The ranks in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) reflect an individual's level in the military.
IDF ranks are divided into three groups: enlisted ranks, from Private to First Sergeant; non-commissioned officer (NCO) ranks, from Staff Sergeant to Chief Warrant Officer; and officer ranks, from Second Lieutenant to Lieutenant General. The rank insignia for enlisted personnel are worn on the arm, between the elbow and the shoulder, while the ranks of NCOs and officers are worn on the shoulder epaulettes of the shirt.[1]
Because the IDF is an integrated force, ranks are the same in all branches (there is no differentiation between army, navy, air force, etc.) The ranks are derived from those in the paramilitary Hebrew: [[Haganah]], which operated during the Mandate period in order to protect the Hebrew: [[Yishuv]].[2]
The rank insignia of commissioned officers are listed below, in descending order.
Officers (Hebrew: ktzinim): Volunteers who have completed the officer's course. Officers serve for at least 36 months (3 years) for women in non-combat positions and 44 months (3 years, 8 months) for men. Positions in specialized units require their officers to serve for more than this (for example, seven years for pilots). Promotions are based on ability and time served. It takes about a year to be promoted from 2nd lieutenant to lieutenant and three years to be promoted from lieutenant to captain. Army officers have bronze-metal insignia (replaced with subdued black-metal insignia in 2002), air force officers have silver metal insignia, and navy officers have gold-metal insignia or gold braid bars. Officers without a university education can be promoted to a maximum of Hebrew: Rav Seren (Major), although the IDF often sponsors the studies for their majors.
Academic officers (Hebrew: ktzinim akademaim): Special rank given to soldiers who have not completed officers' training after completing a professional education (usually in engineering, medicine, or law) and returning to service. A Hebrew: kama is equivalent to a lieutenant, and a Hebrew: ka'ab is equivalent to a captain. Officers of these ranks are considered professional manpower and rarely take posts of command. Upon finally completing officers' training, an academic officer is immediately awarded the corresponding "real" rank due to their experience in grade. Their insignia bars are embossed with scrolls (Hebrew: megilot) rather than laurel branches (Hebrew: aronot).
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel, in descending order.
Non-commissioned officers (Hebrew: nagadim): The professional non-commissioned and warrant ranks, drawn from volunteers who signed on for military service after completing conscription. They usually are assigned to head-up the headquarters staff of a unit. Hebrew: Samal is a Hebrew abbreviation for Hebrew: segen mi-khutz la-minyan, which translates as "supernumerary lieutenant"; it is a Field NCO rank equivalent to a British or Commonwealth "Sergeant". Hebrew: Rav samal translates as "chief sergeant"; it is a career NCO rank equivalent to a British or Commonwealth "Staff Sergeant" or "Sergeant Major" / "Warrant Officer". Hebrew: Nagad is a variant of the biblical word Hebrew: nagid, which means "ruler" or "leader". Hebrew: Rav nagad is a senior staff NCO rank equivalent to the American ranks of "Master Sergeant" and "Senior Master Sergeant".
Enlisted (Hebrew: hogrim): The conscript and field NCO ranks. All Jewish, Druze and Circassian conscripts must start their compulsory service at 18 (unless they receive a deferment); Christians, Muslims, and Circassians may volunteer at 17 or older. Enlisted male conscripts serve for 32 months (2 years and 8 months) and female conscripts serve for 24 months (2 years). In the IDF enlisted ranks are earned by means of time in service (Hebrew: pazam), rather than by a particular post or assignment. After 4 to 12 months the conscript is promoted to Hebrew: rav turai, after 18 to 20 months promoted to Hebrew: samal, and after 24 to 32 months is promoted to Hebrew: samal rishon. (This means that female conscripts reach no higher than Hebrew: samal during their compulsory service, unless they serve in combat positions or volunteer for longer terms.)
Field NCOs (Hebrew: samal and Hebrew: samal rishon) who command sub-units (fire team or squad, respectively) are called Hebrew: mashak. This is an abbreviation that translates into English literally as "non-commissioned officer". It is a term of respect like the French Army's French: chef ("chief").
Recruits (Hebrew: tironim): Upon enlistment to military service in Israel, all soldiers begin a basic training course and undergo several weeks or months of 'integration' from citizens to soldiers. This course is called Hebrew: [[tironut]] ("recruit training") and the soldier being trained on this course is called a Hebrew: tiron (or "recruit"). This is often erroneously interpreted as a rank, similar to the US Army's private (E-1); Hebrew: tironim are ranked as Hebrew: turai (private), the same rank and paygrade as newly trained conscripts.[5]
Both officers and enlisted personnel have an obligation to serve in the Reserves after completing their active military service. Male personnel serve until 41–51 years old while female personnel serve until 24 years old.
| Rank name,rank equivalent | Insignia | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hebrew: (ממלא מקום קצין (ממ"ק Hebrew: Memale makom katzín (initials: Hebrew: Mamak) (Acting officer or aspirant; A brevet officer ranking below a junior lieutenant) (Hebrew: Memale makom translates as "substitute", and Hebrew: katzin means "officer") (Hebrew: Memale makom literally translates as "filling in the place of another") [Existed from the 1960s until 1994] | ||||
| Hebrew: (רב-נגד משנה (רנ״ם Hebrew: Rav nagad mishne (initials: Hebrew: Ranam) (Warrant officer, senior specialist professional) (it translates as "junior chief warrant officer" or "junior chief NCO") In practice the rank is not used | ||||
| Hebrew: (סמל בכיר (סמ"ב Hebrew: Samal bakhír (initials: Hebrew: Samab) (First Sergeant, it translates as "Senior Sergeant") [Existed from 1948 to 1952 and no longer in use. (See comments in notes in the bottom)] | ||||
| Hebrew: (רב טוראי ראשון (רט"ר Hebrew: Rav turái rishón (initials: Hebrew: Ratár) (First corporal, it translates as "chief private first class") [Existed from 1972 to 1982 and no longer in use. (See comments in notes in the bottom)] | ||||
| Hebrew: (טוראי ראשון (טר"ש Hebrew: Turai rishon (initials: Hebrew: Tarash) (Private E-3 or private first class) [Existed until 1999 and no longer in use. (See comments in notes in the bottom)] | ||||
The rank of Hebrew: memale makom katzín, initials: Hebrew: Mamak (Hebrew: ממלא מקום קצין ) or "substitute officer", was created in the 1960s. The rank was considered below a 2nd lieutenant (initials: Hebrew: sagam). It indicated a cadet in the Israeli army who had finished the basic preparation for an officer rank (Hebrew: קורס קצינים בסיסי ), but for some reason abandoned their studies, failed to complete the professional officer preparation (Hebrew: השלמה חיילית ), or completed it with a minimal passing grade but was still found worthy of command. They occupied the lowest officer posts until a normal officer rank was found for the position. Those who finished the officer preparation with a minimal passing grade and were substituting in a command position were eligible for promotion to normal officer rank after a set period. It was discontinued in 1994.
The rank of Hebrew: Samal Bakhír, initials: Hebrew: Samab ("Senior Sergeant") was used from 1948 to 1952. It was the equivalent of a US Army First Sergeant. It was replaced by the rank of Hebrew: Rav Samal Yekhidati ("Unit Senior Sergeant"), similar to a British or Commonwealth Army Warrant Officer II (Company Sergeant Major).
The rank of Hebrew: [[Master Corporal|rav turái rishón]], initials: Hebrew: Ratash, or "chief private first class", was used from 1972 to 1982. There was an expansion of staff NCO ranks during this period and the higher rank was offered to conscripts who planned to enlist after completing their national service.
The rank of Hebrew: [[Private First Class|turai rishon]], initials: Hebrew: Tarash, or "private first class", was disestablished in the Regular IDF in 1990. It still continued to be used in the Reserves until it was finally discontinued in 1999. Privates now retain their rank until promoted to corporal, usually after 10 months of peacetime service or 6 months for support roles or 4 months for combatants during hostilities. Corporals in combat units traditionally do not wear their rank insignia, remaining without insignia until they are promoted to the rank of sergeant.
Aiguillettes, Hebrew: Srochim in Hebrew are worn on the left shoulder of the uniform to indicate a soldier's specific role in a unit:[6]
(Only in Shocarim Cadet Schools in the IAF)
(Only in Shocarim Navy Cadet Schools in the IN)
When the IDF was created in 1948, there were 7 enlisted and NCO ranks, and 8 officer ranks. The ranks were as follows:[7]
| Enlisted | Insignia | Officer | Insignia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hebrew: Rav samal (ras) [1948–1951] ("Chief sergeant", master sergeant) Hebrew: Rav samal rishon (Hebrew: rasar) [1951–1955] ("chief sergeant first class", master sergeant) | An oak leaf within a laurel wreath on a red cloth circle (sleeve) [1948] An oak leaf over a sword within a laurel wreath (cuff) [1951] A vertical entwined sword and olive branch in a Star of David within a laurel wreath (cuff) [1968] 2 chevrons (epaulet) [1990–1998] | Hebrew: Rav aluf ("chief general", lieutenant general) | An oak leaf within a laurel wreath [1948] An oak leaf over an oak leaf within a laurel wreath [1950] 2 oak leaves over a crossed sword and olive branch [1950] | |
| Hebrew: Rav samal (Hebrew: ras) [1951–1967] ("chief sergeant", master sergeant) Hebrew: Rav Samal (Hebrew: ras) [1968–Present] ("chief sergeant", master sergeant) | An oak leaf within a laurel wreath (cuff) [1951] An oak leaf in a Star of David within a laurel wreath (cuff) [1968] 1 chevron (epaulet) [1990–1998] | Hebrew: [[Aluf]] ("general", major general) [1950–present] | 1 oak leaf over a crossed sword and olive branch [1950] | |
| Hebrew: Samal bakhír [1948–1951] ("senior sergeant", first sergeant) | A small oak leaf within a laurel wreath on 3 half chevrons | Hebrew: [[Aluf]] [1948–1950] Hebrew: aluf-mishneh ("junior general", colonel) [1951–present] | 3 oak leaves | |
| Hebrew: Samal rishon ("sergeant first class", staff sergeant) | A small oak leaf on 3 half chevrons | Hebrew: Sgan aluf ("deputy general", lieutenant colonel) | 2 oak leaves | |
| Hebrew: Samal (sergeant) | 3 half chevrons | Hebrew: Rav seren ("chief captain", major) | 1 oak leaf | |
| Hebrew: Rav turai ("chief private", corporal) | 2 half chevrons | Hebrew: Seren (captain) | 3 bars | |
| Hebrew: Turai rishon (private first class) [1948–1999] | 1 half chevron | Hebrew: Segen rishon (Lieutenant 1st class) [1948–1951] Hebrew: Segen (lieutenant) [1951–present] | 2 bars | |
| Hebrew: Turai (private) | No insignia | Hebrew: Segen (lieutenant) [1948–1951] Hebrew: Segen mishne (junior lieutenant) [1951–present] | 1 bar |
IDF Ranks and their insignia were initially influenced by the British / Commonwealth model. This was due to the average Israeli servicemen's experience in the Commonwealth forces during World War Two. This was later reformed when the IDF started to adopt a rank system similar to the United States armed forces in 1973 and the 1990s.
Rank insignia were originally cut from cloth or embroidered onto cloth patches. Bronze-metal officer's rank insignia worn on a red cloth backing were introduced for the army in 1949. Enlisted stripes for all arms were originally individual white half-chevrons with space between them. In an economy move, senior NCOs were distinguished by using the same bronze insignia (an oak-leaf or oak-leaf-in-a-wreath) as senior officers pinned to their sleeve insignia. In 1951 the Navy adopted golden-yellow half-chevrons and the Air Force adopted blue half chevrons.
A Hebrew: samal rishon was equal to a British Army staff sergeant / colour sergeant or a US Army technical sergeant (sergeant first class) / platoon sergeant. For the other services, the bronze-metal oak-leaf on the army's Hebrew: samal rishon rank insignia was replaced with a yellow anchor in a white hexagon for the Navy and a blue Star of David on a white circle for the Air Force. This was later replaced in 1951 with a gold-metal oak leaf for the Navy and a silver-metal oak leaf for the Air Force.
A Hebrew: Samal Bakhír (1948–1951) was equivalent to a US Army First Sergeant. The rank insignia was a small bronze oak leaf in a wreath on 3 white half-chevrons for the Army; a yellow anchor in a yellow-bordered (1948) or solid-yellow (1950) hexagon on 3 white half-chevrons for the Navy; and a blue Star of David in a blue-bordered circle on 3 white half-chevrons for the Air Force. It was replaced by the reorganized Hebrew: Rav Samal rank in 1951 and the new Hebrew: Rav Samal Yehidati rank by 1955.
A Hebrew: Rav Samal (1951–1967) was equivalent to a British Army Warrant Officer II (Company Sergeant Major). The rank insignia was an Oak Leaf in a Laurel Wreath. It came in bronze-metal on a red enamel backing for the Army, gold-metal for the Navy, and silver-metal for the Air Force. It was worn on the lower right sleeve of the shirt or jacket or on a leather wrist strap when wearing short-sleeve order. It was divided into Hebrew: Rav-Samal Miktzoi ("Specialist Chief Sergeant"; a technical NCO) and Hebrew: Rav Samal Yekhidati ("Unit Chief Sergeant"; a command NCO) from 1955 to 1958.
A Hebrew: Rav Samal (1948–1951) was equivalent to a US Army Master Sergeant or Sergeant Major. The rank insignia was originally an oak leaf in a laurel wreath for the Army, a large yellow anchor in a yellow-bordered (1948) or solid-yellow (1950) hexagon for the Navy, and a large blue Star of David in a bordered circle for the Air Force. The rank was renamed Hebrew: Rav Samal Rishon (1951–Present) and was equivalent to a British Army Warrant Officer I (Regimental Sergeant Major). The new rank also received new insignia made of metal: an Oak Leaf over a vertical Sword in a Laurel Wreath. It came in bronze-metal on a red enamel backing for the Army, gold-metal for the Navy, and silver-metal for the Air Force. It was worn on the lower right sleeve of the shirt or jacket or on a leather wrist strap when wearing short-sleeve order. It was divided into Hebrew: Rav Samal Rishon Miktzoi ("Specialist Chief Sergeant First Class"; a technical NCO) and Hebrew: Rav Samal Rishon Yekhidati ("Unit Chief Sergeant First Class"; a command NCO) from 1955 to 1958.
From 1948 to 1951, IDF Ranks for each branch of service (the Ground, Sea, and Air Forces) had unique titles and distinct insignia.
| US Army Rank | IDF Army (Hebrew: Kheylot ha-Yabasha) | IDF Navy (Hebrew: Kheyl ha-Yam) | IDF Air Force (Hebrew: Kheyl ha-Avir) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Private | Hebrew: Turai | Hebrew: Malakh ("Crewman") [1948–1951] | Hebrew: Avirai ("Airman") [1948–1951] | |
| Private First Class | Hebrew: Turai Rishon | Hebrew: Malakh Rishon ("Crewman First Class") [1948–1951] | Hebrew: Avirai Rishon ("Airman First Class") [1948–1951] | |
| Corporal | Hebrew: Rav Turai | Hebrew: Rav Malakh ("Chief Crewman") [1948–1951] | Hebrew: Avirai Musmakh ("Senior Airman") [1948–1951] | |
| Sergeant | Hebrew: Samal | Hebrew: Samal ("Petty Officer") | Hebrew: Samal Avir ("Sergeant") [1948–1951] | |
| Staff Sergeant | Hebrew: Samal Rishon | Hebrew: Samal Rishon ("Petty Officer First Class") | Hebrew: Samal Tayas ("Flight Sergeant") [1948–1951] | |
| Sergeant First Class | Hebrew: Rav-Samal | Hebrew: Rav-Samal ("Chief Petty Officer") | Hebrew: Samal Teufa ("Technical Sergeant") [1948–1951] | |
| Master Sergeant | Hebrew: Rav-Samal Rishon | Hebrew: Rav-Samal Rishon ("Chief Petty Officer First Class") | Hebrew: Katsin Avir ("Acting Aviation Officer") [1948–1951] | |
| Officer Candidate | - | Hebrew: Meshit ("Junior Officer" - Midshipman) [1948–1951] | - | |
| Second Lieutenant | Hebrew: Segen | Hebrew: Sgan Khovel ("Deputy Officer" - 'Ensign') [1948–1951] | Hebrew: Pakkad Avir ("Junior Pilot Officer") [1948–1951] | |
| First Lieutenant | Hebrew: Segen Rishon | Hebrew: [[Sea captain|Khovel]] ("Officer" – Lieutenant) [1948–1951] | Hebrew: Pakkad Tayas ("Pilot Officer") [1948–1951] | |
| Captain | Hebrew: Seren | Hebrew: Khovel Rishon ("Officer First Class" - Senior Lieutenant) [1948–1951] | Hebrew: Pakkad Teufa ("Flying Officer") [1948–1951] | |
| Major | Hebrew: Rav Seren | Hebrew: Rav Khovel ("Chief Officer" - Lieutenant Commander) [1948–1951] | Hebrew: Rosh Tayeset ("Squadron Leader") [1948–1951] | |
| Lieutenant-Colonel | Hebrew: Sgan aluf | Hebrew: Sgan Kabarnit ("Deputy Captain" - Commander) [1948–1951] | Hebrew: Rosh Kanaf ("Wing Commander") [1948–1951] | |
| Colonel | Hebrew: Aluf [1948–1950] / Hebrew: Aluf Mishne [1950–1951] | Hebrew: Kabarnit ("Captain") [1948–1951] | Hebrew: Rosh Lahak ("Air Command Leader" – Group captain) [1948–1951] | |
| (Brigadier) General | Hebrew: Aluf [1950–1951] | Hebrew: Aluf Yam ("Naval General" - Commodore) [1950–1951] | Hebrew: Aluf Avir ("Aviation General" - Air Commodore) [1950–1951] | |
| Chief of Staff | Hebrew: Rav Aluf ("Chief General" - Major General) | - | - |