Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism explained

Specialty:	endocrinology

Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism is an endocrine situation and subtype of hypergonadism in which both gonadotropin levels and gonadal function, such as sex hormone production, are abnormally high. It can be associated with hyperandrogenism and hyperestrogenism and with gonadal cysts and tumors.^[1] It can be caused by medications such as gonadotropins,^[2] gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, nonsteroidal antiandrogens,^{[3] [4]} and selective estrogen receptor modulators, as well as conditions like human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting tumors, complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, and estrogen insensitivity syndrome.^[5]

See also

• Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
• Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Notes and References

1. Book: Andrew N. Margioris. George P. Chrousos. Adrenal Disorders. 20 April 2001. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-1-59259-101-5. 298–.
2. Book: K. Lissak. Hormones and Brain Function. 6 December 2012. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-1-4684-2007-4. 48–.
3. Book: E.E. Müller. Peptides and Non Peptides of Oncologic and Neuroendocrine Relevance: From Basic to Clinical Research. 6 December 2012. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-88-470-2085-6. 231–. Pure anti-androgens can be given as monotherapy in the attempt to avoid the side effects caused by androgen-suppressive therapies (loss of libido, impotency, osteoporosis, pathological fractures, decrease of muscle mass and tone, progressive anaemia, asthenia, and depression) (Tyrrell, 1992). The use of these compounds in patients with intact gonads induces a condition of hypergonadotrophic hypergonadism, which allows high circulating levels of testosterone to be maintained..
4. Knuth UA, Hano R, Nieschlag E . Effect of flutamide or cyproterone acetate on pituitary and testicular hormones in normal men . J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. . 59 . 5 . 963–9 . November 1984 . 6237116 . 10.1210/jcem-59-5-963 . Since FLU is devoid of intrinsic hormonal activity, its antiandrogenic property leads to increased serum testosterone (T) levels and elevated gonadotropin values. The effect of this unique endocrine situation, which may be described as "hypergonadotropic hypergonadism.".
5. Book: Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction. 12 December 2005. Academic Press. 978-0-08-053527-2. 627–.