Hyperaccumulators table – 3 explained

This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of radionuclides (Cd, Cs-137, Co, Pu-238, Ra, Sr, U-234, 235, 238), hydrocarbons and organic solvents (Benzene, BTEX, DDT, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, Fluoranthene, MTBE, PCB, PCNB, TCE and by-products), and inorganic compounds (Potassium ferrocyanide).

See also:

• Hyperaccumulators table – 1 : Ag, Al, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Naphthalene, Pb, Pd, Se, Zn

Accumulation rates (in mg/kg of dry weight)	Latin name	English name	H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant	Notes	Sources
Cd		Athyrium yokoscense	(Japanese false spleenwort?)	Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)	Origin Japan	^[1]
Cd	>100	Avena strigosa Schreb.	New-Oat Lopsided Oat or Bristle Oat			^[2]
Cd	H-	Bacopa monnieri	Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop	Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)	Origin India; aquatic emergent species	^[3]
Cd		Brassicaceae	Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family	Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction	^[4]
Cd	A-	Brassica juncea L.		Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H)	cultivated	^[5]
Cd	H-	Vallisneria americana	Tape Grass	Cr(A), Cu(H), Pb(H)	Origins Europe and N. Africa; extensively cultivated in the aquarium trade
Cd	>100	Crotalaria juncea	Sunn or sunn hemp		High amounts of total soluble phenolics
Cd	H-	Eichhornia crassipes		Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U^[6] and pesticides^[7]	Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'
Cd		Helianthus annuus			Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration	^[8]
Cd	H-	Hydrilla verticillata		Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H)
Cd	H-	Lemna minor		Pb(H), Cu(H), Zn(A)	Native to North America and widespread
Cd	T-	Pistia stratiotes		Cu(T), Hg(H), Cr(H)	Pantropical, Origin South U.S.A.; aquatic herb
Cd		Salix viminalis L.	Common Osier, Basket Willow	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)^[9]	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
Cd		Spirodela polyrhiza	Giant Duckweed	Cr(H), Pb(H), Ni(H), Zn(A)	Native to North America	^[10] ^[11]
Cd	>100	Tagetes erecta L.	African-tall		Tolerance only. Lipid peroxidation level increases; activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase are depressed.
Cd		Thlaspi caerulescens	Alpine pennycress	Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction. Its rhizosphere's bacterial population is less dense than with Trifolium pratense but richer in specific metal-resistant bacteria.^[12]	^[13] ^[14] ^[15] ^[16]
Cd	1000	Vallisneria spiralis			37 records of plants; origin India	^[17]
Cs-137		Acer rubrum, Acer pseudoplatanus		Pu-238, Sr-90	Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce.^[18]
Cs-137		Agrostis spp.	Agrostis spp.		Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
Cs-137	up to 3000 Bq kg-1^[19]	Amaranthus retroflexus (cv. Belozernii, aureus, Pt-95)	Redroot Amaranth	Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction. Can accumulate radionuclides, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. Maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth.
Cs-137		Brassicaceae	Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family	Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.
Cs-137		Brassica juncea			Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs-137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.
Cs-137		Cerastium fontanum	Big Chickweed		Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
Cs-137		Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola?		Sr-90, Cs-137	Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
Cs-137		Cocos nucifera			Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Cs-137		Eichhornia crassipes		U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days). Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A) and pesticides.
Cs-137		Eragrostis bahiensis (Eragrostis)			Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.
Cs-137		Eucalyptus tereticornis		Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Cs-137		Festuca arundinacea			Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
Cs-137		Festuca rubra			Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
Cs-137		Glomus mosseae as chelating agent (Glomus (fungus))	Mycorrhizal fungi		Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.
Cs-137		Glomus intradices (Glomus (fungus))	Mycorrhizal fungi		Glomus mosseae as chelating agent. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.
Cs-137	4900-8600^[20]	Helianthus annuus		U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days)	Accumulates up to 8 times more Cs-137 than timothy or foxtail. Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs-137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground.
Cs-137		Larix			Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce. 20% of the translocated caesium into new leaves resulted from root-uptake 2.5 years after the Chernobyl accident.
Cs-137		Liquidambar styraciflua		Pu-238, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Cs-137		Liriodendron tulipifera		Pu-238, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Cs-137		Lolium multiflorum			Sr	Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more Cs-137 and Sr-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. Clay, sand, silt and compost.^[21]
Cs-137		Lolium perenne			Can accumulate radionuclides
Cs-137		Panicum virgatum
Cs-137		Phaseolus acutifolius	Tepary Beans	Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents
Cs-137		Phalaris arundinacea L.		Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.	Phytoextraction
Cs-137		Picea abies			Conc. about 25-times higher in bark compared to wood, 1.5–4.7 times higher in directly contaminated twig-axes than in leaves.
Cs-137		Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa		Sr-90. Also petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Pinus spp.	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides.
Cs-137		Sorghum halepense
Cs-137		Trifolium repens			Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
Cs-137	H	Zea mays			High absorption rate. Accumulates radionuclides. Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground.
Co	1000 to 4304^[22]	Haumaniastrum robertii (Lamiaceae)	Copper flower		27 records of plants; origin Africa. Vernacular name: 'copper flower'. This species' phanerogamme has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper.
Co	H-	Thlaspi caerulescens	Alpine pennycress	Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction
Pu-238		Acer rubrum		Cs-137, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Pu-238		Liquidambar styraciflua		Cs-137, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Pu-238		Liriodendron tulipifera		Cs-137, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Ra					No reports found for accumulation
Sr		Acer rubrum		Cs-137, Pu-238	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Sr		Brassicaceae	Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family	Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction
Sr		Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola?		Sr-90, Cs-137	Can accumulate radionuclides
Sr		Eichhornia crassipes		Cs-137, U-234, 235, 238. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A) and pesticides.	In pH of 9, accumulates high concentrations of Sr-90 with approx. 80 to 90% of it in its roots
Sr		Eucalyptus tereticornis	Forest redgum	Cs-137	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Sr	H-?	Helianthus annuus			Accumulates radionuclides; high absorption rate. Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration
Sr		Liquidambar styraciflua		Cs-137, Pu-238	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Sr		Liriodendron tulipifera		Cs-137, Pu-238	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Sr		Lolium multiflorum	Italian Ryegrass	Cs	Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more Cs-137 and Sr-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. clay, sand, silt and compost.
Sr	1.5-4.5 % in their shoots	Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa		Petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cs-137	Phytocontainment. Accumulate 1.5-4.5 % of Sr-90 in their shoots.
Sr		Apiaceae (a.k.a. Umbelliferae)	Carrot or parsley family		Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides
Sr		Fabaceae (a.k.a. Leguminosae)	Legume, pea, or bean family		Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides
U		Amaranthus		Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H)	Citric acid chelating agent and see note. Cs: maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth.
U		Brassica juncea, Brassica chinensis, Brassica narinosa	Cabbage family	Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H)	Citric acid chelating agent increases uptake 1000 times,^[23] and see note
U-234, 235, 238		Eichhornia crassipes		Cs-137, Sr-90. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A), and pesticides.
U-234, 235, 238	95% of U in 24 hours.	Helianthus annuus			Accumulates radionuclides; At a contaminated wastewater site in Ashtabula, Ohio, 4 wk-old splants can remove more than 95% of uranium in 24 hours. Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration.	URL
U		Juniperus			Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots
U		Picea mariana			Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his twigs
U		Quercus			Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots
U		Kail? and/or Salsola?	Russian thistle (tumble weed)
U		Salix viminalis		Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, Zn (S. viminalis); potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
U		Silene vulgaris (a.k.a. "Silene cucubalus)
U		Zea mays
U	A-?
Radionuclides		Tradescantia bracteata			Indicator for radionuclides: the stamens (normally blue or blue-purple) become pink when exposed to radionuclides
Benzene		Chlorophytum comosum	spider plant			^[24]
Benzene		Ficus elastica	rubber fig, rubber bush, rubber tree, rubber plant, or Indian rubber bush
Benzene		Kalanchoe blossfeldiana	Kalanchoe		seems to take benzene selectively over toluene.
Benzene		Pelargonium x domesticum	Germanium
		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP	Phytostimulation
		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP	Phytostimulation
		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP	Phytostimulation
		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, PCP, Pentachloronitro-benzène	Phytostimulation
		Cyclotella caspia Cyclotella caspia			Approximate rate of biodegradation on 1st day: 35%; on 6th day: 85％ (rate of physical degradation 5.86％ only).	^[25]
Hydrocarbons		Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.			Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 68% after 1 year	^[26]
Hydrocarbons		Festuca arundinacea			Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 62% after 1 year	^[27]
Hydrocarbons		Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)
Hydrocarbons		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
		Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)
MTBE		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)	Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
Organic solvents		Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)
Organic solvents		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)	Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
Organic solvents		Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)
Organic solvents		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)	Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, PCP	Phytostimulation
	8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass	Salix babylonica L.	Weeping Willow	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.); Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration. A large fraction of initial mass was metabolized during transport within the plant.
Potassium ferrocyanide	8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass		Hankow Willow, Hybrid Willow	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.); Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis).	No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration.
PCB		Rosa spp.	Paul’s Scarlet Rose		Phytodegradation
PCP		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzène	Phytostimulation
		Chlorophytum comosum	spider plant		Seems to lower the removal rates of benzene and methane.
TCE and by-products		Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)
TCE and by-products		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)	Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
		Musa (genus)	Banana tree		Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration.^[28]
		Cyperus papyrus			Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration
			Taros		Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration
		Brugmansia spp.	Angel's trumpet		Semi-anaerobic, good for rhizofiltration	^[29]
		Caladium	Caladium		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
		Caltha palustris	Marsh marigold		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
		Iris pseudacorus	Yellow Flag, paleyellow iris		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
		Mentha aquatica	Water Mint		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
		Scirpus lacustris	Bulrush		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
		Typha latifolia	Broadleaf cattail		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration

Notes

• Uranium: The symbol for Uranium is sometimes given as Ur instead of U. According to Ulrich Schmidt^[8] and others, plants' concentration of uranium is considerably increased by an application of citric acid, which solubilizes the uranium (and other metals).
• Radionuclides: Cs-137 and Sr-90 are not removed from the top 0.4 meters of soil even under high rainfall, and migration rate from the top few centimeters of soil is slow.^[30]
• Radionuclides: Plants with mycorrhizal associations are often more effective than non-mycorrhizal plants at the uptake of radionuclides.^[31]
• Radionuclides: In general, soils containing higher amounts of organic matter will allow plants to accumulate higher amounts of radionuclides.^[30] See also note on Lolium multiflorum in Paasikallio 1984.^[21] Plant uptake is also increased with a higher cation exchange capacity for Sr-90 availability, and a lower base saturation for uptake of both Sr-90 and Cs-137.^[30]
• Radionuclides: Fertilizing the soil with nitrogen if needed will indirectly increase the take-up of radionuclides by generally boosting the plant's overall growth and more specifically roots' growth. But some fertilizers such as K or Ca compete with the radionuclides for cation exchange sites, and will not increase the take-up of radionuclides.^[30]
• Radionuclides: Zhu and Smolders, lab test:^[32] Cs uptake is mostly influenced by K supply. The uptake of radiocaesium depends mainly on two transport pathways on plant root cell membranes: the K+ transporter and the K+ channel pathway. Cs is likely transported by the K+ transport system. When external concentration of K is limited to low levels, le K+ transporter shows little discrimination against Cs+; if K supply is high, the K+ channel is dominant and shows high discrimination against Cs+. Caesium is very mobile within the plant, but the ratio Cs/K is not uniform within the plant. Phytoremediation as a possible option for the decontamination of caesium-contaminated soils is limited mainly by that it takes tens of years and creates large volumes of waste.
• Alpine pennycress or Alpine Pennygrass is found as Alpine Pennycrest in (some books).
• The references are so far mostly from academic trial papers, experiments and generally of exploration of that field.
• Radionuclides: Broadley and Willey^[33] find that across 30 taxa studied, Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae show the strongest correlation between Rb (K) and Cs concentration. The fast-growing Chenopodiaceae discriminate approx. 9 times less between Rb and Cs than the slow-growingGramineae, and this correlate with highest and lowest concentrations achieved respectively.
• Caesium: In Chernobyl-derived radioactivity, the amount of contamination is dependent on the roughness of bark, absolute bark surface and the existence of leaves during the deposition. The major contamination of the shoots is from direct deposition on the trees.^[18]

Links to the other sections

• Hyperaccumulators table – 1 : Al, Ag, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Hg, Mo, Naphthalene, Pb, Pd, Pt, Se, Zn

Notes and References

1. McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 898
2. https://archive.today/20130415165613/http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/12/2955?maxtoshow=&HITS=&hits=&RESULTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&fulltext=seed,+hyperaccumulator&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=date&resourcetype=HWCIT
3. Gurta et al. 1994
4. McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 19
5. Web site: Analysis of Transgenic Indian Mustard Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Mine Tailings -- Bennett et al. 32 (2): 432 -- Journal of Environmental Quality . 2006-10-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070310042519/http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/2/432 . 2007-03-10 . Lindsay E. Bennetta, Jason L. Burkheada, Kerry L. Halea, Norman Terryb, Marinus Pilona and Elizabeth A. H. Pilon-Smits, Analysis of Transgenic Indian Mustard Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Mine Tailings. Journal of Environmental Quality 32:432-440 (2003)
6. https://web.archive.org/web/20120111174116/http://rydberg.biology.colostate.edu/Phytoremediation/2000/Lawra/BZ580.htm
7. Web site: CSA . 2006-10-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110520035859/http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=6028544&q=&uid=788532439&setcookie=yes . 2011-05-20 . J.K. Lan. Recent developments of phytoremediation.
8. Web site: Enhancing Phytoextraction: The Effect of Chemical Soil Manipulation on Mobility, Plant Accumulation, and Leaching of Heavy Metals -- Schmidt 32 (6): 1939 -- Journal of Environmental Quality . 2006-10-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070225035837/http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/6/1939 . 2007-02-25 ., Enhancing Phytoextraction: The Effect of Chemical Soil Manipulation on Mobility, Plant Accumulation, and Leaching of Heavy Metals, by Ulrich Schmidt.
9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16703454&dopt=Citation
10. McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 891
11. Srivastav 1994
12. Web site: NRC Research Press . 2006-10-28 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070311064304/http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjm_w01-067_47_ns_nf_cjm47-01 . 2007-03-11 . T.A. Delorme, J.V. Gagliardi, J.S. Angle, and R.L. Chaney. Influence of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl. and the nonmetal accumulator Trifolium pratense L. on soil microbial populations. Conseil National de Recherches du Canada
13. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1677-04202005000100010
14. Baker & Brooks, 1989
15. Web site: Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils: Natural Hyperaccumulation versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction -- Lombi et al. 30 (6): 1919 -- Journal of Environmental Quality . 2006-10-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070311051135/http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/30/6/1919?maxtoshow=&HITS=&hits=&RESULTFORMAT=1&fulltext=phytoremediation+permaculture&andorexactfulltext=or&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT . 2007-03-11 . E. Lombi, F.J. Zhao, S.J. Dunham et S.P. McGrath, Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal, Contaminated Soils, Natural Hyperaccumulation versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction.
16. Phytoremediation Decision Tree, ITRC
17. Brown et al. 1995
18. https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01219349
19. Dushenkov, S., A. Mikheev, A. Prokhnevsky, M. Ruchko, and B. Sorochinsky, Phytoremediation of Radiocesium-Contaminated Soil in the Vicinity of Chernobyl, Ukraine. Environmental Science and Technology 1999. 33, no. 3 : 469-475. Cited in Phytoremediation of radionuclides.
20. Negri, C. M., and R. R. Hinchman, 2000. The use of plants for the treatment of radionuclides. Chapter 8 of Phytoremediation of toxic metals: Using plants to clean up the environment, ed. I. Raskin and B. D. Ensley. New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication. Cited in Phytoremediation of Radionuclides.
21. A. Paasikallio, The effect of time on the availability of strontium-90 and cesium-137 to plants from Finnish soils. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae, 1984. 23: 109-120. Cited in Westhoff99.
22. https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02187261
23. Huang, J. W., M. J. Blaylock, Y. Kapulnik, and B. D. Ensley, 1998. Phytoremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Soils: Role of Organic Acids in Triggering Uranium Hyperaccumulation in Plants. Environmental Science and Technology. 32, no. 13 : 2004-2008. Cited in Phytoremediation of radionuclides.
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