| Nauruan | |
| Nativename: | Dorerin Naoe, Ekaiairũ Naoero |
| States: | Nauru |
| Ethnicity: | Nauruans |
| Speakers: | 9,356 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| Ref: | e25 |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam3: | Oceanic |
| Fam4: | Micronesian |
| Script: | Latin |
| Nation: | Nauru |
| Iso1: | na |
| Iso2: | nau |
| Iso3: | nau |
| Glotto: | naur1243 |
| Glottorefname: | Nauru |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Ietf: | na-NR |
| Map: | Micronesian languages.en.svg |
| Mapcaption: | Map showing the distribution of the Micronesian languages; Nauruan-speaking region is shaded purple. |
| Map2: | Lang Status 40-SE.svg |
Nauruan[1] or Nauru[2] [3] [4] is an Austronesian language, spoken natively in the island country of Nauru. Its relationship to the other Micronesian languages is not well understood.
Nauruan has 16–17 consonant phonemes. Nauruan makes phonemic contrasts between velarized and palatalized labial consonants. Velarization is not apparent before long back vowels and palatalization is not apparent before non-low front vowels.
| +Consonant phonemes | Bilabial | Dental | Dorsal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| palatalized | velarized | Palatal | post-velar | labial | ||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| voiceless | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| voiced | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| Fricative | pronounced as /ink/ | (pronounced as /ink/) | ||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Rhotic | pronounced as /ink/ pronounced as /ink/ | |||||||
Voiceless stops are geminated and nasals also contrast in length. Dental stops pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ become pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ respectively before high front vowels.
The approximants become fricatives in "emphatic pronunciation." transcribes them as (IPA|j) and (IPA|w) but also remarks that they contrast with the non-syllabic allophones of the high vowels. pronounced as /link/ can also be heard as a fricative pronounced as /link/.
Depending on stress, pronounced as /link/ may be a flap or a trill. The precise phonetic nature of pronounced as /link/ is unknown. transcribes it as (IPA|r̵) and speculates that it may pattern like palatalized consonants and be partially devoiced.
Between a vowel and word-final pronounced as /link/, an epenthetic pronounced as /link/ appears.
There are 12 phonemic vowels (six long, six short). In addition to the allophony in the following table from, a number of vowels reduce to pronounced as /[ə]/:
| Phoneme | Allophones | Phoneme | Allophones | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronounced as //ii// | pronounced as /[iː]/ | pronounced as //uu// | pronounced as /[ɨː ~ uː]/ | |
| pronounced as //i// | pronounced as /[ɪ ~ ɨ]/ | pronounced as //u// | pronounced as /[ɨ ~ u]/ | |
| pronounced as //ee// | pronounced as /[eː ~ ɛː]/ | pronounced as //oo// | pronounced as /[oː ~ ʌ(ː) ~ ɔ(ː)]/ | |
| pronounced as //e// | pronounced as /[ɛ ~ ʌ]/ | pronounced as //o// | pronounced as /[ʌ]/ | |
| pronounced as //aa// | pronounced as /[æː]/ | pronounced as //ɑɑ// | pronounced as /[ɑː]/ | |
| pronounced as //a// | pronounced as /[æ ~ ɑ]/ | pronounced as //ɑ// | pronounced as /[ɑ ~ ʌ]/ |
Non-open vowels (that is, all but pronounced as //aa/, /a/, /ɑɑ/ /ɑ//) become non-syllabic when preceding another vowel, as in pronounced as //e-oeeoun// → pronounced as /[ɛ̃õ̯ɛ̃õ̯ʊn]/ ('hide').
Stress is on the penultimate syllable when the final syllable ends in a vowel, on the last syllable when it ends in a consonant, and initial with reduplications.
In the original writing system for Nauruan, 17 letters were used:
The letters c, f, h, l, s, v, x, y, and z were not included. With the growing influence of foreign languages, in particular German, English, Gilbertese, and part of the Pama-Nyungan family, more letters were incorporated into the Nauruan alphabet. In addition, phonetic differences of a few vowels arose, so that umlauts and other similar sounds were indicated with a tilde.
In 1938, there was an attempt by the Nauruan language committee and Timothy Detudamo to make the language easier to read for Europeans and Americans. It was intended to introduce as many diacritical symbols as possible for the different vowel sounds to state the variety of the Nauruan language in writing. It was decided to introduce only a circumflex accent in the place of the former tilde, so that the characters "õ" and "ũ" were replaced by "ô" and "û". The "ã" was replaced with "e".
Also, "y" was introduced in order to differentiate words with the English "j" . Thus, words like were changed to . In addition, "ñ" (which represented the velar nasal) was replaced with "ng", to avoid confusion with the Spanish Ñ. "bu" and "qu" were replaced with "bw" and "kw", respectively. "ts" was replaced with "j" (since it represented a sound similar to the English "j"); and the "w" written at the end of words was dropped.
These reforms were only partly carried out: the symbols "õ" and "ũ" are still written as such, with tildes. However, the letters "ã" and "ñ" are now only seldom used, being replaced with "e" and "ng", as prescribed by the reform. Likewise, use of the digraphs "bw" and "kw" has been implemented. Although "j" took the place of "ts", certain spellings still use "ts": e.g., the districts Baiti and Ijuw (according to the reform and) are still written with the old writing conventions. The "y" has become generally accepted.
Today the following 30 Latin letters are used.
The relationship of the above letters and phonemes is:[5] a [ɑ/a], ã [ɛ], e [e/e̞/ɛ], i [i/ɪ/ɨ], o [o/ɔ], õ [ø], u [ʊ/ʉ], ũ [y], b [b], bw [b͡w], c [k/s], d [d], di [ʤi], f [f], g [g], gw [g͡w], h [h], j [ʤ̊], k [k], kw [k͡w], nng [ŋː], l [l], m [m], n [n], ñ [ŋ], p [p], qu [k͡w], r [ɾ/r], s [s], t [t], ti [ʧi], ts [ʤ̊], v [f/v], w [w/ɣ], x [k͡s], y [j/ʝ], z [z].
According to a report published in 1937 in Sydney, Australia, there was a diversity of dialects until Nauru became a colony of Germany in 1888 and the first texts in Nauruan began to be published. The varieties were so divergent that people from different districts often had problems understanding each other completely. With the increasing influence of foreign languages and the rise in the number of Nauruan texts, the dialects blended into a standardized language, which was promoted through dictionaries and translations by Alois Kayser and Philip Delaporte.
Today there is significantly less dialectal variation. In the district of Yaren and the surrounding area there is an eponymous dialect spoken, which is only slightly different from other varieties.
In 1907, Philip Delaporte published his pocket German-Nauruan dictionary. http://www.trussel.com/kir/naudel.htm The dictionary is small (10.5 × 14 cm), with 65 pages devoted to the glossary and an additional dozen to phrases, arranged alphabetically by the German. Approximately 1650 German words are glossed in Nauruan, often by phrases or synonymous forms. There are some 1300 'unique' Nauruan forms in the glosses, including all those occurring in phrases, ignoring diacritical marks. The accents used there are not common; just one accent (the tilde) is in use today.
The following example of text is from the Bible (Genesis, 1.1–1.8):
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
This text demonstrates a few of the German loanwords (e.g., "God"; and, "celestial sphere") in Nauruan, which is traced back to the strong influence of German missionaries.
| Nauruan | English | |
|---|---|---|
| night | ||
| day | ||
| ancestor | ||
| hello/greeting/welcome | ||
| water | ||
| Earth; celestial sphere | ||
| God | ||
| heaven | ||
| light | ||
| peace | ||
| darkness | ||
| beginning | ||
| goodbye | ||
| /mo awe？ | How are you? |