99. Web site: Norway Ready For Third Deployment Of F-35 To Iceland . ac.nato.int. 13 January 2023.
  100. Web site: Iceland Air Policing 2023 . forsvaret.no. 13 January 2023.
  101. News: F-35 fighter jets coming to Iceland for NATO Air Policing Mission . 14 January 2023 . Iceland Monitor . 13 January 2023.
  102. Web site: Norwegian F-35s wrap up their NATO deployment to Iceland. dvidshub.net. 16 February 2023.
  103. Web site: US fighter jets for Air Policing in Iceland. 21 October 2023.
  104. Web site: F-16s Deploy from Germany to Iceland for Air Policing Mission. airandspaceforces.com. 29 October 2023. 24 October 2023 .
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  109. Web site: The Royal Air Force conducts air policing mission around Iceland . Ministry for Foreign Affairs . Government of Iceland . 6 August 2024 . 2 August 2024.
  110. News: Fontaine . Andie Sophia . Small Squadron of Brits to Police Iceland's Airspace . 6 August 2024 . Iceland Review . 5 August 2024.
  111. Web site: RAF to police NATO's skies in Iceland following successful mission in Romania. raf.mod.uk. 9 August 2024. 9 August 2024.
  112. Typhoons in Iceland not forecast. Air Forces Monthly. June 2009. 250. 8. Key Publishing. Avenel, New Jersey. 0306-5634.
  113. Web site: Hoyle . Craig . 25 November 2008 . UK cancels Typhoon's Icelandic air policing duty . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090720120459/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/11/25/319322/uk-cancels-typhoons-icelandic-air-policing-duty.html . 20 July 2009 . 18 December 2010 . flightglobal.com . Flight International .
  114. Web site: Glowacki . Bartosz . Sobczak, Grzegorz . 8 June 2010 . Polish military continues expeditionary focus . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100621031626/https://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/06/08/342796/polish-military-continues-expeditionary-focus.html . 21 June 2010 . 2 October 2010 . Flightglobal.
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Icelandic Air Policing".

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