Hymenopterida Explained

Hymenopterida is a superorder of holometabolous (metamorphosing) insects. As originally circumscribed, it included Hymenoptera and the orders in Panorpida (Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Diptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera).[1] However, more recent studies find Hympenoptera as sister to the other members of Holometabola and the superorder is restricted to Hymenoptera.[2]

Evolution

The following phylogenetic tree shows the internal relationships of the superorder as a clade of Hymenoptera and the orders that comprise Panorpida.[3] [4]

More recent molecular analyses find a different arrangement within Holometabola, with Hymenoptera as the earliest branching group.[5]

Notes and References

  1. Weaver J.S.I. The Evolution And Classification Of Trichoptera, With A Revision Of The Lepidostomatidae And A North American Synopsis Of This Family. Degree: Ph.D. Degree Year: 1983 Institute: Clemson University
  2. Book: David . Grimaldi . Michael S. . Engel . 4.1--> Evolution of the Insects . Cambridge University Press . 147 .
  3. Web site: Yeates . David K. . Wiegmann . Brian . Endopterygota Insects with complete metamorphosis . Tree of Life . 24 May 2016.
  4. Book: Whiting, Michael F. . Phylogenetic Position of Diptera: Review of the Evidence . Yeates . David K. . Wiegmann . Brian . The Evolutionary Biology of Flies . https://books.google.com/books?id=rElP5sNn6IYC&pg=PA5 . 2005 . Columbia University Press . 978-0-231-50170-5 . 5.
  5. Kjer . Karl M. . Simon . Chris. Chris Simon (biologist) . Yavorskaya . Margarita . Beutel . Rolf G. . 2016 . Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics . Journal of the Royal Society Interface . 13 . 121 . 121 . 10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 . 27558853 . amp . 5014063 .

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