| Gamo-Gofa-Dawro | |
| States: | Ethiopia |
| Region: | Omo Region |
| Ethnicity: | Gamo |
| Speakers: | million of Gamo, of Gofa, of Dawro |
| Date: | 2007–2018 |
| Ref: | e27 |
| Familycolor: | Afro-Asiatic |
| Fam2: | Omotic |
| Fam3: | North Omotic |
| Fam4: | Ometo |
| Fam5: | North |
| Script: | Ethiopic, Latin |
| Lc1: | gmv |
| Ld1: | Gamo |
| Lc2: | gof |
| Ld2: | Gofa |
| Lc3: | dwr |
| Ld3: | Dawro |
| Glotto: | dawr1235 |
| Glottorefname: | Dawro-Gofa-Gamo |
Gamo-Gofa-Dawro is an Omotic language of the Afroasiatic family spoken in the Dawro, Gamo Gofa and Wolayita Zones of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region in Ethiopia. Varieties are spoken by the Gamo, Gofa, Dawro; Blench (2006) and Ethnologue treat these as separate languages. Zala presumably belongs here as well. Dialects of Dawro (Kullo-Konta) are Konta and Kucha.[1] In 1992, Alemayehu Abebe collected a word-list of 322 entries for all three related dialects.
Segmentally, Gamo phonology operates with a system of twenty-six consonants and five vowel qualities, and in nearly every case a segment may occur short or long.
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Laryngeal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | Glottalized | p’ | ɗ | ts’ | tʃʼ (čʼ) | k’ | ʔ |
| Voiced | b | d | dz | dʒ (j) | g | ||
| Voiceless | p | t | ts | tʃ (č) | k | ||
| Fricatives | Voiced | z | |||||
| Voiceless | s | ʃ (š) | h | ||||
| Sonorants | Nasals | m | n | ɲ (ň) | |||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Vibrant | r | ||||||
| Glides | w | j (y) | |||||
Vowels sound in Gamo language
| palatal | round | |||
| high | i | u | ||
| mid | e | o | ||
| low | a |
(Reference page 21/22)
The morphology of plural making in Gamo is straightforward and uniform.
In masculine nouns, plural is marked by means of a suffix -t, affixed to the oblique case form. The oblique is also the base for the suffixation of definiteness marking.
| Gloss | Absolutive singular | Oblique singular | Absolutive plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'dog' | kaná | kaná | kanatá | |
| 'man' | addé | addé | addetá | |
| 'thing' | yóó | yóó | yóotá | |
| 'tear' | apúntsi | apúntsa | apúntsata |
Feminine nouns take a suffix -int to form their plurals. This is affixed to the absolutive singular:
(Reference page 81)
By comparison with certain other languages of Ethiopia, Gamo has a large vocabulary of adjectives. Like nominals, adjectives fall into declension classes, and although, being adjectives, they do not inflect for nominative case and there is no agreement within the phrase for number or definiteness, the declensional differences relating to oblique case marking do appear in U-declension adjectives when they function attributively.
The correlation between which particular TV an adjective has and its membership of a declension class appears to hold exactly as in nouns; thus, adjectives having a TV-o are always S-declension, adjective having a TV-i are always U-declension, while those having the TVs-a and -e are distributed between the two declensions, although almost all are S-declension.
Example;
| absolutive | oblique | declension | gloss | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hó'o | hó'o | S-declension | hot | |
| páč'e | páč'e | S-declension | incomplete, not full | |
| č'áač'a | č'áač'a | S-declension | fried, roasted | |
| bóottsi | bóottsa | U-declension | white | |
| góošši | góošša | U-declension | mad | |
| kaušé | kaušá | U-declension | light-in weight |
(Reference page 150)
In the definite noun phrases where the noun is modified by an adjective the definite marker does not shift to the adjective, but remains on the noun
Example:
(Reference page 151)
Adverbial notion however, can be expressed in a wide variety of ways. In terms of syntactic constructions the two most frequent means of expressing adverbial notions are postpositional phrases and converbial clauses.
A number of verb lexemes contain some intrinsic reference to temporal or spatial features. Thus,
Examples:
Other more examples
(Reference page 300)
Gamo has very few postpositions; my analysis recognizes just six;
(-n), (-s), (-ppe), (-kko), (-ra) and (-u).
Phonologically, these are fairly minimal and in all cases their phonological structure obliges them to occur as attachments to other words.
There are however, instances where a postposition attaches to other clitic elements, such as to the inclusivity marker (-kka) or to the hypotheticality marker (-kko).
Example
The range of senses for the postposition (-s) may not appear to be quite so extensive but perhaps this is because English itself uses the preposition "for" so widely
Example;
(Reference page 155)
Personal pronouns have long and short forms, but while, for most of them, the short form can clearly be identified with the leftmost portion of the long form, in the 3rd person singular pronouns the short form consists of the rightmost portion of the long form.
Example:
| verb complement | clause subject | noun phrase modifier | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| long | short | long | short | long | short | ||
| 1Sg | tána | - | táni | tá | - | tá | |
| 2Sg | néna | - | néni | né | - | né | |
| 1Pl | nứna | - | nứni | nứ | - | nứ | |
| 2Pl/Pol | íntena | - | ínteni | ínte | - | ínte | |
| 3M | íza | a | ízi | í | íza | a | |
| 3F | ízo | o | íza | á | ízi | i | |
| 3pl/Pol | ísta | - | ísti | - | ísta | - | |
Negation in all subordinate clauses employs the simple-base with (-onta), which is also the form that functions in converbial negation. Since this form shows no agreement with its clause subject, the 'same subject': 'changed subject' marking which distinguishes converbial from subordinate clauses is neutralized. This situation is apparent in sentences (a - c). In other cases a subordinate clause status is made clearer periphrastically by the addition of the perfect or imperfect forms of the inherently negative verb (-agg).
Examples:
(Reference page 266)
In Gamo, the counting forms are in general identical to the citation (absolutive) forms, except in the case of issinno ‘one’, for which a variant form ista can be used.
| Numeral | absolutive | nominative | oblique |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | issinnó ~ istá | issinnóì ~ isstóì | issί |
| 2 | nam’á ~ na’’á | nam’áì ~ nam’ί | nam’ί |
| 3 | heeddzá | heeddzί | heeddzί |
| 4 | oiddá | oiddí | oiddí |
| 5 | iččáča ~ iččáč | iččáci | iččáč |
| 6 | usúppuna ~ usúppun | usúppuni | usúppun |
| 7 | láappuna ~ laappun | láappuni | láappun |
| 8 | όspuna ~ όspun | όspuni | όspun |
| 9 | uddúpuna ~ uddúpun | uddúpuni | uddúpun |
| 10 | támma | támmi | támmi |
| 100 | ts’eetá | ||
| 1000 | kúma |
Examples
| 20 na’í | tamma~nam’í | tam~láatama | |
| 30 heeddzí | tamma~heeddzí | tam~heestama | |
| 40 oiddí | tamma~oiddí | tam~όitama | |
| 50 iččáč | tamma~iččáči | tamma | |
| 60 usúppun | tamma~usúppun | tam | |
| 70 láappun | tamma~láappun | tam | |
| 80 όspun | tamma~όspun | tam | |
| 90 uddúpun | tamma~uddúpun | tam |
(Reference page 141)