ITunes Store explained

iTunes Store
Platform:macOS
iOS
tvOS
Windows 7 and later
Availability:See Internationalization
Type:Digital distribution
Online music store
Video on demand
App store (moved to App Store)
Ebook store (moved to Apple Books)

The iTunes Store is a digital media store operated by Apple Inc. It opened on April 28, 2003, as a result of Steve Jobs' push to open a digital marketplace for music., iTunes offered 60 million songs, 2.2 million apps, 25,000 TV shows, and 65,000 films. When it opened, it was the only legal digital catalog of music to offer songs from all five major record labels.[1]

The iTunes Store is available on most Apple devices, including the Mac (inside the Music app), the iPhone, the iPad, the iPod touch, and the Apple TV, as well as on Windows (inside iTunes). Video purchases from the iTunes Store are viewable on the Apple TV app on Roku[2] and Amazon Fire TV[3] devices and certain smart televisions. Unlike other Apple media services such as Apple Music or Apple TV+, there is no web-based interface for the iTunes Store with the exception of limited iTunes Preview pages; the desktop application has to be installed to browse the store.

While initially a dominant player in digital media, by the mid-2010s, streaming media services were generating more revenue than the buy-to-own model used by the iTunes Store.[4] [5] Apple now operates its own subscription-based streaming music service, Apple Music, alongside the iTunes Store.

History

Steve Jobs saw the opportunity to open a digital marketplace for music due to the rising popularity of easily downloadable tracks.[6] [7] [8] [9] In 2002, Jobs made an agreement with the five major record labels to offer their content through iTunes.[10] The iTunes Music Store (later iTunes Store) was introduced by Jobs at a special Apple music event in April 2003.[11] [12] Music could be purchased in the iTunes application, and purchases were playable in iTunes or on the iPod. The store was initially available to Mac computers,[13] and was later expanded to Microsoft Windows in October 2003 when iTunes for Windows was launched.[14]

In April 2008, the iTunes Store was the largest music vendor in the United States,[15] and in February 2010, it was the largest music vendor in the world.[16] The iTunes Store's revenues in the first quarter of 2011 totaled nearly US$1.4 billion.[17] By May 28, 2014, the store had sold 35 billion songs worldwide.[18]

In 2016, it was reported that music streaming services had overtaken digital downloads in sales.[19] It was reported that iTunes-style digital download sales had dropped 24% as streaming continued to increase.[20]

In April 2018, the iTunes app was added to the Microsoft Windows 10 app store.[21] Beginning in the spring of 2019, the iTunes app became available on Samsung Smart TVs.[22]

In October 2019, with the release of macOS Catalina, iTunes was split into separate Music, TV, and Podcasts apps. Apple's storefront for movies and television shows moved inside the TV app. Any music in users' iTunes library would transfer to the Music app, which would still offer access to the iTunes Store.[23] [24]

Features and restrictions

Pricing model

History

Following the introduction of the iTunes Store, individual songs were all sold for the same price, though Apple introduced multiple prices in 2007. Music in the store is in the Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) format, which is the MPEG-4-specified successor to MP3. Originally, songs were only available with DRM and were encoded at . At the January 2009 Macworld Expo, Apple announced that all iTunes music would be made available without DRM, and encoded at the higher-quality rate of . Previously, this model, known as "iTunes Plus", had been available only for music from EMI and some independent labels. Users can sample songs by listening to previews, ninety seconds in length, or thirty seconds for short tracks.

In addition, the iTunes Store offers apps, which are applications used for various purposes (games, productivity, news, etc.) that are compatible with the iPod Touch, iPhone, and iPad, although some apps are specifically for the iPhone or iPad only. Some apps cost money (called "Paid Apps") and some are free (called "Free Apps"). Developers can decide which prices they want to charge for apps, from a pre-set list of pricing tiers, from free to several hundred dollars. When someone downloads an App, 70 percent of the purchase goes to the developer(s), and 30 percent goes to Apple.[25]

At the Macworld 2008 keynote, Steve Jobs, who was Apple's CEO at the time, announced iTunes movie rentals.[26] Movies are available for rent in the iTunes Store on the same day they are released on DVD,[27] though the iTunes Store also offers for rental some movies that are still in theaters. Movie rentals are only viewable for 24 hours (in the US) or 48 hours (in other countries) after users begin viewing them. The iTunes Store also offers one low-priced movie rental a week: in the United States, this rental costs 99 cents. Movie rentals are still not available in all countries but they are available in many countries including the United States, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand.[28] There is a weekly promotion in which one to three songs are available to download for free to logged-in users. Free downloads are available on Tuesdays, and remain free until the following Tuesday, when the store gets refreshed with new content.[29] Some artists choose to have select songs available for no charge. This is not available at all iTunes Stores. Some iTunes television programs have begun the same technique to encourage brand loyalty, although those stay longer. In fact, the iTunes Store has a "Free TV Episodes" page where free episodes are organized by length, either as "featurettes" (shorter than 15 minutes) or full-length episodes (longer than 15 minutes). Free content can vary from a preview of a show to bonus content to pilot episodes and entire seasons of TV shows (examples of free seasons include HBO's The Weight of the Nation and ABC's Pan-Am). Some networks, such as ABC and NBC, have their own pages of "Free Season Premieres".

While previously the US iTunes Store has offered as many as three free songs each week (the single of the week, Discovery Download, and Canción de la Semana) in recent years, the store has instead replaced the three aforementioned categories with a unified "Single of the Week" banner, with the week's single being from a new up-and-coming artist.[30] In 2015, Apple discontinued the "Single of the Week" program.[31]

Current model

Music
TV shows
Movies
Apps

App prices are set by the developer; they can be free of charge or charged at 99 cents plus any number of dollars.

iTunes Store for iOS

The iTunes Store allows users to purchase and download items directly to portable Apple devices, such as the iPhone, iPad, Apple TV and iPod Touch.[36] Apple offers three apps, each of which provides access to certain types of content.

Other, free content available from the iTunes Store can be accessed from two other iOS apps:

Originally, mobile users had to be connected to a Wi-Fi network in order to enter the store, hence its original name: iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store. However, at Macworld 2009, Apple issued a software update which automatically allowed 3G and EDGE users to access the store's full functionality for files smaller than 10 megabytes (MB).[37] The iOS 3.0 update added the ability to download movies, TV shows, audiobooks, iTunes U, and ringtones on mobile devices, in addition to the previously available songs and podcasts. On February 18, 2010, Apple increased the 10 MB 3G download limit to 20 MB. In March 2012, Apple increased the 3G download limit to 50 MB,[38] and, in late 2013, Apple increased the limit to 100 MB when they released the final version of iOS 7 for their new iPhones.[39]

Customer support

In the United States, Apple provides technical support for the iTunes Store via email; there is no phone number for issues with iTunes purchases.[40] Most customer service inquiries are handled online, via the Report a Problem link in iTunes.[41]

Charitable donations

In response to major natural disasters, Apple provides the facility for donations to be made through the iTunes Store. Unlike other iTunes purchases, donations made to charitable organizations through this system are not subject to the 30% handling fee Apple usually charges.[42] iTunes donation pages were set up following the 2010 Haiti earthquake,[43] the 2011 Japanese earthquake and ensuing tsunami,[44] and 2012's Hurricane Sandy. In all of these cases, donations were redirected to the Red Cross.

Music

The store began operations after Apple signed deals with five major record companies: EMI, Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, and Bertelsmann Music Group. Songs from more than 2,000 independent labels were added later, the first being from The Orchard on June 24, 2003.

, iTunes offers 60 million songs,[45] [46] including exclusive tracks from numerous artists. Not all artists are available on iTunes, but many holdouts, such as Led Zeppelin and Radiohead, have allowed their music to be sold on the iTunes Store in recent years. New songs are added to iTunes catalog on a daily basis, and the iTunes Store is updated each Tuesday.

Downloaded songs come with song information (name, artist, album) already filled out, though iTunes provides a free service by Gracenote to do this for songs not purchased from the store, although they must be imported with iTunes. Songs that have an entry in the iTunes Store also come with album artwork (Artwork is embedded in the metadata). Artwork can be obtained for songs not purchased from the store for free if the user has an iTunes Store account. Purchased songs do not come with lyrics, nor does iTunes provide a service for acquiring the missing lyrics. However, several third-party applications exist to locate and automatically add lyrics to the user's music.

Some albums purchased on iTunes came with booklets. The first instance of this was the release of the album How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb by rock band U2.[47]

"Album Only" songs

Some songs are available from the store by "Album Only", meaning the song can only be acquired through the purchase of the entire album, whereas most songs can be downloaded separately from the album they belong to.

Songs above 10 minutes in length are by default Album Only songs.[48] However, this is not universally true; for example, Living in the Heart of the Beast by Henry Cow is 16 minutes and 18 seconds, yet is available for individual purchase . Soundtracks also often have many Album Only tracks.

Sometimes, the 10-minute restriction works in an artist's favor. Examples of this include Prince's Lovesexy and the deluxe version of Phoenix's Bankrupt!, which both have an album as a single track instead of being separate, (in Prince's case, the track was the album, while in Phoenix's case, it was a collection of demos and outtakes) forcing the buyer to buy the album itself.

Movie soundtracks normally include songs owned by many different labels, making licensing more complex. For example, Forrest Gump: The Soundtrack includes songs from Peacock Records, Argo Records, and Capitol Records, among many others. Greatest Hits by Red Hot Chili Peppers has only one song, "Higher Ground", that is not available for download on a per song basis, whilst Circus (Britney Spears' 2008 album) has two songs that are available for album download only, Rock Me In and Phonography.

Partial Albums

Some albums on the iTunes store are available only as a "Partial Album" meaning that one or more of the songs on an album's CD release are not available on its iTunes equivalent, often due to differing copyright holders between songs.[49]

"Work Only" songs

Some tracks are listed as "Work Only", which means they can only be obtained by purchasing the entire piece of work (within the album); the tracks cannot be bought as singles. Works are generally pieces of classical music: symphonies, string quartets, etc., in multiple movements.

"LP" format

In September 2009, Apple introduced the iTunes LP format (known pre-launch by the code name "Cocktail")[50] which features visual, interactive content alongside album tracks and lyrics.

Store sections

When entering the US music store, there are multiple sections one can visit. Music is divided into genres (Alternative, Classical, Jazz, Soundtrack, etc.), and there are a number of links to other sections of the store under the Quick Links header. These include Recommended for You, Complete My Album, iTunes LP, as well as thematic sections, such as iTunes Festival sections.

In November 2006, Apple created a category for Latino and Hispanic content, "iTunes Latino". Telemundo and Mun2 made some of their popular programs available for purchase, becoming the first Hispanic television content in the store. It offers music, music videos, audiobooks, podcasts and television shows in Spanish in a single concentrated area. The brief descriptions given to the content are in Spanish as well as several subcategories.[51] Gibraltarian flamenco metal band Breed 77 released an exclusive album called Un Encuentro to coincide with the launch of "iTunes Latino". It features 11 songs, all from previous albums, but all sung in Spanish.

In 2012, Apple created Mastered for iTunes. When iTunes launched, the decision was made to standardize on AAC instead of the more popular MP3 format on the supposition that it offers better quality compared to other codecs at similar bit rates.[52] Mastered for iTunes (MFiT) is a procedure developed by Apple specifically for mastering engineers to follow. This set of tools allows engineers to audition Apple's proprietary encoding during the mastering process to take into account how music will eventually interact with Apple's encoding. In addition to auditioning the encoder, there is also a tool (called afclip) that processes the audio file and creates a text file for audio clips. Because of this special encoding process, extra attention must be paid to headroom and inter-sample peaking while mastering.[53] In August 2019, it was announced that the Mastered for iTunes program would be rebranded as Apple Digital Masters. With the rebranding, the high resolution masters are now available with Apple Music through streaming.[54] It is speculated that the rebranding came because the functionality of iTunes would be changing in macOS Catalina and therefore the Mastered for iTunes name no longer made sense.

Censorship

See main article: Censorship by Apple and Censorship of the iTunes Store.

There is a policy of censoring profanity in titles on iTunes.[55] This has resulted in a Scunthorpe glitch, by which inoffensive titles are censored due to a coincidental string of letters.[56] If the song has an explicit label, it will be marked "explicit" next to the song title. If a song is marked "explicit" it is unavailable for purchase if "restrict explicit content" is checked under the parental controls preference. Often there will be a "clean" mark next to the title of some songs, meaning the lyrics have been censored, and is available to purchase on all accounts. Generally if a song is marked "clean" there is an explicit version available as well.

Reception and commercial success

In the first 18 hours, the iTunes store sold about 275,000 tracks,[57] [58] and more than 1 million tracks were sold in its first 5 days.[59] When released for Windows in October 2003, iTunes was downloaded more than 1 million times in the first 3 days, selling more than 1 million songs in that period. On December 15, 2003, Apple announced that it had sold 25 million songs.[60]

In January 2004 at the Macworld Conference & Expo in San Francisco, Steve Jobs announced (Sellers, 2004) that an unnamed person had purchased US$29,500 worth of music. On March 15, 2004, Apple announced that iTunes Music Store customers had purchased and downloaded 50 million songs from iTunes Music Store. A song sold on iTunes gives the artist 9 cents in profit. They also reported that customers were purchasing 2.5 million songs a week which translates to a projected annual run rate of 130 million songs a year. The 50 millionth song was "The Path of Thorns" by Sarah McLachlan.[61]

On April 28, 2004, iTunes Music Store marked its first anniversary with 70 million songs sold, clear dominance in the paid online music market and a slight profit.[62] The store also offers hundreds of movie trailers and music videos, in an attempt to boost soundtrack sales. In the conference, Steve Jobs reiterated that a subscription service is still not in the interest of customers and reported that only 5 million of the 100 million songs offered in the Pepsi giveaway campaign were redeemed, which he blamed on technical problems in Pepsi distribution. According to an Apple press release dated August 10, 2004, iTunes Music Store was the first store to have a catalog of more than one million songs.[63] Also, iTunes Music Store at that point maintained a 70 percent market share of legal music downloads.

The emerging monopoly of the store was criticized in 2011 by Mike Lang of Miramax for "effectively strangling the industry". He says that because the music industry has allowed too few content providers, it is now suffering. Lang views the issue as being more of a threat than music piracy.[64]

Sales milestones

Music

(Kevin Britten of Hays, Kansas, bought the 100 millionth song, and the twenty-year-old received a call from Steve Jobs congratulating him.)[65]

(Ryan Alekman of Belchertown, Massachusetts, bought the 200 millionth song, which was one of the tracks on U2's digital box set The Complete U2.)[68]

On July 5, 2005, Apple announced a promotion counting down to half a billion songssold.[72]

(Amy Greer of Lafayette, Indiana, bought the 500 millionth song, "Mississippi Girl" by Faith Hill.)[73]

(Alex Ostrovsky of West Bloomfield, Michigan, bought the billionth song, "Speed of Sound" by Coldplay.[75] He later got a call from Steve Jobs with the news that the sixteen-year-old was getting ten iPods, an iMac, a $10,000 music gift certificate, and a scholarship established in his name at the Juilliard School.)

(Louie Sulcer of Woodstock, Georgia, downloaded "Guess Things Happen That Way" by Johnny Cash. At 71 years old, he was the oldest milestone winner to that date. He received a call from Steve Jobs and a $10,000 iTunes gift card.)[82]

Video

Applications

Market share

Internationalization

Originally only Mac OS X users who had a US billing address could buy songs with the service, but Steve Jobs announced plans to support both Windows and non-American users. The Windows version of iTunes and support for the Windows platform from iTunes Music Store were announced on October 16, 2003, with immediate availability. Beginning in 2004, the service has become available in a number of countries other than the United States:

CountryProduct typeAffiliate program[108] Price/song
Music[109] Music VideosPodcastsTV showsMoviesAppsBooksiTunes Match[110] iTunes UiTunes Radio
United States [111]
United Kingdom [112]
France
Germany [113] [114]
Austria [115]
Belgium
Finland
Greece
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands [116]
Portugal
Spain
Canada 0.69 – 1.29 CAD
Ireland
Sweden 9 – 12 SEK
Norway 8 – 10 NOK
Switzerland 1.60 – 2.20 CHF
Denmark 8 – 10 DKK
Japan [117] [118] 150 – 250 JPY
Australia [119] [120] 1.19 – 2.19 AUD
New Zealand [121] [122] 1.79 – 2.39 NZD
Mexico [123] [124] 9 – 15 MXN
Bulgaria [125]
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Estonia
Hungary [126]
Latvia
Lithuania
Malta
Poland
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Argentina [127]
Brazil 1,90 – 2,90 BRL
Bolivia
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Venezuela
Brunei [128]
Cambodia [129]
Hong Kong 5 – 8 HKD
Laos
Macao
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore 0.98 – 1.48 SGD
Sri Lanka
Taiwan 15 – 30 TWD
Thailand
Vietnam
Anguilla [130] [131]
Antigua and Barbuda
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Barbados
Belarus
Belize
Bermuda
Botswana
Burkina Faso
British Virgin Islands
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Dominica
Egypt
Fiji
Gambia
Ghana
Grenada
Guinea-Bissau
India 9–15 INR
Indonesia 3000 – 7000 IDR
Israel 1.90 – 3.90 ILS
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Lebanon
Mauritius
Federated States of Micronesia
Republic of Moldova
Mongolia 0.49 – 1.29 USD
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Niger
Nigeria
Oman
Papua New Guinea
Qatar
Russia [132]
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Swaziland
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey 0.69 – 1.49 TRY
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Zimbabwe
Afghanistan [133]
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Bhutan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cameroon
Chad
China [134]
Republic of the Congo
Croatia
Gabon
Georgia
Guyana
Iceland
Iraq
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
Kosovo
Korea, South
Kuwait
Liberia
Libya
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Maldives
Mali
Mauritania
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nauru
Pakistan
Palau
Rwanda
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Solomon Islands
Suriname
Tanzania
Tonga
Tunisia
Turks and Caicos Islands
Uruguay
Vanuatu
Yemen
Zambia
CountryMusicMusic VideosPodcastsTV showsMoviesAppsBooksiTunes MatchiTunes UiTunes RadioAffiliate programPrice/song
Product type
To buy files through the store, a user must install the proprietary digital media player iTunes to access the store. This software is available only for certain versions of the Macintosh or Windows operating systems.

Payment options

A user must also pay with an iTunes gift card or a credit card with a billing address in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brunei, Bulgaria, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Laos, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, the United States or Vietnam. Apple also offers other payment methods (like PayPal), which differ from country to country. Residents in other countries can only buy a gift card from a merchant or download free podcasts and previews.

Digital rights management

See main article: FairPlay. In the past, the iTunes Store used Apple's FairPlay digital rights management (DRM) technology. FairPlay was built into the MP4 multimedia file format as an encrypted AAC audio layer, and was used by the company to protect copyrighted works sold through the store, allowing only authorized devices to play the content.[140] [141] The restrictions imposed by FairPlay, mainly limited device compatibility, sparked criticism, with a lawsuit alleging antitrust violation[142] that was eventually closed in Apple's favor,[143] and various successful efforts to remove the DRM protection from files,[144] [145] with Apple continually updating its software to counteract such projects.[146]

In February 2007, an open letter by Steve Jobs, Apple's then-CEO, discussed the use of DRM on music, raising points about the future of the protection and announced the company's support for ending the use of DRM.[147] [148] Although the open letter initially caused mixed industry reactions,[149] [150] Apple signed a deal with EMI, a record label, the following month in order to offer iTunes customers a purchase option called "iTunes Plus", for a higher-quality, DRM-free version of all of EMI's tracks.[151] In January 2009, Apple signed deals with all major record labels as well as a large number of independent labels in order to begin to offer most iTunes music DRM-free.[152] [153] [154] On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM had been removed from 80% of its music catalog in the US.[155] Full DRM-free "iTunes Plus" music availability was achieved in the US on April 7, 2009, coinciding with the introduction of a three-tiered pricing model.[156] This does not apply to songs downloaded using Apple Music, Apple's subscription-based music streaming service.[157] Currently, Television episodes, many books, and films are still "FairPlay" DRM-protected.

Promotions

On Super Bowl Sunday, February 1, 2004, Apple launched a promotion with Pepsi in which they gave away 100 million songs, through tokens on selected soft drink bottle caps. Unfortunately for Apple, Pepsi failed to properly distribute the bottles to major metropolitan areas until only weeks before the promotion ended, despite a one-month extension of the deadline by Apple. The promotion was repeated beginning January 31, 2005, with 200 million songs available, and an iPod Mini given away every hour.

On July 1, 2004, Apple announced that, starting with the sale of the 95 millionth song, an iPod would be given away to the buyer of each 100 thousandth song, for a total of 50 iPods. The buyer of the 100 millionth song would receive a PowerBook, iPod, and US$10,000 gift certificate to iTunes Music Store.

Ten days later, on July 11, Apple announced that 100 million songs had been sold through iTunes Music Store. The 100 millionth song was titled "Somersault (Dangermouse Remix)" by Zero 7, purchased by Kevin Britten of Hays, Kansas. He then received a phone call from Apple CEO Steve Jobs, who offered his congratulations, as well as a 40 GB 3rd Generation iPod laser-engraved with a message of thanks.

Inspired by Pepsi's marketing success with iTunes giveaways, Coca-Cola partnered with 7-Eleven to give away a free iTunes song with every 32USfloz. Slurpee frozen beverage until July 31, 2005. Songs could be redeemed until August 31, 2005, by entering a code printed on the Slurpee cup into iTunes Music Store application. Coca-Cola did this in spite of having its own music store, myCokeMusic.com, that competed with iTunes Music Store in Europe. myCokeMusic.com ceased business on July 31, 2006.[158]

On July 5, 2005, Apple announced that they were counting down to half a billion songs. The buyer of every 100 thousandth song up to 500 million would receive an iPod Mini and a 50-song gift card. The grand prize for the person who downloads the 500 millionth song was 10 iPods of their choice, a 10,000-song gift card, 10 50-song gift cards or 4 tickets to the Coldplay world tour. Twelve days later, on July 17, Apple announced that 500 million songs had been sold through iTunes Music Store. The 500 millionth song, purchased by Amy Greer of Lafayette, Indiana, was "Mississippi Girl" by Faith Hill.

On July 28, 2005, Apple and The Gap announced a promotion to award iTunes music downloads to Gap customers who tried on a pair of Gap jeans.[159] From August 8 to 31, 2005, each customer who tried on any pair of Gap jeans could receive a free download for a song of their choice from iTunes Music Store.

On February 7, 2006, Apple announced that they were counting down to the billionth song download and began a promotion similar to the previous 100 million and 500 million countdown. Whoever downloaded the billionth song would receive a 20" iMac, ten 60 GB iPods, and a US$10,000 iTunes Music Card. The billionth song was purchased on February 23, 2006, by Alex Ostrovsky of West Bloomfield, Michigan. The purchased song was "Speed of Sound" as part of Coldplay's X&Y album.

On July 25, 2006, Facebook and iTunes began offering a promotion where members of the Apple Students group would receive a free 25 song sampler each week until September 30 in various music genres. The idea behind the promotion was to get students more familiar and enthusiastic with each service as Autumn classes approached.[160] However, in order to prevent abuse of the promotion, the weekly code that Facebook provided stopped working after it was redeemed one million times. In addition, the promotion caused discontent among international students, as the code was only valid in the US iTunes Music Store.

On April 10, 2009, Apple announced that it will be counting down to the billionth app (apps being the applications for iPod Touch and iPhone). Apple launched a continuous counter to the billionth app on Good Friday.[96] Connor Mulcahey, age 13 of Weston, CT, downloaded the billionth app, "Bump" by Bump Technologies, and received a 17" MacBook Pro, a 32GB iPod Touch, a Time Capsule, and a $10,000 Gift Card for the iTunes Store.

On February 11, 2010, Apple announced that it would be counting down to 10 billion songs downloaded. A $10,000 gift card was offered as a prize. On February 24, 2010, the 10 billionth song, "Guess Things Happen That Way" by Johnny Cash, was purchased by Louie Sulcer of Woodstock, Georgia.[161]

Other platforms

Currently, iTunes is supported on the macOS (Leopard and above) and Microsoft Windows operating systems. iTunes was known to run passably well in Linux on x86-based computers using the Wine compatibility layer; however, by December 2011, this was no longer the case.[162] Users without iTunes installed can see a content database (but not hear or view the content itself) using the iTunes Preview service, which runs inside their internet browser. This service also allows users to watch trailers for upcoming film releases. Should they choose to purchase any media, they will be redirected to iTunes.

Technical details

Store pages are delivered using standard HTML with a special header. This change was made when iTunes 9.0 was released. iTunes uses WebKit to render these pages on the screen.[163] These pages are also accessible on the Web, at iTunes.apple.com, allowing pages from the iTunes Store to show up in search engine search results.

Prior to iTunes 9.0, the iTunes Store was delivered using a custom XML format that describes the position of all of the elements, boxes, album art and all of their properties – including whether a reference link can be dragged out of iTunes and into another document.

The store's back-end software uses WebObjects – Apple's own application server it acquired from NeXT. Content is uploaded to iTunes data store using an internal Apple program called iTunes Producer, which automatically encodes and adds metadata to uploaded files.

Legal disputes

See main article: Apple Inc. litigation.

Apple records

See main article: Apple Corps v. Apple Computer. For three years, The Beatles' record company Apple Records were in a legal dispute, Apple Corps v Apple Computer, with Apple Computer over the name "Apple." On May 8, 2006, a ruling was declared in favor of Apple Computer, but Apple Records said it would appeal the ruling. Despite this, plans were announced by Neil Aspinall in April 2006 to remaster completely and release the entire Beatles catalog on an unspecified online music service, as well as release some previously unheard work by the band. No date was set at that time.[164] It has also been reported that the Beatles' music catalog might initially be appearing on iTunes only, as Apple is reported to be negotiating with Britain's EMI group over an online distribution deal that might be exclusive for a limited time.[165]

During his Macworld Keynote address on January 9, 2007, Apple CEO Steve Jobs used the band's song "With a Little Help from My Friends," followed by "Lovely Rita," to introduce the music-playing capabilities of the company's new iPhone. This was regarded by industry observers as further evidence that the Beatles catalog would be introduced to iTunes Music Store catalog in the near future.[166] On February 5, 2007, Apple Corps and Apple Inc. announced they had reached a settlement in their legal dispute.[167]

In a related development, Apple announced on August 14, 2007, that the entire solo catalog of John Lennon would be available on iTunes.[168] The solo catalogs of the other three Beatles, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, and George Harrison, are also available on iTunes.

On November 16, 2010, the entire Beatles catalog was officially made available on the iTunes Store.

The Consumer Council of Norway EULA challenge

On June 6, 2006, The Consumer Ombudsmen in Norway, Sweden and Denmark launched a common open letter to Apple regarding the EULA of iTunes through the Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman Bjørn Erik Thon.[169] The iTunes case is based upon an official complaint[170] filed by The Consumer Council of Norway on January 25, 2006.

The main allegations were that:

Apple responded July 31, 2006.[171]

On January 22, 2007, German and French consumer groups joined forces with Norway and Finland.[172] [173] Their goal is to create a united European front against iTunes (Germany and France have each had their own negotiation process with iTunes). According to the press statement Apple is in favor of this. The key points in the negotiations were:

EU antitrust case

In 2004, Which? magazine complained to the European Commission about the higher prices in the UK for the same songs sold in other parts of the European Union: typically €0.99 in the rest of the EU and £0.79 in the UK.[174] In 2008, the Commission withdrew its investigation after Apple agreed to end the price disparity.[174]

Content disputes

Universal Music Group

On July 1, 2007, the New York Times reported[175] that Universal (the world's largest music corporation at the time of writing) would not renew its annual contract to sell music through iTunes. Instead, Universal said that it would market music to Apple at will, allowing it to remove its songs from the iTunes service on short notice if the two sides did not agree on pricing or other terms.

On August 9, 2007, UMG announced a plan to sell some songs in MP3 format, without Digital rights management, through a variety of online services such as Amazon Music and the newly created gBox. While these tracks continue to be available through the iTunes Store, Universal chose to license these songs in DRM-free formats only through other services.[176]

NBC Universal TV series

On August 31, 2007, Apple announced that programs on NBC's 2007–08 television schedule would not be available on iTunes.[177] NBC had informed Apple the previous day that it would not be renewing its contract.[178] It was later clarified that this change only applied to series produced by NBC Universal-owned Universal Media Studios, including Universal-produced shows on other networks such as House. NBC programs produced by other studios, such as Chuck (Warner Bros.) and Journeyman (20th Century Fox), would remain available on iTunes.[179]

Apple has publicly asserted that NBC would only renew their contract if Apple agreed to a price increase of per episode, which they did not. NBC disputes that claim, claiming that Apple balked at NBC's request to package shows together and make wholesale pricing more flexible.[180] NBC claims that they never asked to double the wholesale price and insisted that their shows would be sold by the iTunes Store through early December.[181] Other networks who sold their shows via iTunes did not follow suit. On December 1, 2007, NBC shows were pulled from the iTunes Store.

On September 9, 2008, Apple and NBC Universal announced that NBC's TV shows were once again available on the US iTunes Store.[182]

The UK iTunes Store has many shows from NBC available, although they are distributed by Universal Studios. The pricing for these seasons are higher than they were on the US store, an example being, Season 3 of The Office is priced at vs. (US Store HD).

See also

Notes and References

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  171. Web site: Apple response Simonsen Advokatfirma DA . https://web.archive.org/web/20060813083037/http://www.forbrukerombudet.no/asset/2445/1/2445_1.pdf . August 13, 2006 . dead.
  172. Web site: European consumer organisations join forces in legal dispute over iTunes Music Store . . January 28, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070125230229/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/internet/01/23/europe.itunes.ap/index.html . January 25, 2007 . dead.
  173. Web site: European drive against iTunes builds support . Homepage Forbrukerombudet Norway . https://web.archive.org/web/20070304030555/http://www.forbrukerombudet.no/index.gan?id=11037079&subid=0 . March 4, 2007 . dead.
  174. Web site: Apple cuts UK iTunes prices. The Register. January 9, 2008. December 12, 2012.
  175. Web site: Universal in Dispute With Apple Over iTunes. July 2, 2007. The New York Times. Jeff. Leeds. subscription. https://web.archive.org/web/20170620003240/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/02/business/media/02universal.html. 20 June 2017.
  176. Web site: gBox – Not Google – has DRM-free Universal deal . Aughton, Simon . PC Pro . August 13, 2007 . August 13, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071011171928/http://pcpro.co.uk/news/122284/gbox-not-google-has-drmfree-universal-deal.html . October 11, 2007.
  177. Apple Inc.. iTunes Store To Stop Selling NBC Television Shows. August 31, 2007. October 3, 2023.
  178. News: August 31, 2007 . NBC Will Not Renew ITunes Contract . . September 3, 2007 . Brooks . Barnes.
  179. Web site: New Episodes of Fox's House Won't Be on iTunes . . October 1, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071002214555/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6485937.html . October 2, 2007 . dead.
  180. News: August 31, 2007 . iTunes drops NBC's new fall shows . . September 3, 2007 . Ben . Fritz . October 11, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071011200203/http://variety.com/article/VR1117971161.html?categoryid=14&cs=1&query=NBC+iTunes . dead .
  181. News: August 31, 2007 . NBCU's Response: Never Asked To Double Price; Shows Will Be On iTunes Through Early December . September 8, 2007 . September 3, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070903075520/http://www.paidcontent.org/entry/419-nbcus-response-never-asked-to-double-price-shows-will-be-on-itunes-thro/ . dead .
  182. News: Apple revamps the iPod Nano, promises iPhone fixes. Michelle Quinn. Los Angeles Times. September 9, 2008. March 30, 2016.

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