| Fibrinogen deficiency | |
| Synonyms: | Immunodeficiency with fibrinogen anomaly |
Fibrinogen deficiency, also known as factor I deficiency, is a rare inherited bleeding disorder related to fibrinogen function in the coagulation cascade. It is typically subclassified into four distinct fibrinogen disorders: afibrinogenemia, hypofibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia, and hypodysfibrinogenemia.[1]
Clinically, these disorders are generally associated with an increased diathesis, i.e. propensity, to develop spontaneous bleeding episodes and excessive bleeding after even minor tissue injuries and surgeries; however, individuals with any of these disorders may also exhibit a propensity to pathological thrombosis episodes.[4] [6]
Treatment of these disorders generally involves specialized centers and the establishment of preventive measures designed based on each individuals personal and family histories of the frequency and severity of previous bleeding and thrombosis episodes, and, in a select few cases, the predicted propensity of the genetic mutations which underlie their disorders to cause bleeding and thrombosis.[5] [6]
Afibrinogenemia is typically the most severe of the three disorders. Common symptoms include bleeding of the umbilical cord at birth, traumatic and surgical bleeding, GI tract, oral and mucosal bleeding, spontaneous splenic rupture, and rarely intracranial hemorrhage and articular bleeding.[2] [7] Symptoms of hypofibrinogenemia varies from mild to severe, but can include bleeding of the GI tract, oral and mucosal bleeding, and very rarely intracranial bleeding. More commonly it presents during traumatic bleeding or surgical procedures.[2] [3] Most cases (60%) of dysfibrinogenemia are asymptomatic, but 28% exhibit hemorrhaging similar to that described above while 20% exhibit thrombosis (i.e. excessive clotting).[3]
The disorders associated with Factor I deficiency are generally inherited,[2] [3] although certain liver diseases can also affect fibrinogen levels and function (e.g. cirrhosis).[8] Afibrinogenemia is a recessive inherited disorder, where both parents must be carriers.[2] Hypofibrinogenemia and dysfibrinogenemia can be dominant (i.e. only one parent needs to be a carrier) or recessive.[2] The origin of the disorders is traced back to three possible genes: FGA, FGB, or FGG. Because all three are involved in forming the hexameric glycoprotein fibrinogen, mutations in any one of the three genes can cause the deficiency.[9] [10]
The most common type of treatment is cryoprecipitate a fibrinogen concentrate used in a drip to increase fibrinogen levels to normal during surgical procedures or after trauma.[11] [2] RiaSTAP, a factor I concentrate, was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2009 for use when the fibrinogen level was below 50 mg/deciliter of plasma.[12] Recently, antifibrinolytics have also been used to inhibit fibrinolysis (breaking down of the fibrin clot).[3] In the case of dysfibrinogenemia that manifests by thrombosis, anticoagulants can be used.[2] Due to the inhibited clotting ability associated with a- and hypofibrinogenemia, anticoagulants including aspirin are advised against.[2]