| Binandere | |
| States: | Papua New Guinea |
| Region: | Oro Province |
| Speakers: | 7,000 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Papuan |
| Fam1: | Trans–New Guinea |
| Fam2: | Binanderean |
| Iso3: | bhg |
| Glotto: | bina1277 |
| Glottorefname: | Binandere |
| Dia1: | Binandere |
| Dia2: | Tainya Dawari (Ambasi) |
| Dia3: | Yewa Buie |
Binandere is a Papuan language spoken in the "tail" of Papua New Guinea.
Binandere has 11 consonants: voiced and voiceless bilabials, alveolars, and velars; voiced labial and alveolar nasals; the flap /ɾ/; the voiced bilabial fricative /β/ and the palatal approximant /j/.[1]
Binandere also has the 5 common vowels /ɑ e i o u/ and their five nasal counterparts.[1]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Open | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ |
These vowels can be combined to form up to 11 possible diphthongs:
Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012):[2]
| Binandere | ||
|---|---|---|
| mendo | |
| mu ‘sap’ | |
| mundu ‘kidney, testicles’ | |
| (gisi)-moka ‘eye’ | |
| (Suena ma ‘taro’) | |
| (Korafe mut- ‘give’) | |
| biriga ‘lightning’ | |
| ai (*m lost before i), (Suena mia) | |
| ami | |
| tumba ‘darkness’ | |
| na | |
| na- ‘eat, drink’ | |
| ni | |
| (Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) | |
| pMadang-Binandere *nu[k] ‘ free pronoun’ | nu | |
| ganuma (Korafe ghamana ‘stone’) | |
| mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, (Korafe munju ‘egg’) | |
| (?) beriberi ‘be alight’ | |
| beri-beri ‘be alight’ | |
| (Guhu-Samane burisi eetaqu ‘turn over, turn s.th. around’) | |
| (Suena boga masa ‘destitute widow and child’) | |
| Binandere put- ‘blow’ | |
| embo (Guhu-Samane abi ‘man’) | |
| kopuru | |
| tupo | |
| (?) imbosi | |
| afa (Korafe afa) | |
| (Suena di ‘tie’) | |
| mendo | |
| mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, etc.’) | |
| (Yega kari ‘ear’) | |
| izi (cf. Notu ri) | |
| tupo | |
| Binandere tumba ‘darkness’, ‘night’) | |
| kopuru | |
| gisi moka | |
| asi (Suena ati ‘netbag’) | |
| pBinandere *susu (Korafe soso) | |
| ji | |
| asi ‘vine, string, rope’) | |
| kosiwa ‘spittle’ | |
| (Suena boga masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ | |
| (?) kariga ‘moon’ | |
| gisi-(moka) | |
| (gisi)-moka (Korafe móko ‘core, centre’) | |
| (pBinandere *niŋg- ‘hear’, Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) | |
| (Suena boga-masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ | |
| kopuru | |
| (Yega kari) | |
| kosiwa ‘spittle’, kosiwa ari ‘to spit’ | |
| ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana) | |
| ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana ‘stone’) | |
| (?) undoru ‘bones’ | |
| (?) abu-bugari ‘dead people’, (pBin *ambu- ‘wither, be sick, dying’) | |
| (?) imbosi | |
| (Yega kari) | |
| (aßa)-raka ‘fire’ | |
| (?) siŋgu ‘finger’, finger’) | |
| biriga ‘lightning’ | |
| birigi |