International Organization for Standardization explained

Native Name:Organisation internationale de normalisation
Native Name Lang:fr
International Organization for Standardization
Predecessor:International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations (ISA)
Type:Non-governmental organization
Purpose:International standards development
Headquarters:Geneva, Switzerland
Abbreviation:ISO
Membership:170 members (39 correspondents and 4 subscribers)[1]
Leader Title:President
Leader Name:Sung Hwan Cho

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO [2]) is an independent, non-governmental, international standard development organization composed of representatives from the national standards organizations of member countries.[3] Membership requirements are given in Article 3 of the ISO Statutes.[4]

ISO was founded on 23 February 1947, and it has published over 25,000 international standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing. It has over 800 technical committees (TCs) and subcommittees (SCs) to take care of standards development.[5]

The organization develops and publishes international standards for easeness on end-user or commoners market, like availablity in technical and nontechnical fields, including everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, transport, IT, agriculture, and healthcare.[6] [7] [8] More specialized topics like electrical and electronic engineering are instead handled by the International Electrotechnical Commission.[9] It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.[10] The three official languages of ISO are English, French, and Russian.[11]

Name and abbreviations

The International Organization for Standardization in French is French: Organisation internationale de normalisation and in Russian, Russian: Международная организация по стандартизации ().

Although one might think ISO is an abbreviation for "International Standardization Organization" or a similar title in another language, the letters do not officially represent an acronym or initialism. The organization provides this explanation of the name:

Because 'International Organization for Standardization' would have different acronyms in different languages (IOS in English, OIN in French), our founders decided to give it the short form ISO. ISO is derived from the Greek word (Greek, Modern (1453-);: ίσος, meaning "equal"). Whatever the country, whatever the language, the short form of our name is always ISO.[12]
During the founding meetings of the new organization, however, the Greek word explanation was not invoked, so this meaning may be a false etymology.[13]

Both the name ISO and the ISO logo are registered trademarks and their use is restricted.[14]

History

The organization that is known today as ISO began in 1926 as the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations (ISA), which primarily focused on mechanical engineering. The ISA was suspended in 1942 during World War II but, after the war, the ISA was approached by the recently-formed United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new global standards body.[15]

In October 1946, ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in London and agreed to join forces to create the International Organization for Standardization. The organization officially began operations on 23 February 1947.[16]

ISO Standards were originally known as ISO Recommendations (ISO/R), e.g., "ISO 1" was issued in 1951 as "ISO/R 1".[17]

Structure and organization

ISO is a voluntary organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards, each one representing one country. Members meet annually at a General Assembly to discuss the strategic objectives of ISO. The organization is coordinated by a central secretariat based in Geneva.[18]

A council with a rotating membership of 20 member bodies provides guidance and governance, including setting the annual budget of the central secretariat.[18] [19]

The technical management board is responsible for more than 250 technical committees, who develop the ISO standards.[18] [20] [21] [22]

Joint technical committee with IEC

See main article: ISO/IEC JTC 1. ISO has a joint technical committee (JTC) with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) to develop standards relating to information technology (IT). Known as JTC 1 and entitled "Information technology", it was created in 1987 and its mission is "to develop worldwide Information and Communication Technology (ICT) standards for business and consumer applications."[23] [24]

There was previously also a JTC 2 that was created in 2009 for a joint project to establish common terminology for "standardization in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources".[25] It was later disbanded.

Membership

, there are 167 national members representing ISO in their country, with each country having only one member.[26]

ISO has three membership categories,[1]

Participating members are called "P" members, as opposed to observing members, who are called "O" members.

Financing

ISO is funded by a combination of:[27]

International standards and other publications

See also: List of ISO standards. International standards are the main products of ISO. It also publishes technical reports, technical specifications, publicly available specifications, technical corrigenda (corrections), and guides.[28] [29]

International standards

These are designated using the format ISO[/IEC] [/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[-p]:[yyyy] Title, where nnnnn is the number of the standard, p is an optional part number, yyyy is the year published, and Title describes the subject. IEC for International Electrotechnical Commission is included if the standard results from the work of ISO/IEC JTC 1 (the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee). ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) is used for standards developed in cooperation with ASTM International. yyyy and IS are not used for an incomplete or unpublished standard and, under some circumstances, may be left off the title of a published work.

Technical reports

These are issued when a technical committee or subcommittee has collected data of a different kind from that normally published as an International Standard,[28] such as references and explanations. The naming conventions for these are the same as for standards, except TR prepended instead of IS in the report's name.

For example:

Technical and publicly available specifications

Technical specifications may be produced when "the subject in question is still under development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement to publish an International Standard". A publicly available specification is usually "an intermediate specification, published prior to the development of a full International Standard, or, in IEC may be a 'dual logo' publication published in collaboration with an external organization".[28] By convention, both types of specification are named in a manner similar to the organization's technical reports.

For example:

Technical corrigenda

When partnering with IEC in their joint technical committee, ISO also sometimes issues "technical corrigenda" (where "corrigenda" is the plural of corrigendum). These are amendments made to existing standards to correct minor technical flaws or ambiguities.[28]

ISO guides

These are meta-standards covering "matters related to international standardization".[28] They are named using the format "ISO[/IEC] Guide N:yyyy: Title".

For example:

Document copyright

ISO documents have strict copyright restrictions and ISO charges for most copies., the typical cost of a copy of an ISO standard is about or more (and electronic copies typically have a single-user license, so they cannot be shared among groups of people).[31] Some standards by ISO and its official U.S. representative (and, via the U.S. National Committee, the International Electrotechnical Commission) are made freely available.[32] [33]

Standardization process

A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Some abbreviations used for marking a standard with its status are:[34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]

Abbreviations used for amendments are:[34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]

Other abbreviations are:[38] [39] [41]

International Standards are developed by ISO technical committees (TC) and subcommittees (SC) by a process with six steps:[36]

The TC/SC may set up working groups (WG) of experts for the preparation of a working drafts. Subcommittees may have several working groups, which may have several Sub Groups (SG).[42]

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Stage code Stage Associated document name Abbreviations
00 Preliminary Preliminary work item PWI
10 Proposal New work item proposal
20 Preparatory Working draft or drafts
30 Committee Committee draft or drafts
40 Enquiry Enquiry draft (CDV in IEC)
50 Approval Final draft
60 Publication International Standard
90 Review
95 Withdrawal

It is possible to omit certain stages, if there is a document with a certain degree of maturity at the start of a standardization project, for example, a standard developed by another organization. ISO/IEC directives also allow the so-called "Fast-track procedure". In this procedure, a document is submitted directly for approval as a draft International Standard (DIS) to the ISO member bodies or as a final draft International Standard (FDIS), if the document was developed by an international standardizing body recognized by the ISO Council.[36]

The first step, a proposal of work (New Proposal), is approved at the relevant subcommittee or technical committee (e.g., SC 29 and JTC 1 respectively in the case of MPEG, the Moving Picture Experts Group). A working group (WG) of experts is typically set up by the subcommittee for the preparation of a working draft (e.g., MPEG is a collection of seven working groups as of 2023). When the scope of a new work is sufficiently clarified, some of the working groups may make an open request for proposals—known as a "call for proposals". The first document that is produced, for example, for audio and video coding standards is called a verification model (VM) (previously also called a "simulation and test model"). When a sufficient confidence in the stability of the standard under development is reached, a working draft (WD) is produced. This is in the form of a standard, but is kept internal to working group for revision. When a working draft is sufficiently mature and the subcommittee is satisfied that it has developed an appropriate technical document for the problem being addressed, it becomes a committee draft (CD) and is sent to the P-member national bodies of the SC for the collection of formal comments. Revisions may be made in response to the comments, and successive committee drafts may be produced and circulated until consensus is reached to proceed to the next stage, called the "enquiry stage".

After a consensus to proceed is established, the subcommittee will produce a draft international standard (DIS), and the text is submitted to national bodies for voting and comment within a period of five months. A document in the DIS stage is available to the public for purchase and may be referred to with its ISO DIS reference number.[43]

Following consideration of any comments and revision of the document, the draft is then approved for submission as a Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC are in favour and if not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. ISO will then hold a ballot among the national bodies where no technical changes are allowed (a yes/no final approval ballot), within a period of two months. It is approved as an International Standard (IS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC is in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative. After approval, the document is published by the ISO central secretariat, with only minor editorial changes introduced in the publication process before the publication as an International Standard.[34] [36]

International Workshop Agreements

International Workshop Agreements (IWAs) are documents that establish a collaboration agreement that allow "key industry players to negotiate in an open workshop environment" outside of ISO in a way that may eventually lead to development of an ISO standard.[41]

Products named after ISO

On occasion, the fact that many of the ISO-created standards are ubiquitous has led to common use of "ISO" to describe the product that conforms to a standard. Some examples of this are:

ISO awards

ISO presents several awards to acknowledge the valuable contributions made in the realm of international standardization:[44]

Criticism

Except for a relatively small number of standards,[32] ISO standards are not available free of charge, but rather for a purchase fee,[45] which has been seen by some as unaffordable for small open-source projects.[46]

The process of developing standards within ISO was criticized around 2007 as being too difficult for timely completion of large and complex standards, and some members were failing to respond to ballots, causing problems in completing the necessary steps within the prescribed time limits. In some cases, alternative processes have been used to develop standards outside of ISO and then submit them for its approval. A more rapid "fast-track" approval procedure was used in ISO/IEC JTC 1 for the standardization of Office Open XML (OOXML, ISO/IEC 29500, approved in April 2008), and another rapid alternative "publicly available specification" (PAS) process had been used by OASIS to obtain approval of OpenDocument as an ISO/IEC standard (ISO/IEC 26300, approved in May 2006).[47]

As was suggested at the time by Martin Bryan, the outgoing convenor (chairman) of working group 1 (WG1) of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34, the rules of ISO were eventually tightened so that participating members that fail to respond to votes are demoted to observer status.

The computer security entrepreneur and Ubuntu founder, Mark Shuttleworth, was quoted in a ZDNet blog article in 2008 about the process of standardization of OOXML as saying: "I think it de-values the confidence people have in the standards setting process", and alleged that ISO did not carry out its responsibility. He also said that Microsoft had intensely lobbied many countries that traditionally had not participated in ISO and stacked technical committees with Microsoft employees, solution providers, and resellers sympathetic to Office Open XML:[48]

When you have a process built on trust and when that trust is abused, ISO should halt the process... ISO is an engineering old boys club and these things are boring so you have to have a lot of passion ... then suddenly you have an investment of a lot of money and lobbying and you get artificial results. The process is not set up to deal with intensive corporate lobbying and so you end up with something being a standard that is not clear.

See also

ISO divisions

Some of the 834 Technical Committees of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) include:[5]

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: ISO members . International Organization for Standardization . 17 November 2020 . 24 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210124090755/https://www.iso.org/members.html . live.
  2. Dare to dream BIG: Standards empower innovators (EN, ES, FR). 2016-10-24. English. ISO. 2022-02-14. 14 February 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220214062815/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6ZLzzAZ_nQ&t=63s. live.
  3. Web site: ISO Membership Manual . ISO . 10 April 2022 . en . 10 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220410094647/https://www.iso.org/publication/PUB100399.html . live .
  4. Book: ISO Statutes . International Organization for Standardization . 20th . 2022 . . EN, FR, RU . 978-92-67-02040-2 . 12 April 2022 . 31 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220331214602/https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/statutes.pdf . live .
  5. Web site: ISO – About us . 2023-02-17 . ISO . en . 5 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170405192134/https://www.iso.org/about-us.html . live .
  6. News: New 'net zero' standards could transform the climate – unless they're derailed . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220202010928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/04/iso-london-declaration-climate/ . 2 February 2022 . 18 March 2022 . The Washington Post.
  7. Web site: 2023-04-06 . Health sector standards . 2024-01-28 . ISO . en.
  8. Web site: 2023-01-20 . Transport sector standards . 2024-01-28 . ISO . en.
  9. Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 June 2021. "International Organization for Standardization". . Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  10. Web site: About ISO . ISO . live . 17 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230217220116/https://www.iso.org/about-us.html.
  11. Web site: How to use the ISO Catalogue . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071004225623/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/how_to_use_the_catalogue.htm . 4 October 2007. International Organization for Standardization.
  12. Web site: About us . 25 June 2018 . iso.org . en . 5 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170405192134/https://www.iso.org/about-us.html . live .
  13. Web site: Friendship among equals . ISO . 8 March 2020 . 14 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200314143635/https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/about%20ISO/docs/en/Friendship_among_equals.pdf . live . (page 20)
  14. Web site: ISO name and logo . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222138/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/name_and_logo.htm . 19 September 2012 . ISO.
  15. Web site: A Brief History of ISO . University of Pittsburgh . 12 June 2014 . 27 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150427095105/http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~mbsclass/standards/martincic/isohistr.htm . live .
  16. Yates . JoAnne . Murphy . Craig N. . 2006 . From setting national standards to coordinating international standards: The formation of the ISO . Business and Economic History On-Line . 4 . 29 June 2021 . 27 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210427012046/https://thebhc.org/sites/default/files/yatesandmurphy.pdf . live .
  17. Web site: Tranchard . Sandrine . ISO celebrates 70 years . ISO . 2017-02-23 . 2023-08-10 . 20 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231020052804/https://www.iso.org/news/2017/02/Ref2163.html . live .
  18. Web site: Structure and governance . International Organization for Standardization . live . 19 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222955/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm.
  19. Web site: Council . International Organization for Standardization . live . 3 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121103211437/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=55010.
  20. Web site: Technical committees . International Organization for Standardization . live . 19 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120919220258/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees.htm.
  21. Web site: Who develops ISO standards? . International Organization for Standardization . live . 19 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120919212351/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/who-develops-iso-standards.htm.
  22. Web site: Governance of technical work . International Organization for Standardization . live . 19 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120919222005/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/governance_of_technical_work.htm.
  23. Web site: ISO/IEC JTC 1 . International Organization for Standardization . live . 15 December 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111215062549/http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home.
  24. Web site: JTC 1 home page . . 15 May 2021 . 15 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210515160408/https://jtc1info.org/ . live .
  25. Web site: ISO/IEC JTC 2 Joint Project Committee – Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – Common terminology . International Organization for Standardization . dead . 6 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121006120431/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=585141.
  26. Web site: ISO – Members . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210124090755/https://www.iso.org/members.html . 24 January 2021 . 2020-11-18 . ISO . en.
  27. Web site: General information on ISO . ISO . live . 5 October 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071005105014/http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_on_iso.htm.
  28. The ISO directives are published in two distinct parts:
  29. Web site: ISO/IEC Directives and ISO supplement . ISO . live . 16 May 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080516045913/http://www.iso.org/directives .
  30. ISO, ISO/IEC 17065:2012 Conformity assessment — Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services, published September 2012, revised 2018, accessed 3 October 2022
  31. Web site: What Does ISO Certification Cost? . Reciprocity . en . 11 November 2019 . 13 November 2020 . 21 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201121020655/https://reciprocitylabs.com/resources/what-does-iso-certification-cost/ . live .
  32. Web site: Publicly Available Standards . ISO . 19 October 2023 . 17 December 2007 . 13 October 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071013032935/http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ . live .
  33. Web site: Free ANSI Standards . dead . 3 April 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070403014457/http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/free_standards.asp.
  34. Web site: About MPEG . chiariglione.org . live . 21 February 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015546/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/about_mpeg.htm.
  35. Web site: International harmonized stage codes . ISO . live . 4 October 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071004225136/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description/stages_table.htm .
  36. Web site: Stages of the development of International Standards . ISO . live . 12 August 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/stages_description.htm.
  37. Web site: The ISO27k FAQ – ISO/IEC acronyms and committees . IsecT Ltd. . live . 24 November 2005 . https://web.archive.org/web/20051124081445/http://www.iso27001security.com/html/faq.html#Acronyms.
  38. Web site: ISO/IEC Directives Supplement – Procedures specific to ISO . 2007 . ISO . live . 12 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120112093253/http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/1st_Supplement.pdf.
  39. Web site: List of abbreviations used throughout ISO Online . 2007 . ISO . live . 12 August 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_list_abbreviations.htm.
  40. Web site: US Tag Committee Handbook . DOC . March 2008 . 1 January 2010 . 17 February 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100217015655/http://www.sae.org/exdomains/standardsdev/global_resources/US%20TAG%20Committe%20Handbook%206March2008.doc . live .
  41. Web site: ISO deliverables . ISO . live . 12 August 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070812204054/http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/processes_and_procedures/deliverables.htm.
  42. Web site: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, SC 29/WG 11 Structure (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 – Coding of Moving Pictures and Audio) . ISO, IEC . 5 November 2009 . dead . 28 January 2001 . https://web.archive.org/web/20010128180300/http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w12911.htm . 7 November 2009 .
  43. For example, ISO, ISO/DIS 10009: Quality management — Guidance for quality tools and their application, accessed 2 August 2023
  44. Web site: ISO - ISO awards . ISO . 26 October 2023 . en.
  45. Web site: Shopping FAQs . ISO . live . 5 October 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071005054552/http://www.iso.org/iso/store/shopping_faqs.htm.
  46. Web site: Where to get ISO Standards on the Internet free . oreillynet.com . Jelliffe . Rick . The lack of free online availability has effectively made ISO standard irrelevant to the (home/hacker section of the) Open Source community. . 1 August 2007 . live . 24 November 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071124060422/http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2007/08/where_to_get_iso_standards_on.html.
  47. Web site: Report on WG1 activity for December 2007 Meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG1 in Kyoto . . live . 12 August 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070812081252/http://www.jtc1sc34.org/repository/0940.htm.
  48. Web site: Ubuntu's Shuttleworth blames ISO for OOXML's win . ZDNet.com . 1 April 2008 . dead . 4 April 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080404052723/http://blogs.zdnet.com/open-source/?p=2222 .