| Dogri | |
| Speakers: | million in India |
| Date: | 2011 |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Ethnicity: | Dogras |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam2: | Indo-Iranian |
| Fam3: | Indo-Aryan |
| Fam4: | Northern |
| Fam5: | Western Pahari |
| Nation: | Jammu and Kashmir, India[2] |
| Iso2: | doi |
| Iso3: | doi |
| Lc1: | dgo |
| Ld1: | Dogri proper |
| Lc2: | xnr |
| Ld2: | Kangri |
| Glotto: | indo1311 |
| Glottorefname: | Kangri-Dogri |
| Map: | Indoarische Sprachen Gruppen.png |
| Notice: | Indic |
Dogri (Devanagari: डोगरी|label=none; Name Dogra Akkhar: {{Script|Dogr|; Nastaliq: {{nq|ڈوگری; pronounced as /doi/) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Western Pahari group,[3] primarily spoken in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, with smaller groups of speakers in the adjoining regions of western Himachal Pradesh, northern Punjab,[4] and north-eastern Pakistani Punjab.[5] It is the ethnic language of the Dogras, and was spoken in the historical region of Duggar. It is currently spoken in the districts of Kathua, Jammu, Samba, Udhampur, Reasi and other adjoining districts of Jammu Province Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal,[6] a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi. It has several varieties, all with greater than 80% lexical similarity.[7]
Dogri is spoken by 2.6 million people in India (as of the 2011 census).[1] It has been among the country's 22 scheduled languages since 2003. It is also one of the five official languages of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
Dogri was originally written in the old Dogra Akkhar script – a modified version of Takri.[8] A modified version of this script was created by the order of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, which was then called Name Dogra Akkhar.[9] Official documents were written in this new script; however it never caught on among the general Dogri-speaking populace. Currently, Devanagari is the officially recognised script for Dogri in India and virtually all Dogri literature is published in it.
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| aspirated | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | |||
| voiced | (pronounced as /link/) | (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Tap | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iː | uː | ||
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | ||
| Close-mid | eː | ə | oː | |
| Open-mid | ɛː | ɔː | ||
| Open | aː | |||
| Name Dogra Akkhar | Devanagari | Perso-Arabic | IPA | English translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| हां | [ã̀ː] | Yes | |||
| नेईं | [neː.ĩː] | No | |||
| हिरख | [ɪ̀ɾkʰ] | Love | |||
| कन्नै | [kən.nɛː] | With | |||
| केह् | [kéː] | What | |||
| की | [kiː] | Why | |||
| गास | [gaːs] | Sky | |||
| ब'रा | [bə́.ɾaː] | Year |
These are rules of writing tones in Dogri using Devanagari Script. They are as follows:-
Some examples are shown below.
| Name Dogra Akkhar | Devanagari | Perso-Arabic | IPA | Tone | English translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| गल्ल | [gəl.lə] | Equal | Thing | |||
| गल्ल | [gə́l.lə] | Rising | Cheek | |||
| कर | [kəɾ] | Equal | Do | |||
| घर | [kə̀ɾ] | Falling | Home |
In the year 1317, Amir Khusro, the famous Urdu and Persian poet, referred to Duger (Dogri) while describing the languages and dialects of India as follows: "Sindhi-o-Lahori-o-Kashmiri-o-Duger."[12] [13]
Intellectuals in the court of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir described Duggar as a distorted form of the word Dwigarta, which means 'two troughs', a possible reference to the Mansar and Surinsar lakes.[14]
The linguist George Grierson connected the term Duggar with the Rajasthani word Doonger which means 'hill', and Dogra with Donger. This opinion has lacked support because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how Doonger became Duggar while Donger became Dogra), and has been contradicted by some scholars.[15]
Yet another proposal stems from the word Durgara, the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in the Bhuri Singh Museum in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh. The word Durgara means 'invincible' in several Northern Indo-Aryan languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the terrain of Duggar and the historically militarised and autonomous Dogra societies.
In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the All India Oriental Conference held in Dharwad, Karnataka, could not reach consensus on the Dwigarta and Durgara hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a Doonger-Duggar connection. In a subsequent All India Oriental Conference held at Jaipur in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of Rajasthan and Duggar share some similarities. It was also suggested that the words Duggar and Dogra are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with many forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has many forts, which may support the above opinion.
An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine Shiraza Dogri suggested that "the opinion that the word Duggar is a form of the word Duggarh sounds appropriate."[16]
In modern times, a notable Dogri translation (in the New Dogra script) of the Sanskrit classic mathematical opus Lilavati, by the noted mathematician Bhaskaracharya (b. 1114 AD), was published by the Vidya Vilas Press, Jammu in 1873.[17] As Sanskrit literacy remained confined to a few, the late Maharaja Ranbir Singh had the Lilavati translated into Dogri by Jyotshi Bisheshwar, then principal of Jammu Pathshala.[18]
Dogri has an established tradition of poetry, fiction and dramatic works. Recent poets range from the 18th-century Dogri poet Kavi Dattu (1725–1780) in Raja Ranjit Dev's court to Professor Ram Nath Shastri and Mrs. Padma Sachdev. Kavi Dattu is highly regarded for his Barah Massa (Twelve Months), Kamal Netra (Lotus Eyes), Bhup Bijog and Bir Bilas.[19] Shiraza Dogri is a Dogri literary periodical issued by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, which is a notable publisher of modern Dogri literary work, another being the Dogri Sanstha. Popular recent songs include Pala Shapaiya Dogariya, Manne di Mauj and Shhori Deya. The noted Pakistani singer Malika Pukhraj had roots in Duggar,[20] and her renditions of several Dogri songs continue to be popular in the region. Some devotional songs (bhajans) composed by Karan Singh have gained increasing popularity over time, including Kaun Kareyaan Teri Aarti.
Dogri programming features regularly on Radio Kashmir (a division of All India Radio), and Doordarshan (Indian state television) broadcasts in Jammu and Kashmir. However, Dogri does not have a dedicated state television channel yet, unlike Kashmiri (which has the Doordarshan Koshur channel, available on cable and satellite television throughout India).
Official recognition of the language has been gradual, but progressive. On 2 August 1969, the General Council of the Sahitya Academy, Delhi recognized Dogri as an "independent modern literary language" of India, based on the unanimous recommendation of a panel of linguists.[21] Dogri is one of the official languages of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. On 22 December 2003, in a major milestone for the official status of the language, Dogri was recognized as a national language of India in the Indian constitution.[22] [23]
In 2005, a collection of over 100 works of prose and poetry in Dogri published over the last 50 years was made accessible online at the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore. This included works of eminent writer Dhinu Bhai Panth, Professor Madan Mohan Sharma, B.P. Sathai and Ram Nath Shastri.[24]
The following text is from Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
| Dogri (Name Dogra Akkhar script) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dogri (Devanagari script) | सारे मनुक्ख मैह्मा ते अधिकारें दे बिशे च जनमै थमां सुतैंतर ते बरोबर न। उ'नेंगी बुद्धी ते जमीरै दी देन थ्होई ऐ ते उ'नेंगी आपूं-बिच्चें भाईचारे दे भावै कन्नै ब्यहार करना लोड़दा ऐ। | |
| Dogri (Perso-Arabic script) | ||
| Dogri transliteration (ISO 15919) | Sārē manukkha maihmā tē adhikārēṁ dē biśē ca janmai thamāṁ sutaintar tē barōbar na. U'nēṁgī buddhī tē jamīrai dī dēn thhōī ai tē u'nēṁgī āpūṁ-biccēṁ bhāīcārē dē bhāvai kannai byahār karnā lōṛdā ai. | |
| Dogri IPA | pronounced as /[saː.ɾeː mə.nʊk.kʰə mɛ́ː.maː t̪eː ə.d̪ɪ̀.kaː.ɾẽː d̪eː bɪ.ʃeː t͡ʃə d͡ʒən.mɛː t̪ʰə.mãː sʊ.t̪ɛːn.t̪əɾ t̪eː bə.ɾoː.bəɾ nə ‖ ʊ́.nẽː.giː bʊd̪.d̪ìː t̪eː d͡ʒə.miː.ɾɛː d̪iː d̪eːn t̪ʰòː.iː ɛː t̪eː ʊ́.nẽː.giː aː.pũː.bɪt̪.t͡ʃẽː pàː.iː.t͡ʃaː.ɾeː d̪eː pàː.ʋɛː kən.nɛː bjə.àːɾ kəɾ.naː loːɽ.d̪aː ɛː ‖]/ | |
| English translation | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |