1/x
x\to0
If the output of a function is inversely proportional to its input, or inversely proportional to the difference from a given value
x0
x0
In the real world hyperbolic growth is created by certain non-linear positive feedback mechanisms.[2]
Like exponential growth and logistic growth, hyperbolic growth is highly nonlinear, but differs in important respects.These functions can be confused, as exponential growth, hyperbolic growth, and the first half of logistic growth are convex functions; however their asymptotic behavior (behavior as input gets large) differs dramatically:
Certain mathematical models suggest that until the early 1970s the world population underwent hyperbolic growth (see, e.g., Introduction to Social Macrodynamics by Andrey Korotayev et al.). It was also shown that until the 1970s the hyperbolic growth of the world population was accompanied by quadratic-hyperbolic growth of the world GDP, and developed a number of mathematical models describing both this phenomenon, and the World System withdrawal from the blow-up regime observed in the recent decades. The hyperbolic growth of the world population and quadratic-hyperbolic growth of the world GDP observed till the 1970s have been correlated by Andrey Korotayev and his colleagues to a non-linear second order positive feedback between the demographic growth and technological development, described by a chain of causation: technological growth leads to more carrying capacity of land for people, which leads to more people, which leads to more inventors, which in turn leads to yet more technological growth, and on and on.[3] It has been also demonstrated that the hyperbolic models of this type may be used to describe in a rather accurate way the overall growth of the planetary complexity of the Earth since 4 billion BC up to the present.[4] Other models suggest exponential growth, logistic growth, or other functions.
Another example of hyperbolic growth can be found in queueing theory: the average waiting time of randomly arriving customers grows hyperbolically as a function of the average load ratio of the server. The singularity in this case occurs when the average amount of work arriving to the server equals the server's processing capacity. If the processing needs exceed the server's capacity, then there is no well-defined average waiting time, as the queue can grow without bound. A practical implication of this particular example is that for highly loaded queuing systems the average waiting time can be extremely sensitive to the processing capacity.
A further practical example of hyperbolic growth can be found in enzyme kinetics. When the rate of reaction (termed velocity) between an enzyme and substrate is plotted against various concentrations of the substrate, a hyperbolic plot is obtained for many simpler systems. When this happens, the enzyme is said to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
The function
| x(t)= | 1 |
| tc-t |
More generally, the function
| x(t)= | K |
| tc-t |
K
Note that this algebraic function can be regarded as analytical solution for the function's differential:[5]
| dx | |
| dt |
=
| K | ||||||
|
=
| x2 | |
| K |
This means that with hyperbolic growth the absolute growth rate of the variable in the moment is proportional to the square of the value of in the moment .
Respectively, the quadratic-hyperbolic function looks as follows:
| x(t)= | K | |||||
|
.