Hurricane Olivia (2018) Explained

Hurricane Olivia
Formed:September 1, 2018
Low:September 14, 2018
Dissipated:September 14, 2018
Winds:115
Pressure:950
Fatalities:None
Damage:25000000
Areas:Hawaii
Ibtracs:2018244N14252
Season:2018 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Olivia was a Category 4 hurricane that impacted Hawaii as a weakening tropical storm in mid-September 2018, causing severe flooding and wind damage. Olivia was the first tropical cyclone to make landfall on Maui and Lanai in recorded history. It was the fifteenth named storm, ninth hurricane, and sixth major hurricane of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season.

A tropical depression formed southwest of Mexico on September 1, and slowly organized while hindered by northeasterly wind shear, strengthening into Tropical Storm Olivia a day later. Olivia began a period of rapid intensification on September 3, reaching its initial peak as a high-end Category 3 hurricane on September 5. Soon after, the cyclone began to weaken, before unexpectedly re-intensifying on September 6. Olivia peaked as a Category 4 hurricane on September 7, with winds of 115kn and a minimum pressure of 951abbr=onNaNabbr=on. Six hours later, Olivia began another weakening trend that resulted in the hurricane being downgraded to Category 1 status on September 8, east of the 140th meridian west. Olivia entered the Central Pacific Basin on September 9 while continuing to decay. For much of its existence, Olivia had tracked westward to northwestward under the influence of a subtropical ridge. The cyclone weakened to a tropical storm on September 12, while turning towards the west-southwest as a result of trade winds. Olivia made brief landfalls on Maui and Lanai, with winds of 40kn, later in the day. Olivia fluctuated in intensity as it tracked away from the Hawaiian Islands, before transitioning to a post-tropical cyclone on September 14. It opened up into a trough of low-pressure several hours later.

Olivia's approach towards the Hawaiian Islands prompted the issuance of tropical storm watches and warnings for Hawaii County, Maui County, the island of Oahu, and Kauai County. Hawaii Governor David Ige declared Hawaii, Maui, Kalawao, Kauai, and Honolulu counties disaster areas prior to Olivia's landfall in order to activate emergency disaster funds and management. Tropical-storm-force winds mainly affected Maui County and Oahu. Torrential rainfall occurred on both Maui and Oahu, peaking at 12.93inches in West Wailuaiki, Maui. Olivia felled trees, and caused thousands of power outages and severe flooding on Maui. Floodwaters deposited debris on roads and caused severe damage to portions of highways, most notably Lower Honoapiilani Road where cliffs were eroded along its shoulder; repairs to that road are still ongoing as of January 2021. In Honokohau Valley, the Honokohau stream rose over 15feet, submerging a bridge and inundating over a dozen homes. Multiple homes and vehicles were swept away by floodwaters. Olivia left the valley without potable water for more than a week. Ditch systems in the valley that supply water to residents were damaged during the storm; repairs cost $300,000–$400,000 (2018 USD) and finished during May 2020. Several hundred power outages occurred on Molokai, and around 1,100 lost power in Honolulu. A pipe overflowed from excessive rainfall on Oahu, sending raw sewage into Kapalama Stream and Honolulu Harbor. United States President Donald Trump issued a disaster declaration for Hawaii to aid with emergency response efforts. Olivia caused a total of $25 million in damage throughout Hawaii.

Meteorological history

Hurricane Olivia originated from a disturbance that developed over the southwest Caribbean Sea on August 26. The disturbance tracked westward, crossing over Central America and entering the Eastern Pacific Ocean a couple of days later. Associated thunderstorm activity increased over the next few days, and by early August 31, a broad low-pressure area had developed several hundred miles south of Mexico's southwestern coast. Atmospheric convection organized around the system's center, prompting the National Hurricane Center (NHC) to declare a tropical depression had formed by 00:00 UTC on September 1, approximately 405miles southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico.[1] While the depression was located over warm sea surface temperatures, northeasterly wind shear prevented any intensification from occurring on September 1.[1] [2] Although the system was still elongated and disorganized,[3] convection had been increasing over and west of its center. This led to the depression strengthening into Tropical Storm Olivia by 00:00 UTC on September 2, while it was located 520miles south of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.[1]

Soon after, Olivia began a northwestward motion as a result of a weakness in the subtropical ridge located to the north.[1] Wind shear displaced the cyclone's low-level center to the north and northeast of the convective canopy through September 3.[4] [5] The wind shear abated early on September 3, allowing Olivia to begin a period of rapid intensification. Meanwhile, the storm turned towards the west as the ridge strengthened.[1] Later in the day, the amount of banding featuressignificantly elongated, curved bands of rain cloudsincreased greatly while Olivia's inner core strengthened;[6] microwave imagery displayed an irregular eye underneath the system's central dense overcast.[7] Olivia became a Category 1 hurricane around 00:00 UTC on September 4, while located 575miles southwest of Cabo San Lucas. The cyclone continued to intensify, reaching its initial peak intensity as a Category 3 major hurricane at 00:00 UTC on September 5, with maximum sustained winds of 110kn.[1] Around that time, Olivia exhibited a prominent 15– wide eye within its central dense overcast.[8] The hurricane began to weaken shortly after its initial peak as sea surface temperatures decreased, wind shear increased, and dry air incorporated into the storm. Olivia's eyewall collapsed in the north and convection eroded in the northwestern quadrant.[1] [9] Olivia bottomed out as a minimal Category 2 hurricane around 18:00 UTC on September 5. Models had predicted that Olivia would weaken as a result of dry air and lower sea surface temperatures, however, a second, unexpected round of intensification occurred.[10] At the time, the hurricane's eye was uneven and the convective canopy was lopsided. Olivia strengthened over the next day, regaining major hurricane status by 12:00 UTC on September 6. The cyclone peaked around 00:00 UTC on September 7, as a Category 4 hurricane with 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 115kn and a minimum central pressure of 951abbr=onNaNabbr=on, while located over 1265miles west of Cabo San Lucas.[1] Olivia had become an annular hurricane, developing a cloud-free eye embedded within a symmetric, ring-shaped central dense overcast.[11]

Cooler sea surface temperatures of NaNabbr=onNaNabbr=on and low-to-mid-level dry air caused Olivia to weaken shortly after its peak.[1] Continuing to track west-northwestward under the subtropical ridge,[12] Olivia gradually weakened as it approached the Central Pacific Ocean, with cloud tops warming and its eye temperature decreasing.[13] [14] Olivia began tracking westward under the influence of a strengthening subtropical ridge mid-day on September 8.[15] After having fallen to Category 1 status, the cyclone crossed the 140th meridian west and entered the Central Pacific Basin around 00:00 UTC on September 9.[1] Olivia continued to decay, with its eye disappearing, and the cyclone weakening to a minimal Category 1 storm by 12:00 UTC.[1] [16] Later that day, low wind shear and slightly higher sea surface temperatures allowed Olivia to restrengthen slightly and re-develop an eye feature on satellite imagery. The hurricane strengthened to 75kn by 00:00 UTC on September 10 and maintained that intensity for 12 hours before increasing wind shear caused the storm to weaken once more. Olivia's eye became cloud-filled and the system fell below hurricane intensity by 06:00 UTC on September 11.[1] Increasing wind shear caused faster weakening, displacing convection well to the east of the low-level center.[17] [18] [19] Olivia weakened into a 40kn tropical storm by 06:00 UTC on September 12.[1] Flow from low-level trade winds had turned Olivia to the west-southwest and caused it to slow down by 00:00 UTC on that day. An upper-level trough shifted the storm back to a westward direction and further reduced its forward speed later that day.[1] Olivia made brief landfalls over Maui and Lanai, the first such instance in recorded history,[20] on September 12, at 19:10 UTC and 19:54 UTC, respectively, with sustained winds of 40kn. High wind shear and interaction with the mountainous terrain of the Hawaiian Islands led to the rapid depletion and displacement of convection away from Olivia's center.[1] [21] Tracking west-southwestward, away from the Hawaiian Islands, Olivia weakened to tropical depression status by 06:00 UTC on September 13. Convection briefly redeveloped near the center of the depression, allowing Olivia to become a tropical storm again around 18:00 UTC. The storm turned westward and transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC on September 14. This system opened up into a trough of low-pressure about 12 hours later.[1]

Preparations

Hurricane Olivia's approach towards the Hawaiian Islands warranted the issuance of tropical cyclone watches and warnings. A tropical storm watch was issued for the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and Oahu on September 10 at 03:00 UTC. By 15:00 UTC, every watch had been upgraded to a tropical storm warning except for the island of Oahu, which was upgraded at 03:00 UTC on the next day. Additional tropical storm watches had been issued for the islands of Kauai and Niihau at the same time on September 11. These watches were upgraded to tropical storm warnings by 21:00 UTC.[1] The United States Coast Guard initiated Condition Whiskey at 08:00 HST on September 8 for ports in Hawaii, Maui, and Honolulu counties, expecting gale-force winds to occur within 72 hours.[22] Honolulu and Kauai county ports were later upgraded to Condition X-ray, with the expectation of gale-force winds occurring within 48 hours. By 08:00 HST on September 9, ports in Hawaii and Maui counties were upgraded to Condition Yankee, with the expectation of gale-force winds within 24 hours. At both of these conditions, restrictions were set on ports. Pleasure craft were asked to travel into safer waters, and any barge or other ocean-traveling ship above 200ST were asked to remain in port if they had permission to do so or depart from the port if they did not.[23] Ports in Hawaii, Maui, and Honolulu counties were upgraded to Condition Zulu at 08:00 HST on September 11, when gale-force winds were expected to occur in less than 12 hours. All ports in those counties were closed to naval traffic until the danger from Olivia had ended.[24]

Maui County closed all government offices, schools, and the court system in anticipation of Olivia's impact. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) readied personnel and supplies on Maui, and the Hawaii National Guard stationed troops and transportation trucks on the eastern side of the island. Hawaiian Airlines canceled flights for its Ohana commuter airline service.[25] Fees for changing flights were waived by multiple airline companies during the storm.[26] Hawaii Governor David Ige requested federal help for search and rescue, medical evacuations, medical care and shelter commodities, and generators.[27] The governor declared Hawaii, Maui, Kalawao, Kauai, and Honolulu counties disaster areas prior to Olivia's landfall in order to activate emergency disaster funds and management.[28]

Impact and aftermath

Olivia brought heavy rainfall, winds, and high surf to the main Hawaiian Islands, less than a month after Hurricane Lane dropped a record 58inches of rain on the state.[29] [30] From September 11–12, NaNfeet high surf was reported along the northern and eastern facing shores of the Big Island, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai. Surf of this magnitude occurred along the southern and eastern shores of Oahu, and Kauai.[31] In Maui County, the Lanai Airport recorded peak wind gusts of 55mph.[32] The highest rainfall occurred near West Wailuaiki on the island of Maui, peaking at 12.93inches. Around 10.31inches of rain was recorded at the Manoa Lyon Arboretum on Oahu.[33] A flash flood warning was issued for Molokai and Maui.[25]

Olivia felled trees, caused severe flooding, and caused 6,800 power outages on Maui.[34] Rising rivers prompted the evacuation of several residences in Lahaina and another in the Waihee Valley.[35] In the former, floodwaters deposited mud in one home and fractured a concrete barrier wall along the property's riverfront boundary.[36] Around 65 reports of damage occurred on Maui, with some reaching complete and total destruction. A brown water advisory, a recommendation for people to stay out of affected waters, was issued on September 18 for coastal waters near Waiheʻe to Kahului and Honokōhau to Honua Kai due to the possibility of contamination from various sources, including chemicals, sewage, pesticides, and animal carcasses. This replaced an advisory that covered the entire island of Maui; that advisory was issued after Olivia moved through the region.[37] Multiple parks and forest reserves were closed to visitors due to a combination of water damage, land erosion, and downed trees. Several sections of the Hana Highway were closed after trees fell.[34] The Honolua Ditch was clogged with debris; authorities asked customers to conserve water for the remainder of September while the ditch was cleaned out and repaired. Floodwaters damaged multiple portions of Lower Honoapiilani Road and eroded cliffs along its shoulder; temporary repairs cost about $50,000 and complete repairs were estimated to exceed $100,000 in cost.[38] [39] Temporary cliff restoration work was ongoing as of January 2021, consisting of sandbag and sheet wall repairs. Hololani Resort Condominiums and Goodfellow Bros, the company performing the work, was fined $75,000 in that month for violating state health and county environmental regulations.[40]

In the Honokohau Valley, multiple buildings, cars, and trees were swept away by floodwaters. At least a dozen homes were flooded after debris clogged streams, forcing the strong currents to forge new paths.[41] [42] [43] The Honokohau stream rose 15feet, submerging the Honokohau bridge; debris floating downstream struck the foundations of the bridge.[44] A bridge that provided access to a home was destroyed, resulting in $5,000 in damage. The house suffered flood damage; the telephone and water lines were destroyed. An elderly woman was rescued by her neighbors during the storm. The floor of a house was destroyed after it was submerged under 1feet of water. Another house had its floors plastered with mud after floodwaters entered the structure.[45] On one property, a home was swept away, and another was moved off its foundation by floodwaters; the latter and a third building both required demolition due to flood damage.[46] [47] Another home was swept away by floodwaters and a second house was moved around 100yards. Around a month after the storm, both homes were intentionally set on fire before repairs could commence; the fires caused a total of $80,000 in damage.[48] The valley was without potable water at least a week after the storm. Maui County workers parked a water tanker on the Honoapiilani Highway while work was underway on water services. Volunteers worked to clear the wreckage left by the storm so buildings could be repaired. The American Red Cross helped with recovery efforts.[45] Maui restaurants donated 100 meals to people affected by the storm and those volunteering to help clear the wreckage left behind.[43] The cost to replace a broken water inflow pipe in the valley was estimated at $100,000.[46] [39] A road in Kahana that had been damaged during the storm was repaired for $100,000.[46]

Torrential rainfall and flooding from Hurricanes Lane and Olivia reduced water flow and damaged a control gate in the Honokohau Stream ditch system. The ditch provided water to farmers as well as residential areas. The Ka Malu o Kahalawai and West Maui Preservation Association filed a complaint with the state water commission in spring 2019, alleging that the Maui Land & Pineapple Company was wasting water, causing water dearths, and not maintaining critical infrastructure. The state commission approved a motion on November 20, 2019, that The Maui Land & Pineapple Company must upgrade the damaged structures. The Maui Land & Pineapple Company announced on December 4, 2019, that it began repairs on the Honokohau Stream ditch system.[49] The project cost around $300,000–$400,000, with repairs finishing on May 11, 2020.[50]

Floodwaters made eastern Molokai's only highway impassable.[51] [35] At least 700 power outages occurred on the island, resulting in the closure of a school.[41] Power was restored by September 12; crews fixed multiple areas of downed lines and damaged poles.[52]

The storm caused around 1,140 power outages in Honolulu.[53] A roof was blown off a structure in ʻĀina Haina. Numerous roads, including portions of the Kamehameha Highway and Kalanianaole Highway, were closed due to flooding.[54] Rainfall from Olivia caused the waterlevel behind the earthen Nuʻuanu Dam #1 to rise NaNfeet overnight, prompting firefighters and officials to pump and siphon water away; however, the dam was not at risk of failure.[55] [56] [57] A pipe overflowed from excessive rainfall, sending over 32000gal of raw sewage into the Kapalama Stream and Honolulu Harbor; the city disinfected the waters.[58] At least 775usgal of sewage was contained by a vacuum truck.[54] A 100feet landslide occurred at the top of the Manoa Falls Trail around a week after the storm, taking down trees and boulders.[59]

According to Aon, Olivia caused a total of US$25 million in damage throughout Hawaii.[60] United States President Donald Trump declared Hawaii a disaster area to improve the response of FEMA.[51] Bank of Hawaii allocated $25,000 to relief programs for the extension or forbearance of loans, necessary items, and home and vehicle repairs.[52] Hotel occupancy dropped an average of 2.1% in September for Maui compared to the same time in 2017 as a result of hurricanes Lane and Olivia.[61] Overall, tourism increased in the month of October despite the two storms.[62]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Jelsema . Jon . Cangialosi . John . Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Olivia . National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center . 28 February 2021 . 25 July 2019 . 9 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124611/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP172018_Olivia.pdf . live .
  2. Cangialosi . John . Tropical Depression Seventeen-E Discussion Number 1 . National Hurricane Center . 28 February 2021 . 1 September 2018 . 28 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028042020/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.001.shtml . live .
  3. Cangialosi . John . Tropical Depression Seventeen-E Discussion Number 5 . National Hurricane Center . 28 February 2021 . 2 September 2018 . 30 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201030143056/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.005.shtml . live .
  4. Avila . Lixion . Tropical Storm Olivia Discussion Number 7 . National Hurricane Center . 28 February 2021 . 2 September 2018 . 31 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201031030940/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.007.shtml . live .
  5. Brown . Daniel . Tropical Storm Olivia Discussion Number 9 . National Hurricane Center . 28 February 2021 . 3 September 2018 . 30 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201030171421/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.009.shtml . live .
  6. Blake . Eric . Tropical Storm Olivia Discussion Number 11 . National Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 3 September 2018 . 10 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204331/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.011.shtml . live .
  7. Blake . Eric . Tropical Storm Olivia Discussion Number 12 . National Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 3 September 2018 . 31 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201031085652/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.012.shtml . live .
  8. Beven . Jack . Hurricane Olivia Discussion Number 16 . National Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 4 September 2018 . 30 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201030171155/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.016.shtml . live .
  9. Beven . Jack . Hurricane Olivia Discussion Number 20 . National Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 5 September 2018 . 31 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201031085745/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.020.shtml . live .
  10. Beven . Jack . Hurricane Olivia Discussion Number 24 . National Hurricane Center . 7 May 2021 . 6 September 2018 . 14 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210514004706/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.024.shtml . live .
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  12. Stewart . Stacy . Hurricane Olivia Discussion Number 27...Corrected . National Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 7 September 2018 . 10 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204140/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.027.shtml . live .
  13. Cangialosi . John . Hurricane Olivia Discussion Number 28 . 1 March 2021 . 7 September 2018 . 28 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028173406/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.028.shtml . live .
  14. Roberts . Dave . Birchard . Tom . Hurricane Olivia Discussion Number 30 . National Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 23 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201023214201/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.030.shtml . live .
  15. Blake . Eric . Hurricane Olivia Discussion Number 32...Corrected . National Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 8 September 2018 . 30 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201030171304/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.032.shtml . live .
  16. Ballard . Robert . Hurricane Olivia Discussion Number 34 . Central Pacific Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 9 September 2018 . 30 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201030173252/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.034.shtml . live .
  17. Ballard . Robert . Tropical Storm Olivia Discussion Number 42 . Central Pacific Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 11 September 2018 . 23 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201023192954/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.042.shtml . live .
  18. Birchard . Tom . Tropical Storm Olivia Discussion Number 44 . Central Pacific Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 11 September 2018 . 31 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201031084017/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.044.shtml . live .
  19. Ballard . Robert . Tropical Storm Olivia Discussion Number 45 . Central Pacific Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 11 September 2018 . 30 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201030142943/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.045.shtml . live .
  20. News: Gomes . Andrew . Olivia makes brief but historic landfall on Maui . 1 March 2021 . Star Advertiser . 13 September 2018 . 11 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201111204640/https://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/09/13/hawaii-news/olivia-makes-brief-but-historic-landfall-on-maui/ . live .
  21. Derek . Wroe . Tropical Storm Olivia Discussion Number 50 . Central Pacific Hurricane Center . 1 March 2021 . 13 September 2018 . 30 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201030104645/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep17/ep172018.discus.050.shtml . live .
  22. News: Wyrick . Amanda . Coast Guard sets port condition WHISKEY for Hawaii, Maui, Honolulu Counties ahead of Hurricane Olivia . Defense Visual Information Distribution Service . U.S. Coast Guard District 14 Hawaii Pacific . 26 December 2020 . 8 September 2018 . 9 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180909115003/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/291942/coast-guard-sets-port-condition-whiskey-hawaii-maui-honolulu-counties-ahead-hurricane-olivia . live .
  23. News: Wyrick . Amanda . Coast Guard sets port condition YANKEE for Hawaii, Maui counties to be followed by Honolulu, Kauai counties ahead of Hurricane Olivia arrival . 26 December 2020 . Defense Visual Information Distribution Service . U.S. Coast Guard District 14 Hawaii Pacific . 10 September 2018 . 11 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180911111511/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/292119/coast-guard-sets-port-condition-yankee-hawaii-maui-counties-followed-honolulu-kauai-counties-ahead-hurricane . live .
  24. News: Wyrick . Amanda . Coast Guard sets port condition ZULU for Hawaii, Maui, Honolulu Counties ahead of Tropical Storm Olivia . Defense Visual Information Distribution Service . U.S. Coast Guard District 14 Hawaii Pacific . 26 December 2020 . 11 September 2018 . 12 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180912112013/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/292288/coast-guard-sets-port-condition-zulu-hawaii-maui-honolulu-counties-ahead-tropical-storm-olivia . live .
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  26. News: Tropical Storm Olivia makes a mess for Hawaii tourists; airlines waive change fees . 26 February 2021 . USA Today . Associated Press . 13 September 2018 . 7 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200207004553/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2018/09/12/tropical-storm-olivia-makes-mess-hawaii-tourists/1281307002/ . live .
  27. News: Golembo . Max . Hawaii bracing for Tropical Storm Olivia: 'We're not out of the woods' . 21 December 2020 . ABC . 12 September 2018 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031422/https://abcnews.go.com/US/hawaii-bracing-tropical-storm-olivia-woods/story?id=57769248 . live .
  28. News: INTERVIEW: Governor signs emergency proclamation as Olivia heads toward Hawaii . 21 December 2020 . Khon 2 . 10 September 2018 . 16 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201216162325/https://www.khon2.com/local-news/interview-governor-signs-emergency-proclamation-as-olivia-heads-toward-hawaii/ . live .
  29. David. Roth. Weather Prediction Center. 2019. 24 July 2019. Hurricane Lane – August 22–27, 2018. 24 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724182016/https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/lane2018.html. live.
  30. News: Cullinane . Susannah . Hurricane Lane dumped 52 inches of rain on Hawaii and there might be more on the way . 22 December 2020 . CNN . 28 August 2018 . 10 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181210015933/https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/28/us/hawaii-tropical-storm-lane-flooding-wxc/index.html . live .
  31. Event: High Surf in Molokai Windward, Hawaii [2018-09-11 02:00 HST-10] ]. National Centers for Environmental Information . Storm Events Database. 28 February 2021.
  32. Public Information Statement [426 PM HST Wed Sep 12 2018] ]. National Weather Service Honolulu HI . 21 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180916075834/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/Products/PNSHFO/PNSHFO.1809121626.txt . 16 September 2018 . 12 September 2018.
  33. Kodama . Kevin . Public Information Statement [137 PM HST Thu Sep 13 2018] ]. National Weather Service Honolulu HI . 21 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180916080012/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/Products/PNSHFO/PNSHFO.1809131337.txt . 16 September 2018 . 13 September 2018.
  34. News: 'We'll recover': Maui residents hold on to hope in light of damage . 25 February 2021 . Hawaii News Now . 19 September 2018 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032041/https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/39063678/heavy-rain-powerful-winds-lash-maui-county-as-olivia-encroaches/ . live .
  35. News: Tropical storm dumps rain on Hawaii while crossing state . 26 December 2020 . CNBC . Associated Press . 13 September 2018 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035702/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/13/tropical-storm-dumps-rain-on-hawaii.html . live .
  36. News: Tanji . Melissa . Raging waters threaten home for a second time . 25 February 2021 . The Maui News . 14 September 2018 . 16 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181116215544/http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/09/raging-waters-threaten-home-for-a-second-time/ . live .
  37. News: Brown Water: Waihe'e to Kahului & Honokōhau to Honua Kai . 26 December 2020 . Maui Now . 18 September 2018 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031818/https://mauinow.com/2018/09/18/brown-water-waihee-to-kahului-honokohau-to-honua-kai/ . live .
  38. News: Sugidono . Chris . Shoreline repair solutions sought . 25 February 2021 . The Maui News . 1 November 2018 . 7 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210107002909/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/11/shoreline-repair-solutions-sought/ . live .
  39. News: Sugidono . Chris . West Maui road, bridge repairs from Olivia ongoing . 25 February 2021 . The Maui News . 21 September 2018 . 4 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181204075951/http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/09/west-maui-road-bridge-repairs-from-olivia-ongoing/ . live .
  40. News: Kehaulani . Cerizo . Contractor and condo appeal $75K fine over shoreline work . 25 February 2021 . The Maui News . 13 January 2021 . 3 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210203095034/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2021/01/contractor-and-condo-appeal-75k-fine-over-shoreline-work/ . live .
  41. News: Tanji . Melissa . County officials begin assessing damage from Tropical Storm Olivia . 29 December 2020 . The Maui News . 14 September 2018 . 16 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181116221354/http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/09/county-officials-begin-assessing-damage-from-tropical-storm-olivia/ . live .
  42. News: Eubank . Kapule . Honokohau Valley residents fear for Olivia's after-effects . 26 December 2020 . KITV Island News . 17 September 2018 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031951/https://www.kitv.com/story/39109406/honokohau-valley-residents-fear-for-olivias-after-effects . live .
  43. News: Davis . Chelsea . Maui comes together to help Honokohau Valley residents rebuild . 26 December 2020 . Hawaii News Now . 14 September 2018 . 18 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180918000358/http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/39096078/maui-comes-together-to-help-honokohau-valley-residents-rebuild . live .
  44. News: Gomes . Andrew . Olivia causes flooding and landslides but no injuries on Maui . 23 February 2021 . Star Advertiser . 14 September 2018 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109023835/https://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/09/14/hawaii-news/olivia-causes-flooding-and-landslides-but-no-injuries-on-maui/ . live .
  45. News: Sugidono . Chris . Flood recovery ongoing 'off the grid' in Honokohau Valley . 26 December 2020 . The Maui News . 20 September 2018 . 19 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201219140314/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/09/flood-recovery-ongoing-off-the-grid-in-honokohau-valley/ . live .
  46. News: Kubota . Lisa . A week after Olivia, West Maui is still cleaning up – and assessing the damage . 22 December 2020 . Hawaii News Now . 19 September 2018 . 22 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201222114513/https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/39125462/a-week-after-olivia-west-maui-is-still-cleaning-up-and-assessing-the-damage/ . live .
  47. News: Sugidono . Chris . 'The water just started washing things away,' resident says . 24 February 2021 . The Maui News . 13 September 2018 . 21 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190421105938/http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/09/the-water-just-started-washing-things-away-resident-says/ . live .
  48. News: Fujimoto . Lisa . Two homes burn in Honokohau Valley . 26 December 2020 . The Maui News . 13 October 2018 . 17 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181017142743/http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/10/two-homes-burn-in-honokohau-valley/ . live .
  49. News: Imada . Lee . ML&P begins repairs to Honokohau Stream ditch system . 26 December 2020 . The Maui News . 5 December 2019 . 28 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200128010249/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2019/12/mlp-begins-repairs-to-honokohau-stream-ditch-system/ . live .
  50. News: ML&P: Honokohau Stream ditch system repaired . 26 December 2020 . The Maui News . 12 May 2020 . 2 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200602154344/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2020/05/mlp-honokohau-stream-ditch-system-repaired/ . live .
  51. News: Olivia Is Now a Tropical Depression, More Rain for Hawaii . 21 December 2020 . VOA . 13 September 2018 . 1 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201001235045/https://www.voanews.com/usa/olivia-now-tropical-depression-more-rain-hawaii . live .
  52. News: After Olivia, power restored, damage assessments and repairs are ongoing . 24 February 2021 . The Maui News . 15 September 2018 . 18 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180918073300/http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/09/after-olivia-power-restored-damage-assessments-and-repairs-are-ongoing/ . live .
  53. News: Boyette . Chris . Cullinane . Susannah . Tropical Storm Olivia makes landfall in Hawaii . CNN . 22 December 2020 . 13 September 2018 . 12 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180912170406/https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/12/us/olivia-hawaii-wxc/index.html . live .
  54. News: Hurley . Timothy . Olivia fades away from Hawaii, but its moisture still tormenting Hawaiian isles . 23 February 2021 . Star Advertiser . 14 September 2018 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031447/https://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/09/14/hawaii-news/olivia-still-tormenting-the-islands/ . live .
  55. News: Honolulu dam's neighbors warned as storm raises water levels . 27 December 2020 . CNBC . Associated Press . 14 September 2018 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109014016/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/14/honolulu-dams-neighbors-warned-as-storm-raises-water-levels.html . live .
  56. News: O'AHU: Spillway at Nu'uanu Dam Nears Capacity From Olivia Rains . 27 December 2020 . Maui Now . 13 September 2018 . 28 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190528022000/http://mauinow.com/2018/09/13/oahu-spillway-at-nuuanu-dam-nears-capacity-from-olivia-rains/ . live .
  57. News: Finnerty . Ryan . Cruz . Catherine . Nu'uanu Reservoir Water Level Spurs Emergency Response . 25 February 2021 . Hawaii Public Radio . 14 September 2018 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109024708/https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/post/nuuanu-reservoir-water-level-spurs-emergency-response#stream/0 . live .
  58. News: The Latest: Honolulu official: Dam not in danger of failing . 22 December 2020 . Fox News . Associated Press . 13 September 2018 . 6 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181006120247/https://www.foxnews.com/us/the-latest-honolulu-official-dam-not-in-danger-of-failing . live .
  59. News: Lund . Casey . Landslide forces the closure of Manoa Falls Trail – and rattles nerves . 28 February 2021 . Hawaii News Now . 22 September 2018 . 9 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201109023736/https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/39151019/dangerous-landslide-closes-manoa-falls-trail/ . live .
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  61. News: Perry . Brian . Maui hotel occupancy drops slightly in September . 27 December 2020 . The Maui News . 26 October 2018 . 26 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181026232709/http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/10/maui-hotel-occupancy-drops-slightly-in-september/ . live .
  62. News: Imada . Lee . Tourism on Maui appears to have weathered storms . 25 February 2021 . The Maui News . 5 December 2018 . 8 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201108185853/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/12/tourism-on-maui-appears-to-have-weathered-storms/ . live .
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