A hypohalous acid is an oxyacid consisting of a hydroxyl group single-bonded to any halogen. Examples include hypofluorous acid, hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, and hypoiodous acid. The conjugate base is a hypohalite. They can be formed by reacting the corresponding diatomic halogen molecule with water in the reaction:
This also results in the corresponding hydrogen halide, which is also acidic.
Hypohalous acids tend to be unstable. Only hypofluorous acid has been isolated as a solid, and even it is explosive at room temperature.[1] Hypochlorous acid cannot be prepared in anhydrous form.[2] Hypobromous acid, hypoiodous acid, and their conjugate bases (hypobromite and hypoiodite) are also unstable, undergoing disproportionation reactions like
and
that result in the corresponding hydrogen halides/halide ions and halic acids/halates.[3]
Hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid are each dissolved in water in order to sanitize it, hypochlorous acid in swimming pools and hypobromous acid in hot tubs and spas.[4]
Hypohalous acids tend to be weak acids, and they tend to get weaker as the halogen progresses farther down the periodic table. Hypochlorous acid has a pKa of 7.53.[5] The pKa values of hypobromous acid is higher (meaning that it is an even weaker acid),[6] at 8.65. The pKa of hypoiodous acid is even higher, at 10.6.[7]