Hurricane Rafael Explained

Formed:November 4, 2024
Remnant:November 10, 2024
Dissipated:November 11, 2024
Winds:105
Pressure:956
Year:2024
Fatalities:8
Missing:2
Damage:31600000
Damage-Prefix:>
Season:2024 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Rafael was the strongest November tropical cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico on record, tied with 1985's Hurricane Kate.[1] The seventeenth named storm, eleventh hurricane, and fifth major hurricane of the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season,[2] Rafael formed on November 4, 2024 from an area of low-pressure spawned by a Central American gyre. Steady organization occurred throughout the next two days, with Rafael becoming a hurricane early on November 6, as it moved northwest towards Cuba. Favorable conditions enabled the cyclone to rapidly intensify, becoming a Category 3 major hurricane later that day before making landfall in Cuba. Then, after weakening some while over land, it entered the Gulf of Mexico and re-intensified to a major hurricane once again at peak intensity early on November 8. Hostile conditions, including wind shear and cooler sea-surface temperatures, caused the hurricane to rapidly weaken afterwards, falling below hurricane intensity later that day, eventually degenerating into a remnant low on November 10. The circulation opened up into a trough the next day.

Two deaths have been confirmed in Jamaica as a result of flooding caused by Rafael. Additionally, at least five deaths in Panama occurred due to heavy flooding and landslides produced by Rafael's precursor disturbance, along with one death in Colombia. Preliminary damages are estimated to be at least US$31.6 million.

Meteorological history

On October 26, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring the southwestern Caribbean in anticipation of tropical development.[3] Several days later, on November 1, a broad area of low pressure developed over the southwestern Caribbean,[4] associated with a Central American gyre.[5] The disturbance initially remained disorganized, but began showing signs of organization on November 3. That afternoon, Air Force Hurricane Hunters collected data showing that the system had developed a closed center but that deep convection had not yet become organized enough for it to be declared a tropical depression. Due to the disturbance's impending threat to Jamaica and the Cayman Islands, the NHC designated the developing storm Potential Tropical Cyclone Eighteen.[6] The following day, data from the Hurricane Hunters, satellite imagery, and surface observations revealed that the disturbance had developed a well-defined center and was producing organized deep convection; it was accordingly upgraded to Tropical Depression Eighteen the morning of November 4.[7]

At the time, the newly-formed cyclone was located about south of Kingston, Jamaica.[8] Amid favorable conditions, including warmer than average sea surface temperatures of,[9] the depression continued to strengthen and became Tropical Storm Rafael that afternoon.[10] [11] The storm tracked northwestward along the southwestern side of a ridge over the western Atlantic on November 5,[12] and passed to the west of Jamaica.[13] That afternoon it developed an inner wind core,[12] and strengthened into a hurricane early on November 6.[14] Rapid intensification ensued throughout the morning as a small eye became visible, with Rafael becoming a Category 3 major hurricane that afternoon as it neared Cuba,[15] eventually making landfall in the province of Artemisa, just east of Playa Majana, at 21:15 UTC on November 6, with sustained winds of .[16] A few hours later, the system entered the Gulf of Mexico as a weaker Category 2 hurricane.[17] It then proceeded to turn west-northwestward and re-intensify, becoming a major hurricane once again early on November 8 with peak winds of .[18] That afternoon, however, the system turned westward and began losing strength and organization due to increasing westerly wind shear and dry air intrusion.[19] This trend continued, and Rafael was downgraded to a tropical storm late that same day.[20] By late the following day, the storm's convection was limited to the northeast of an exposed and broad low-level center.[21] On November 10, Rafael's remaining convection collapsed, and it degenerated into a remnant low while drifting over the central Gulf,[22] before opening up into a trough on the next day. The remnant trough continued meandering until dissipating early on November 13.

Preparations

Panama

On November 2, the Government of Panama issued a tropical storm warning from Chiriquí to Veraguas. Panama's emergency services agency asked residents and tourists to pay attention to weather warnings issued by authorities and noted the threat of heavy rain and strong waves. Several yellow alerts, signifying the threat of the impending weather, were issued for the western portion of the nation.[23] Colón, Coclé, and Kuna Yala had red warnings declared for them.[24] Classes were suspended in five provinces, while the government opened nine emergency shelters.[25]

Jamaica

Once the precursor to Rafael was designated as a potential tropical cyclone, a tropical storm warning was issued for Jamaica. Two matches in the Jamaica Premier League, originally scheduled for November 4, were postponed.[26] Additionally, several matches in the Manning Cup had to be delayed due to the storm.[27] The University of the West Indies closed all clinics and non-emergency services due to the storm.[28]

Cayman Islands

At the time Rafael's precursor was designated as a potential tropical cyclone on November 3, a Hurricane Watch was issued for the Cayman Islands.[29] The following morning, the watch covering the Cayman Islands was replaced with a Hurricane Warning.[30] Due to the storm, all government schools and the University College of the Cayman Islands were closed on November 5.[31] Cayman Airways confirmed that their fleet had been secured. The Cayman Islands Regiment deployed to Cayman Brac and Little Cayman for the first time. Eight were sent to Little Cayman, and ten were sent to Cayman Brac.[32] Sandbags were made available for the residents of Cayman Brac and Grand Cayman.[33] Shelters were also opened in Cayman Brac and Little Cayman.[34] Several government offices closed in preparation for Rafael.[35] The Cayman Islands' Bankers Association closed all banks on November 5.[36]

Cuba

A hurricane watch went into effect for six eastern provinces of Cuba on November 4.[8] The provinces of Camagüey and Las Tunas saw a tropical storm warning go into effect.[37] Due to the system's expected impacts, over 66,000 people were evacuated from Guantánamo province.[38] Additionally, several flights were cancelled, and maritime traffic between Batabanó and Nueva Gerona was suspended.[39] Classes were suspended in multiple provinces with transportation services halted in multiple towns in Western Cuba, including the capital city Havana.[40] Rafael approached as the country was still recovering from a country-wide power blackout and the effects of Hurricane Oscar, which struck the eastern part of Cuba about two weeks earlier.[13] More than 283,000 people evacuated ahead of the storm, including 98,300 from Havana.[1]

United States

Rip current warnings were issued for much of the Gulf Coast of the United States.[41]

Florida

A tropical storm watch was issued on November 4 for the lower and middle Florida Keys from Key West to west of the Channel 5 Bridge and for the Dry Tortugas.[10] On November 5, the watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warning for the lower and middle Florida Keys.[42] As a precaution, schools in Monroe County were closed on November 6.[43]

Impact

Casualties and damage by country!Country!Deaths!Missing!Damage cost
Panama5 2
Colombia10
Jamaica20USD$31.6 million
Cayman Islands00
Cuba00
Total82>$31.6 million

Panama and Costa Rica

In Panama, rains from the incipient disturbance of Rafael damaged several homes, leaving a total of more than 1,097 displaced.[44] [45] About 100 people were housed in shelters. At least five people died in the nation as a result, with another two remaining missing.[46] [47] More than 200 families were affected by the rains in Herrera and Los Santos Provinces.[48]

Additionally, interaction between the disturbance and the Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zone caused flooding in Costa Rica.[49] This resulted in a bridge collapse and 42 people needing to be rescued in Guanacaste Province.[50]

Colombia

In Colombia, Rafael's precursor caused torrential rainfall in the Santa Marta area. Rockslides occurred and several cars were swept away by floodwaters. Some homes also sustained damage, with two of them destroyed. One person also suffered from minor injuries. Multiple structures were declared at risk of collapse.[51] In La Guajira Department, one person drowned and more than 100 families were affected,[52] with multiple streams overflowing resulting in numerous roads and houses being flooded.[53]

Jamaica

Officials in Jamaica blamed persistent rains ahead of the potential storm for a large landslide on November 3, which left several rural communities isolated.[10] Heavy rains from Rafael caused several road blockages, with garbage propelled by the storm blocking a road in Saint Andrew Parish and a landslide blocking another road in Saint Catherine Parish.[54] At the latter parish, two people were found dead in a vehicle that was swept away by the floods.[55] Several of Jamaica's southern parishes received over of rainfall.[56] Rainfall from Rafael exacerbated flooding in Troja district, causing several fords to break away throughout the area.[57] The storm caused flooding and landslides and knocked the nation's power grid offline.[58] [59] Preliminary damage estimate in the country according to prime minister Andrew Holness is J$500 million to J$1 billion (USD$31.6 - 63.2 million).[60]

Cayman Islands

Torrential rainfall from Rafael caused the islands of Little Cayman and Cayman Brac to lose power.[61] Grand Cayman saw rough seas and flooding from Rafael. Power lines and trees were downed on Little Cayman, with roads covered with sand and debris.[62] Additionally, multiple dive boats sank off the coast of Little Cayman.[63] Cayman Brac saw numerous trees uprooted and significant shingle damage,[64] with multiple docks and power lines also being damaged.[65]

Cuba

See also: 2024 Cuba blackouts. Rafael's strong winds caused an island-wide power-grid failure.[66] [67] In western Cuba, of rain was reported, resulting in flooding and landslides.[68] Government officials reported that areas in and around Artemisa sustained the worst damage from Rafael.[69] In Artemisa, 2,825 homes were damaged, in addition to hospitals, schools, and service centers. Nearly 40,000 acres of crops were either damaged or lost. In neighboring Mayabeque, 441 homes were damaged, and agriculture was badly affected.[70] [71] Rafael passed about west of Havana, with sustained winds of being recorded, along with gusts of up to .[2] Rainfall from the hurricane flooded several neighborhoods in Centro Habana and Old Havana.[72] Numerous homes and public buildings were damaged, trees were uprooted, and telephone poles toppled.[73] [74] Preliminary estimates for the damages caused by Hurricane Oscar and Rafael are at 383 million Cuban Pesos (USD$16 million).[75]

United States

While Rafael did not approach the U.S. Gulf Coast, it did churn up rip currents along much of the coast on November 9 and 10.[76] [77] In addition, Rafael impacted the Florida Keys with up to 2inches of rain and gusts up to 53mph.[78]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Patrick Smith. Hurricane Rafael moves across Gulf of Mexico as a rare major November storm while Cuba recovers. NBC News. en-US. November 8, 2024. November 8, 2024. November 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241108235353/https://www.nbcnews.com/weather/hurricanes/hurricane-rafael-moves-gulf-mexico-rare-major-november-storm-cuba-reco-rcna179273. live.
  2. Web site: Rafael one of just three Cat2+ November hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico. Masters. Jeff. November 7, 2024. Yale Climate Connection. New Haven, Connecticut. November 7, 2024. November 11, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241111162232/https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2024/11/rafael-one-of-just-three-cat2-november-hurricanes-in-the-gulf-of-mexico/. live.
  3. Berg. Robbie. Tropical Weather Outlook. October 26, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 3, 2024. November 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241110132455/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=202410262323&basin=atl&fdays=7. live.
  4. Beven. John. Tropical Weather Outlook. November 1, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 1, 2024. November 27, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241127191754/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=202411012325&basin=atl&fdays=7. live.
  5. Web site: A November tropical storm in the Caribbean is now likely. Masters. Jeff. November 1, 2024. Yale Climate Connection. New Haven, Connecticut. November 1, 2024. November 14, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241114104029/https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2024/11/a-november-tropical-storm-in-the-caribbean-is-now-likely/. live.
  6. Cangialosi. John. Potential Tropical Cyclone Eighteen Discussion Number 1. November 3, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 3, 2024. November 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241108132642/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/al18/al182024.discus.001.shtml. live.
  7. Cangialosi. John. Kelly. Larry. Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 4. November 4, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 4, 2024. November 5, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241105090802/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/al18/al182024.discus.004.shtml. live.
  8. News: Tropical Depression 18 forms, expected to become a tropical storm later Monday. Ambriz. Chelsea. Galarza. Monica. November 4, 2024. WTVJ. Miami, Florida. November 4, 2024. November 11, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241111052735/https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/potential-tropical-cyclone-18-in-the-caribbean-expected-to-become-a-tropical-storm-monday-nhc/3461963/. live.
  9. Web site: Tropical Depression 18 predicted to become Hurricane Rafael in the Caribbean. Masters. Jeff. Henson. Bob. November 4, 2024. Yale Climate Connections. New Haven, Connecticut. November 4, 2024.
  10. News: Tropical Storm Rafael forms in the Caribbean and could hit Cuba as a hurricane. November 4, 2024. AP News. November 4, 2024. November 6, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241106085816/https://apnews.com/article/tropical-storm-rafael-caribbean-jamaica-cuba-florida-51616234e364f9b0f754d0632408274e. live.
  11. Kelly. Larry. Tropical Storm Rafael Discussion Number 5. November 4, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 4, 2024. November 29, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241129232219/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/al18/al182024.discus.005.shtml. live.
  12. Beven. John. Tropical Storm Rafael Discussion Number 9. November 5, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 5, 2024.
  13. News: Tropical Storm Rafael passes Jamaica as Cuba prepares for another hurricane hit. November 5, 2024. PBS NewsHour. Associated Press. November 5, 2024. November 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241110230535/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/tropical-storm-rafael-passes-jamaica-as-cuba-prepares-for-another-hurricane-hit. live.
  14. Hurricane Rafael Tropical Cyclone Update . Papin . Philippe . Hagen . Andrew . November 5, 2024 . National Hurricane Center . Miami, Florida . November 5, 2024 . November 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241110132335/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/al18/al182024.update.11060020.shtml . live .
  15. News: Rafael becomes major hurricane as late-season storm nears landfall in Cuba. Steven. Yablonski. FOX Weather. November 6, 2024. November 6, 2024. November 7, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241107004121/https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/tracking-hurricane-rafael-us-gulf-of-mexico-caribbean. live.
  16. Hurricane Rafael Tropical Cyclone Update . Beven . John . Hagen . Andrew . November 6, 2024 . National Hurricane Center . Miami, Florida . November 6, 2024 . November 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241110132541/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/al18/al182024.update.11062114.shtml . live .
  17. News: Hurricane Rafael heads west out of Cuba as a Category 2 storm after causing power system to collapse. Gilbert. Mary. November 7, 2024. CNN. November 7, 2024. November 9, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241109185744/https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/06/weather/hurricane-rafael-path-forecast-climate. live.
  18. Kelly. Larry. Hurricane Rafael Special Discussion Number 19. November 8, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 8, 2024. November 9, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241109185717/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/al18/al182024.discus.019.shtml. live.
  19. Cangialosi. John. Hurricane Rafael Discussion Number 22. November 8, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 8, 2024. November 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241108220023/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/al18/al182024.discus.022.shtml. live.
  20. Beven. John. Tropical Storm Rafael Discussion Number 23. November 8, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 8, 2024. November 9, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241109030659/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/al18/al182024.discus.023.shtml. live.
  21. Beven. John. Tropical Storm Rafael Discussion Number 27. November 9, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 9, 2024. November 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241110232331/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/al18/al182024.discus.027.shtml. live.
  22. Reinhart. Brad. Post-Tropical Cyclone Rafael Discussion Number 30. November 10, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 10, 2024. November 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241110232338/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/al18/al182024.discus.030.shtml. live.
  23. News: November 3, 2024 . Sinaproc declara Alerta Roja en cinco provincias y una comarca . November 5, 2024 . Sinaproc - Sitio Oficial de Sinaproc Panamá . es-ES.
  24. Web site: Ruíz . Noemí . November 5, 2024 . ¡Advertencia! Sinaproc declara Alerta Roja por tormenta tropical Rafael . November 5, 2024 . Telemetro.com . es-PA . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111045317/https://www.telemetro.com/nacionales/advertencia-sinaproc-declara-alerta-roja-tormenta-tropical-rafael-n6016788 . live .
  25. Web site: November 3, 2024 . SINAPROC declara Alerta Roja en cinco provincias y una comarca . November 5, 2024 . www.telemetro.com . es-PA . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111045332/https://www.telemetro.com/nacionales/sinaproc-declara-alerta-roja-cinco-provincias-y-una-comarca-n6016648 . live .
  26. News: Buchanan . Orane . JPL matches postponed . November 4, 2024 . The Star . November 4, 2024 . November 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241108225503/https://jamaica-star.com/article/sports/20241104/jpl-matches-postponed . live .
  27. News: Coaches wary of hectic schedule after Manning Cup delays . November 5, 2024 . The Gleaner . November 5, 2024 . en . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111051529/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20241105/coaches-wary-hectic-schedule-after-manning-cup-delays . live .
  28. News: UHWI scales back services amid Tropical Storm Warning . November 4, 2024 . The Star . November 4, 2024 . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111050038/https://jamaica-star.com/article/news/20241104/uhwi-scales-back-services-amid-tropical-storm-warning . live .
  29. News: Potential Tropical Cyclone 18 forecast to become Tropical Storm Rafael in Caribbean Sea. Yablonski. Steven. November 3, 2024. FOX Weather. November 3, 2024. November 4, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241104012536/https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/tropical-cyclone-18-tropical-storm-rafael. live.
  30. Cangialosi. John. Kelly. Larry. Potential Tropical Cyclone Eighteen Tropical Cyclone Update. November 4, 2024. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 4, 2024. November 11, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241111050003/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2024/al18/al182024.update.11041203.shtml. live.
  31. News: Schools Remain Open on Monday, Closed on Tuesday . November 4, 2024 . Caymanian Times . November 3, 2024 . en . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111052407/https://www.caymaniantimes.ky/news/schools-remain-open-on-monday-closed-on-tuesday . live .
  32. Web site: Hainey . Raymond . November 5, 2024 . Regiment deploys to Sister Islands for first time . November 6, 2024 . Cayman Compass . en-GB . November 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241110191037/https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/11/05/regiment-deploys-to-sister-islands-for-first-time-as-rafael-looms/ . live .
  33. News: Ragoonath . Reshma . Cayman Islands placed under hurricane warning . November 4, 2024 . Cayman Compass . November 4, 2024 . November 12, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241112230717/https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/11/04/cayman-islands-placed-under-hurricane-warning/ . live .
  34. Web site: November 5, 2024 . Final Preparations Urged For Sister Islands . November 5, 2024 . Caymanian Times . en.
  35. Web site: November 5, 2024 . Rafael spins toward Cayman Islands, as Cuba prepares for direct hit Loop Caribbean News . November 6, 2024 . Loop News . en.
  36. Web site: November 4, 2024 . Airport, banks, courts and schools to close ahead of storm . November 6, 2024 . Cayman News Service . November 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241104213253/https://caymannewsservice.com/2024/11/airport-banks-courts-and-schools-to-close-ahead-of-storm/ . live .
  37. Web site: November 5, 2024 . Rafael Gains Strength and Heads Toward Cuba: What Lies Ahead? . November 5, 2024 . CubaHeadlines .
  38. News: AFP-Agence France Presse . More Than 66,000 Cubans Evacuated Over Flooding Fears . November 4, 2024 . November 4, 2024 . Barrons . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111052353/https://www.barrons.com/news/more-than-66-000-cubans-evacuated-over-flooding-fears-f0d6b2bb . live .
  39. News: Cancellations and adjustments in Cuban transportation in response to the threat of Tropical Storm Rafael . November 4, 2024 . CiberCuba . November 4, 2024 . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111052412/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024-11-04-u1-e208933-s27061-nid291358-cancelaciones-ajustes-transportacion-cubana-amenaza . live .
  40. News: Rafael amenaza a Cuba con la fuerza de un 'huracán mayor . Rafael threatens Cuba with the force of a ‘major hurricane‘ . November 6, 2024 . . . November 6, 2024 . es . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111052415/https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20241106-rafael-amenaza-a-cuba-con-la-fuerza-de-un-hurac%C3%A1n-mayor . live .
  41. Web site: Atienza . Julian . 2024-11-08 . Texas, Florida forecast to see life-threatening rip current threat from former hurricane . 2024-11-09 . FOX Weather . en-US . November 9, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241109071826/https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/hurricane-rafael-rip-current-surf-florida-texas . live .
  42. Web site: MacLauchlan . John . Czachor . Emily Mae . November 6, 2024 . Tropical storm warning issued for Florida Keys as Rafael becomes hurricane - CBS Miami . November 6, 2024 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US . November 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241110181727/https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/tropical-storm-warning-issued-for-florida-keys-as-rafael-forecast-to-grow-into-hurricane/ . live .
  43. News: Monroe County Schools to close Wednesday ahead of Tropical Storm Rafael. WSVN 7 News. en-US. November 5, 2024. November 5, 2024. November 5, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241105213421/https://wsvn.com/news/local/florida/monroe-county-schools-to-close-wednesday-ahead-of-tropical-storm-rafael/. live.
  44. Web site: Más de mil damnificados y cinco muertes tras el impacto de las lluvias . November 5, 2024 . www.laestrella.com.pa . es-PA.
  45. Web site: November 3, 2024 . Panamá: reportan al menos cuatro muertos y dos desaparecidos tras fuertes lluvias e inundaciones . November 4, 2024 . Telemundo 52 . es . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111131403/https://www.telemundo52.com/noticias/mundo/panama-reportan-muertos-desaparecidos-fuertes-lluvias-inundaciones/2703553/ . live .
  46. Web site: Staff . Forbes . November 3, 2024 . Lluvias intensas provocan cuatro muertes en Panamá . November 4, 2024 . Forbes México . es.
  47. Web site: RCN . Noticias . November 4, 2024 . Cuatro personas fallecieron en Panamá por las fuertes lluvias: uno de ellos era un comisionado de la Policía . November 4, 2024 . Noticias RCN . es.
  48. Web site: November 5, 2024 . Panama - Severe weather, floods and landslides (NOAA-CPC, IFRC, Copernicus EMSR, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 05 November 2024) . November 5, 2024 . reliefweb.int . en.
  49. CRI: Flood - 11-2024 - Heavy rains - Costa Rica (2024-11-09). November 9, 2024. Reliefweb. November 11, 2024.
  50. News: Tormenta Rafael y onda tropical mantendrán a Costa Rica bajo lluvias hasta el viernes. November 6, 2024. November 6, 2024. es. La República. November 11, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241111131412/https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/tormenta-rafael-y-onda-tropical-mantendran-a-costa-rica-bajo-lluvias-hasta-el-viernes. live.
  51. Web site: Agudelo . Por Francy . November 1, 2024 . Santa Marta en emergencia por lluvias: avalancha inundó parte de la ciudad, sepultó vehículos y dejó varias personas heridas . November 6, 2024 . infobae . es-ES . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111131405/https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2024/11/01/fuerte-emergencia-en-santa-marta-por-lluvias-avalancha-sepulto-varios-vehiculos-y-una-persona-herida/ . live .
  52. News: Una persona muerta por inmersión, 100 familias afectadas y varias comunidades incomunicadas dejan las lluvias de las últimas horas.. November 6, 2024. El Tiempo. November 6, 2024. es. November 11, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241111121031/https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/otras-ciudades/alerta-amarilla-en-la-guajira-por-las-lluvias-que-causan-inundaciones-en-varios-municipios-3396983. live.
  53. News: Beltran . Daniela . La tormenta tropical Rafael se convirtió en huracán: en La Guajira piden decretar emergencia por desastre natural . Tropical storm Rafael has become a hurricane: in La Guajira they ask to declare a state of emergency due to a natural disaster . November 6, 2024 . . November 6, 2024 . es-AR . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111131417/https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2024/11/06/la-tormenta-tropical-rafael-se-convirtio-en-huracan-en-la-guajira-piden-ayuda-al-gobierno-nacional/ . live .
  54. News: Several roads islandwide rendered impassable as Tropical Storm Rafael lashes country . November 5, 2024 . Jamaica Obsever . November 5, 2024 . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111133330/https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2024/11/05/several-roads-islandwide-rendered-impassable-tropical-storm-rafael-lashes-country/ . live .
  55. News: Two bodies found in vehicle swept away by flooodwaters in St. Catherine. November 8, 2024. Radio Jamaica. November 7, 2024. en.
  56. News: Tropical Storm Rafael starts moving away from Jamaica . November 5, 2024 . The Gleaner . November 5, 2024 . en . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111133309/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20241105/tropical-storm-rafael-starts-moving-away-jamaica . live .
  57. News: Malcolm . Dans . 'It's terrible, terrible' . November 6, 2024 . Jamaica Observer . November 6, 2024 . November 11, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241111133315/https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2024/11/06/its-terrible-terrible/ . live .
  58. News: Mellen . Ruby . Schmidt . Samantha . 2024-11-07 . Hurricane Rafael plunges Cuba into another nationwide blackout . subscription . 2024-11-10 . Washington Post.
  59. Web site: 2024-11-07 . Reportan más de 461 derrumbes en La Habana tras el huracán Rafael . 2024-11-10 . El Dictamen . es . November 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241110165838/https://www.eldictamen.mx/reportan-derrumbes-tras-el-huracan-rafael/ . live .
  60. Web site: November 7, 2024 . Preliminary damage estimates after TS Rafael $500m to $1 billion Loop Jamaica . 2024-11-10 . Loop News . en.
  61. News: November 6, 2024 . Damage and debris but no casualties after Rafael hits Little Cayman . https://archive.today/5XoJW/ . 6 November 2024 . November 6, 2024 . Cayman Compass . live . en-GB.
  62. News: Connolly . Norma . Little Cayman faces clean up and recovery after Rafael's destructive passage . 10 November 2024 . Cayman Compass . 6 November 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241110013031/https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/11/06/all-clear-issued-for-little-cayman-following-hurricane-rafael-impact/ . 10 November 2024 . en-KY . live.
  63. News: Ledger . Wendy . All clear issued for all three Cayman Islands . 7 November 2024 . Cayman News Service . 6 November 2024 . en-KY . November 13, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241113033915/https://caymannewsservice.com/2024/11/all-clear-issued-for-all-three-cayman-islands/ . live .
  64. Web site: Ragoonath . Reshma . 2024-11-07 . Scale of Rafael's damage apparent on Brac after storm clouds clear . 2024-11-09 . Cayman Compass . November 9, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241109011419/https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/11/07/scale-of-rafaels-damage-apparent-on-brac-after-storm-clouds-clear/ . live .
  65. News: Ragoonath . Reshma . Cayman Brac battered but not beaten after Rafael roars past . 10 November 2024 . Cayman Compass . 7 November 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241110020651/https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/11/07/cayman-brac-battered-but-not-beaten-after-rafael-roars-past/ . 10 November 2024 . en-KY . live.
  66. News: Sherwood . Dave . Acosta . Nelson . Cuba slowly restores power after hurricane, Havana still dark . November 8, 2024 . . November 8, 2024.
  67. News: November 7, 2024. Cuba left reeling after Category 3 hurricane ravages island and knocks out power grid. Rodríguez. Andrea. November 8, 2024. AP News. November 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241108053504/https://apnews.com/article/rafael-hurricane-storm-cuba-mexico-texas-fc83c4db8e13b9da1a3fa7ec5b6f3319. live.
  68. News: Trayectoria del huracán Rafael: hacia dónde se dirige el coloso que impactó en Cuba y pasa cerca de Florida . Hurricane Rafael's trajectory: where is the colossus that hit Cuba and is passing near Florida headed? . November 7, 2024 . . November 7, 2024 . es . November 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241108214644/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/estados-unidos/hacia-donde-se-dirige-el-huracan-rafael-que-pasa-cerca-de-florida-convertido-en-categoria-2-nid07112024/ . live .
  69. News: Hurricane Rafael leaves Cuba reeling, moves into Gulf of Mexico. CBS News. November 7, 2024. November 8, 2024. November 8, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241108012434/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane-rafael-forecast-path-maps-expected-landfall-cuba/. live.
  70. News: November 8, 2024 . Más de 3000 viviendas dañadas por el huracán Rafael en Artemisa y Mayabeque . More than 3,000 homes damaged by Hurricane Rafael in Artemisa and Mayabeque . November 8, 2024 . OnCubaNews . es . November 12, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241112230922/https://oncubanews.com/cuba/economia/mas-de-3000-viviendas-danadas-por-el-huracan-rafael-en-artemisa-y-mayabeque/ . live .
  71. News: Torres . Nora . Hurricane left trail of collapsed homes, lost crops and damaged infrastructure in Cuba . 10 November 2024 . . 8 November 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241110012139/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article295269564.html . 10 November 2024.
  72. News: Hurricane Rafael wreaks havoc in Havana: Flooding, landslides, and mass evacuations . November 7, 2024 . CiberCuba . November 7, 2024 . November 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241108215512/https://en.cibercuba.com/noticias/2024-11-07-u1-e199370-s27061-nid291582-huracan-rafael-causa-graves-estragos-habana . live .
  73. News: Cuba no reporta muertos tras paso de huracán Rafael. Cuba does not report deaths after Hurricane Rafael. November 7, 2024. Granma. Prensa Latina. November 8, 2024. es. November 9, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241109191220/https://www.granma.cu/cuba/2024-11-07/cuba-no-reporta-muertos-tras-paso-de-huracan-rafael. live.
  74. News: November 8, 2024 . El huracán Rafael causó severos daños materiales en Cuba . Hurricane Rafael caused severe material damage in Cuba . November 8, 2024 . . es . November 9, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241109025715/https://www.surenio.com.ar/el-huracan-rafael-causo-severos-danos-materiales-en-cuba/ . live .
  75. Web site: 2024-11-14 . Cuban authorities update the amount of damage caused by recent natural disasters - Prensa Latina . 2024-11-24 . en-US.
  76. News: November 10, 2024 . WATCH: Tropical Storm Rafael Bringing High Surf and Rip Currents to the Gulf Coast . November 10, 2024 . Yahoo News . November 10, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241110144314/https://www.yahoo.com/news/watch-tropical-storm-rafael-bringing-000306530.html . live .
  77. News: Tropical Storm Rafael almost gone. Mike. Modrick. November 10, 2024. WWSB. Sarasota, Florida. November 10, 2024. November 10, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241110170158/https://www.mysuncoast.com/2024/11/10/tropical-storm-rafael-almost-gone/. live.
  78. News: Hurricane Rafael To Track Through Gulf While Weakening Into Next Week . November 22, 2024 . The Weather Channel . November 7, 2024.

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