IDPN (chemical) explained

IDPN (3,3'-iminodipropanenitrile) is a neurotoxin with ototoxic and hepatotoxic effects. It causes irreversible movement disorder.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Ototoxicity

IDPN has been shown to kill vestibular hair cells, disrupting normal vestibular function, in rats,^[4] mice, guinea pigs, and frogs.^[5] In rodents, the loss of vestibular function results in balance-related deficits, including circling behavior, retropulsion, and head bobbing, as well as weight loss. Type I hair cells are more sensitive to IDPN toxicity than Type II hair cells. No regeneration of vestibular hair cells was observed, thus these effects can be considered to be irreversible.

IDPN has also been shown to kill cochlear hair cells, affecting auditory function.^[6] IDPN-induced hearing loss covered a broad range of frequencies.

Notes and References

1. Sedó-Cabezón . Lara . Jedynak . Paulina . Boadas-Vaello . Pere . Llorens . Jordi . Transient alteration of the vestibular calyceal junction and synapse in response to chronic ototoxic insult in rats . Disease Models & Mechanisms . 1 October 2015 . 8 . 10 . 1323–1337 . 10.1242/dmm.021436 . 26398945 . 4610239.
2. Khan . HA . Ibrahim . KE . Pattern of neurobehavioral and organ-specific toxicities of β, β'-iminodipropionitrile in mice . Archives of Medical Science . 12 October 2015 . 11 . 5 . 1137–44 . 10.5114/aoms.2015.54871 . 26528360 . 4624758. 31 January 2024 .
3. Ogata . Keiko . Kushida . Masahiko . Miyata . Kaori . Sumida . Kayo . Takeda . Shuji . Izawa . Takeshi . Kuwamura . Mitsuru . Yamate . Jyoji . Alteration of microRNA expressions in the pons and medulla in rats after 3,3′-iminodipropionitrile administration . Journal of Toxicologic Pathology . 2016 . 29 . 4 . 229–236 . 10.1293/tox.2016-0019 . 27821907 . 5097965.
4. Llorens. J.. Demêmes. D.. 1994-06-01. Hair cell degeneration resulting from 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile toxicity in the rat vestibular epithelia. Hearing Research. 76. 1–2. 78–86. 0378-5955. 7928719. 10.1016/0378-5955(94)90090-6. 4761312.
5. Soler-Martín. Carla. Díez-Padrisa. Núria. Boadas-Vaello. Pere. Llorens. Jordi. 2007-03-01. Behavioral Disturbances and Hair Cell Loss in the Inner Ear Following Nitrile Exposure in Mice, Guinea Pigs, and Frogs. Toxicological Sciences. en. 96. 1. 123–132. 10.1093/toxsci/kfl186. 17159233. 1096-6080. free.
6. Crofton. K. M.. Janssen. R.. Prazma. J.. Pulver. S.. Barone. S.. November 1994. The ototoxicity of 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: functional and morphological evidence of cochlear damage. Hearing Research. 80. 2. 129–140. 0378-5955. 7896571. 10.1016/0378-5955(94)90104-X. 4699179.