Hurricane Lane (2018) Explained

Hurricane Lane
Formed:August 15, 2018
Low:August 28, 2018
Dissipated:August 29, 2018
Winds:140
Pressure:926
Fatalities:1 total
Losses:250000000
Areas:Hawaii
Season:2018 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Lane was a powerful tropical cyclone that brought torrential rainfall and strong winds to Hawaii during late August 2018. The storm was the wettest on record in Hawaii, with peak rainfall accumulations of 58 inches (1,473 mm) along the eastern slopes of Mauna Kea. The twelfth named storm, sixth hurricane, fourth major hurricane, and the first of three Category 5 hurricanes of the record-breaking 2018 Pacific hurricane season, Lane originated from an area of low pressure that formed well southwest of Mexico on August 13. Tracking west through a region of favorable atmospheric and oceanic conditions, the system steadily intensified over the following days. It reached an initial peak as a Category 4 hurricane on August 18. Temporarily inhibited by more hostile conditions, the hurricane weakened slightly before regaining strength and reaching Category 5 status on August 22 to the south of Hawaii. Lane peaked with winds of 160abbr=onNaNabbr=on and a barometric pressure of 926 mbar (hPa; 27.34 inHg). Thereafter, the hurricane turned north and slowed. During this period, torrential rains battered much of the Hawaiian Islands. Unfavorable conditions again affected the hurricane, and it degraded to a tropical depression by August 28 before dissipating the following day.

Lane prompted the issuance of hurricane watches and warnings for every island in Hawaii. From August 22 to 26, Lane brought heavy rain to much of the Hawaiian Windward Islands, which caused flash flooding and mudslides. Effects were most significant in and around Hilo where multiple neighborhoods were flooded. Across the Big Island, 159 structures were damaged or destroyed. Strong winds downed trees and power lines on Maui, and brush fires ignited on both Maui and Oahu. One fatality occurred on Kauai. Landslides and flooding damaged roads statewide; repairs concluded in April 2019. Total economic losses from the hurricane exceeded $250 million. In September, President Donald Trump declared much of Hawaii a disaster area; the Federal Emergency Management Agency ultimately provided about $10 million in aid.

Meteorological history

On July 31, 2018, a tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa. It moved west across the Atlantic with little to no convection (shower and thunderstorm activity) before crossing Central America and entering the Eastern Pacific basin on August 8. Intermittent convective activity ignited on August 11, and an area of low pressure consolidated on August 13 about 880 mi (1,415 km) southwest of Baja California Sur.[1] Increased organization of the system marked its development into a tropical depression, the fourteenth of the season, by 00:00 UTC on August 15.[1] [2] A large subtropical ridge to the north steered the nascent system on a general west to west-northwest course, a direction it would maintain for about a week. Based on Dvorak satellite intensity estimates, the system is estimated to have become a tropical storm later that day. At that time, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) assigned it the name Lane.[1] [3]

Favorable environmental conditions, including warm sea surface temperatures averaging 27.5– and low wind shear, fostered intensification.[1] [4] [5] From August 16 to 18, Lane underwent rapid intensification.[1] A defined inner-core with symmetrical outflow aloft organized by August 17, and microwave satellite imagery showed an eye at the lower levels of the cyclone. This marked its intensification to a hurricane, with winds exceeding 74mph.[5] By the morning of August 18, the storm displayed a well-defined 17miles wide eye surrounded by very deep convection.[6] [7] Around 12:00 UTC that day, Lane reached its initial peak intensity with winds of 140abbr=onNaNabbr=on, approximately 1,810 mi (2,915 km) southwest of Baja California Sur. This ranked it as a Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson scale.[1]

Early on August 19, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) assumed responsibility of the storm after it crossed 140°W.[1] Increasing wind shear disrupted the storm's organization, elongating convection east-to-west and opening the eyewall to the southwest.[8] [9] Despite repeated forecasts calling for the storm to continue weakening,[9] Lane maintained its intensity throughout the day.[1] Hurricane Hunters began aerial reconnaissance on August 20, and found the system to be stronger than indicated by satellite estimates.[10] Approaching the western edge of the subtropical ridge, Lane's forward motion slowed and gradually shifted northwest.[11] The hurricane's eye became distinct again on August 21 and accompanying convection became more intense. Reconnaissance data around 09:00 UTC showed continued strengthening, with a blend of observed data yielding an estimated intensity of 150abbr=onNaNabbr=on.[12] Continued observations by hurricane hunters indicated Lane achieved Category 5 strength around 00:00 UTC on August 22.[1] They observed winds of 168mph at this time; however, the CPHC assessed its intensity at 160abbr=onNaNabbr=on based on a blend of observations and satellite estimates.[1] [13] Stepped frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) data from hurricane hunters indicated peak surface winds of 177mph at around 06:00 UTC, and a dropsonde observed the central pressure fell to a minimum of 926 mbar (hPa; 926abbr=onNaNabbr=on.[1]

At its peak on August 22, Hurricane Lane was roughly 320 mi (515 km) southeast of South Point, Hawaii.[1] Increased wind shear from an approaching upper-level trough induced weakening once more by August 23.[1] [14] [15] Continued weakening the following day included degradation of Lane's eye and its convective structure became increasingly elliptical.[16] During this time, the hurricane turned almost due north.[1] Increasingly intense wind shear caused the cyclone's inner core to collapse.[1] [17] The circulation center became exposed with meager convection restricted to the northeast early on August 25, marking Lane's degradation to a tropical storm. The abrupt weakening coincided with the storm turning back west within the easterlies, away from the Hawaiian Islands. At its closest approach, Lane was located approximately 150 mi (240 km) south and west of the main islands.[1] [18] Although the storm itself continued to weaken, shower and thunderstorms to the east of its center resulted in torrential rain across Hawaii.[19] From August 26 to 27, Lane fluctuated in strength between tropical storm and tropical depression status.[1] Sporadic convection, sometimes intense, occurred during this period.[20] [21] On August 27, Lane briefly reorganized with a burst of convection over its center and banding features developing to the east.[22] The next day, the convection became far removed from the center and with no further development, the system degenerated into a remnant low.[1] The circulation became increasingly distorted and the cyclone dissipated later on August 29 as it was absorbed into an upper-level low.[1] [23] This upper-level low would eventually develop into a subtropical storm along the International Date Line on September 1,[24] and it was given the designation 96C.[25] [26] This subtropical storm proceeded to move northward for another few days, before it was absorbed into another extratropical cyclone on September 4.[27]

Preparations

Hurricane Lane was the most powerful storm to threaten Hawaii since Hurricane Iniki in 1992.[28] On August 21–22, as Lane approached the Hawaiian Islands, hurricane watches and warnings were issued for Maui County, Hawaii County, Oahu, and Kauai County. Uncertainty in how close the hurricane would approach led to watches and warnings covering a broad area. Increased forecaster confidence on August 24 led to a reduction in the extent of warnings. Degradation of the cyclone and its concurrent turn away from Hawaii on August 25–26 prompted the cessation of watches and warnings.[1]

All school districts statewide closed between August 22 and 24, and all non-essential state employees on the Big Island and Maui were told to stay home on those days. Hawaiian Airlines waived change fees for all tickets involving Hawaii from August 21–26.[29] American Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, and United Airlines cancelled more than two dozen domestic and international flights at Honolulu International Airport, Hilo International Airport, Kahului Airport, and Lihue Airport.[30] All commercial harbors in Hilo and Kawaihae suspended operations on August 23.[31] Numerous state parks and hiking trails closed under the threat of flooding and landslides.[32]

On August 22, the United States Navy and Air Force repositioned assets statewide, primarily at the Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, to protect them from the hurricane. Navy vessels not undergoing maintenance were ordered to sortie, though remain in close enough proximity for quick relief efforts if needed. Aircraft were stored in hangars or flown to airfields outside the hurricane's projected path.[33] The National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific closed on August 24 and 25 and tours at the USS Arizona Memorial were suspended.[34] [35] President Donald Trump issued an emergency declaration for Hawaii. The Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was authorized to coordinate disaster relief beginning on August 22 and continuing indefinitely.[36] More than 3,900 FEMA personnel were deployed or already in the state to assist with recovery efforts.[37] The Hawaii National Guard placed 280 active duty members—including 120 already responding to the Kīlauea volcano—on alert for relief efforts. A further 3,000 personnel from the state's Army National Guard and Air National Guard were available if requested.[38] The Red Cross opened 36 shelters statewide, with 825 people using them by the time the hurricane arrived.[39]

Impact

Hurricane Lane produced record-breaking rain across the Hawaiian Islands. The resulting floods and landslides caused extensive damage and one fatality.[1] More than 3,000 insurance claims for damage were made statewide and total economic losses exceeded $250 million.[40]

The Big Island

Although Hurricane Lane remained west of the Big Island, tremendous amounts of rain battered eastern areas of the island from August 22 to 26.[1] Accumulations were greatest along the eastern slopes of Mauna Kea with a maximum of 58abbr=onNaNabbr=on at Kahūnā Falls in Akaka Falls State Park, as measured by a private weather station.[41] This made Lane the wettest tropical cyclone on record in the state of Hawaii, surpassing the previous peak of 52inches during Hurricane Hiki in 1950.[42] Lane's peak rainfall total was also the second-highest recorded from a tropical cyclone within the United States, surpassed only by Hurricane Harvey in the preceding year.[43] Hilo saw its wettest three-day period on record with 31.85inches of precipitation observed; 15inches fell on August 24 alone, marking the fifth-wettest day in the city's recorded history. Additional storm-total accumulations include 49.48inches at Waiākea-Uka, 48.52inches at the USGS Saddle Quarry station, and 48.13inches at the Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo.[42] Precipitation in the Hilo Region was likely amplified by the terrain on the windward side of the island, the position of rainbands, the environment generated by the cyclone, and katabatic winds.[44] Along the erupting Kīlauea volcano, the rain led to minor rockfalls. The porous nature of volcanic rock and land in the Puna District served to mitigate the amount of runoff.[45]

Flooding closed numerous roads island-wide, including portions of Route 11 and 19 along the Belt Road.[46] Multiple landslides covered portions of the Akoni Pule Highway. In and around Hilo, swollen rivers inundated homes and 100 people required rescue in the Reeds Island subdivision. Water reached a depth of 5feet along Kaiulani Street.[47] Six classrooms at Waiakea Elementary School also flooded,[48] as was much of the Hilo Bayfront. Residents in Hawaiian Acres were forced to abandon their cars on flooded roads and landslides destroyed two homes.[49] Overflowing sewage pumps spilled 9000000gal of wastewater into Hilo Bay.[50] A small waterspout occurred off the coast of Paukaa on August 23.[51] Across the Big Island, 3 homes were destroyed, 23 homes and 3 businesses suffered major flood damage, while another 113 homes and 17 businesses experienced minor damage.[52] In Kurtistown, a bonsai nursery suffered $3–5 million in lost inventory, including 100 trees described as "world-class".[53] Power outages affected 4,500 customers islandwide.[54] Damage to public infrastructure exceeded $20 million.[47]

Maui and Molokaʻi

Prior to Lane's arrival in Maui, western areas of the island were suffering from a drought. The island's mountainous terrain results in sharp rainfall gradients during summer months, limiting rainfall along western slopes and enhancing it on eastern slopes. As Lane approached on August 23, enhanced flow associated with it and a ridge to the north produced strong, dry winds in western Maui.[1] Sustained winds reached 44mph in Makawao on this day.[55] The strong winds downed trees and power lines, cutting power to 11,450 customers across Maui and Molokai.[56] Downed power lines prevented evacuated residents from returning home in the wake of the storm.[57] Fires sparked in areas with dry brush and grew rapidly, fanned by wind gusts estimated at 60–. The largest of the fires occurred in Kauaula Valley, burning 2800acres and injuring two people, one due to burns and another due to smoke inhalation. Firefighters observed fire whirls as tall as 30feet. Six hundred people were evacuated due to wildfires overall, including some from a hurricane shelter.[45] [58] The fire destroyed 22 homes, leaving 60 people homeless; it also burned 30 vehicles.[59] Flames reached the field track at Lahainaluna High School. Damage from the Kauaula Valley fire alone amounted to $4.3 million.[60] A second fire ignited near the Lahaina Civic Center, burning 800acres and one home in Kaanapali.[61] [62] Twenty-six evacuees staying at Lahaina Intermediate School were forced to relocate due to the fire.[62] Around a dozen agricultural businesses and farmers suffered hundreds of thousands of dollars in losses from the fires, with some losing large portions of their crop and equipment. One cacao farm saw total defoliation of its trees from strong winds. The Ku’ia Agricultural Education Center lost 60 percent of its crop and 40 percent of its infrastructure.[63] A third fire occurred near Maalaea, though it burned without incident. Adverse conditions prevented firefighters from utilizing helicopters and difficult roads slowed response time.[64] Once winds from Lane subsided on August 26, firefighters were able to contain the blazes.[62] The cause of the fires was never ascertained;[64] however, the Maui County Police Department determined arson was not involved.[61]

Precipitation across Maui predominantly fell on August 25,[45] with a peak accumulation of 25.58inches in West Wailuaiki. Hana Airport and Haiku both observed approximately 10.5inches of rain.[42] The rainfall aided firefighters in containing the brushfires.[45] Multiple landslides occurred along the Hana and Kahekili highways. A bridge along the former near Keʻanae was overtopped by 3feet of water, damaging a parapet and part of the foundation. Around 25 signs along the Lahaina bypass were blown away or burned. In Lahaina, the local aquatics center suffered minor damage.[56] A culvert failure near Haiku caused the formation of a sinkhole about 20feet deep.[56] Three residences, each with families home, were left isolated.[65] Repair costs associated with the sinkhole reached an estimated $2–2.5 million.[61]

Kauaʻi and Oʻahu

Torrential precipitation fell across Kauaʻi between August 27 and 28 with a peak accumulation of 34.78inches on Mount Waialeale.[66] Rivers and streams swelled due to heavy rains, especially in the Wainiha and Hanalei Valleys;[66] waters submerged roads and taro patches. In Koloa, a man drowned after jumping into a river to save a dog.[67] Water and debris forced road closures along Kūhiō Highway. Flooding also affected Hanalei Elementary School, prompting early dismissal of students. Gusty winds, reaching 55mph in Wainiha, caused power outages.[68] Some of the hardest-hit areas were previously affected by record-breaking flooding in April.[69]

The same rainbands that affected Kauaʻi reached Oʻahu during the morning hours of August 28; rainfall reached 9.81inches in Moanalua. The Kalihi Stream overflowed along the Kamehameha Highway,[66] and the Ala Wai Canal flooded streets in Waikiki.[70] Floodwaters blocked portions of Likelike Highway in Kalihi and Kanehoe.[71] Gusty winds caused minor damage, primarily limited to fallen trees and fences.[72] One home suffered roof damage in Makiki and power outages occurred in Kaimuki.[73] [74] Brush fires ignited on parts of Oʻahu but were not destructive.[45] Prolonged damaging swells from Hurricanes Lane, Olivia, and Norman caused extensive erosion along the north shore of Oʻahu.[75]

Aftermath

Volunteers from All Hands and Hearts, Team Rubicon, and Southern Baptist Disaster Relief helped residents clean flood damage and remove mold.[76] On August 29, the Central Pacific Bank announced a new disaster loan program that would provide $1,000–10,000 to eligible applicants.[61] Officials advised residents to stay out of coastal waters between Hāmākua Coast and Laupāhoehoe along the Big Island on September 4 due to runoff and sewage spills in Hilo Bay.[77] [78] President Trump signed a disaster declaration on September 27 for all counties except Honolulu, enabling the distribution of federal funding. FEMA ultimately provided roughly $10 million in public assistance.[79] Foodland Hawaii and Western Union provided up to $40,000 to the American Red Cross of Hawaii.[80] Bloodworks Northwest dispatched blood to Hawaii following the storm.[81]

Power restoration was initially complicated by debris-covered roads and burned areas made off-limits. The Maui Electric Company contracted workers from the Hawaiian Electric Company to expedite repairs. Six poles providing electricity to Lahaina needed to be replaced.[56] The Hawaii County Council reallocated $10 million from its budget toward repairing county facilities. Repair costs for damaged roads and bridges across eastern areas of the island reached an estimated $35 million.[82] Five sections of embankments along the Belt Road needed to be reinforced with masonry. One landslide near Papaikou prompted the creation of a mechanically stabilized wall. Crews also stabilized the foundation of the Kapue Bridge. Excessive rainfall runoff damaged drainage systems along Route 200. Rehabilitation of damaged roads was completed in April 2019.[83]

In Maui, the fires proved to be the most damaging consequence of the hurricane. On August 30 the Maui County Federal Credit Union opened disaster relief programs to fire victims in Lahaina.[84] The Maui division of Habitat for Humanity assisted residents with rebuilding homes by purchasing appliances and providing vendor discounts, namely with lumber.[64] Several local businesses donated to the agency.[85] Two restaurant groups, Na Hoaloha ‘Ekolu and Old Lahaina Lu’au, donated $50,0000 and $10,000, respectively; the former group also held a fundraiser on October 13 during which 20 percent of sales from four restaurants would be donated to Habitat for Humanity.[86] A resident of Honokowai organized a Facebook fundraiser that received more than $150,000 in donations. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs approved $35,000 in funds for 20 families—$2,000 each to 11 families and $1,000 each for 9 others. However, none of the aid had been distributed one year after the fires.[64] A benefit concert on October 21 raised $50,000, distributed evenly to ten families who did not have insurance or other means of financial assistance.[60] Of the eleven homes destroyed in Kauaula Valley, only one was rebuilt by August 2019. Other residents remained in the care of relatives or at the Ka Hale A Ke Ola homeless shelter.[64]

The combination of Kīlauea's eruption and Hurricane Lane negatively impacted tourism. Although visitor numbers were up from 2017, continuing a long-term trend, the 1.4 percent increase was the lowest since May 2016.[87] In Maui, hotel occupancy fell 4.1 percent and overall visitor spending fell 2.6 percent during August 2018 compared to August 2017.[87] [88] The island's tourism returned to normal levels by the start of September.[89]

In January 2019, at least 11 people were still homeless on Hawaii's Big Island as a result of Lane.[90] The United States and Hawaii County governments provided $3,075,000 and $1,025,000, respectively, in April 2019 for the repair of the Piʻihonua Levee, which was breached by the storm.[91] A water quality buoy offshore Hilo, which had vanished during the storm, was redeployed in July 2019.[92] The United States Congress allocated $1,195,089.75 to Hawai‘i County on June 11, 2020, for the repair of the Laupahoehoe Gulch Bridge along the Mamalahoa Highway in Hāmākua.[93] Likewise, FEMA granted $2,246,668.50 in aid on November 24, 2020, for the repair of a damaged section of the Old Mamalahoa Highway.[94] Around $1.5 million in FEMA funds were allocated for the repair of the Waianuenue Avenue Bridge.[95] The Hawaii County Department of Public Works announced in September 2021 that it would begin the construction of a temporary bridge over the Makea Stream.[96] [97] The bridge was opened to traffic on January 8, 2022.[98] [99] Repair work for the Kolekole Bridge began in September 2021,[100] and is currently ongoing.[101]

Following Hurricane Lane and several other disasters, the city of Honolulu developed a plan to build a new emergency operations center in anticipation of more severe natural disasters. The project's cost is estimated at $38.6 million and construction is slated to commence in October 2022.[102]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. John. Beven. Derek. Wroe. National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center. December 16, 2019. January 9, 2020. Hurricane Lane. Tropical Cyclone Report. PDF. December 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191215115624/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP142018_Lane.pdf. live.
  2. Roberts . Dave . NHC Graphical Outlook Archive . National Hurricane Center . August 14, 2018 . August 18, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093735/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201808141751&basin=epac&fdays=5 . August 21, 2018 . live .
  3. Blake . Eric . Tropical Storm Lane Discussion Number 3 . National Hurricane Center . August 15, 2018 . August 18, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113542/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep14/ep142018.discus.003.shtml . August 22, 2018 . live .
  4. Blake . Eric . Tropical Storm Lane Discussion Number 4 . National Hurricane Center . August 15, 2018 . May 2, 2020 . October 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028144558/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep14/ep142018.discus.004.shtml . live .
  5. Stewart . Stacy . Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 9 . National Hurricane Center . August 17, 2018 . July 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190402222535/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep14/ep142018.discus.009.shtml . April 2, 2019 . live .
  6. Avila . Lixion A. . Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 14 . National Hurricane Center . August 18, 2018 . July 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093800/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep14/ep142018.discus.014.shtml . August 21, 2018 . live .
  7. Brown . Eric . Latto . Andrew . Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 16 . National Hurricane Center . August 19, 2018 . July 24, 2019 . October 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028144704/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2018/ep14/ep142018.discus.016.shtml . live .
  8. Jeff. Powell. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 19, 2019. July 24, 2019. Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 17. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724205032/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.017.
  9. Richard. Ballard. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 19, 2019. July 24, 2019. Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 18. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724205439/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.018.
  10. Sam. Houston. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 20, 2019. July 24, 2019. Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 22. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724205753/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.022.
  11. Richard. Ballard. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 20, 2019. July 24, 2019. Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 24. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724205951/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.024.
  12. Tom. Birchard. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 21, 2019. July 24, 2019. Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 26. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724210408/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.026.
  13. Jeff. Powell. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 22, 2019. July 24, 2019. Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 31. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724211100/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.031.
  14. Richard. Ballard. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 23, 2019. July 24, 2019. Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 34. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724212518/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.034.
  15. Tom. Birchard. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 23, 2019. July 24, 2019. Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 36. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724212827/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.036.
  16. Richard. Ballard. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 24, 2019. July 24, 2019. Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 38. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724213125/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.038.
  17. Richard. Ballard. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 24, 2019. July 24, 2019. Hurricane Lane Discussion Number 41. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724213854/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.041.
  18. Richard. Ballard. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 25, 2019. July 24, 2019. Tropical Storm Lane Discussion Number 43. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724213930/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.043.
  19. Sam. Houston. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 25, 2019. July 24, 2019. Tropical Storm Lane Discussion Number 44. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724214141/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.044.
  20. Robert. Burke. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 26, 2019. July 24, 2019. Tropical Storm Lane Discussion Number 46. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724214632/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.046.
  21. Robert. Burke. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 27, 2019. July 24, 2019. Tropical Depression Lane Discussion Number 51. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724214755/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.051.
  22. Tom. Birchard. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 27, 2019. July 24, 2019. Tropical Storm Lane Discussion Number 53. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724214924/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.053.
  23. Peter. Donaldson. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. August 29, 2019. July 24, 2019. Post-Tropical Cyclone Lane Discussion Number 59. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724215346/https://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf/dis/CPHC/ep142018.discus.059.
  24. National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. NWSHonolulu. August 31, 2018. September 2, 2018. Thanks for pointing this out. The circulation that was associated with Lane dissipated several days ago and was absorbed by the same upper level low responsible for this feature. This feature is now a sub-tropical gale low, but we will continue to keep an eye on it!. 1035682652416823296.
  25. Michael. Turk. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Satellite Products and Service Division. September 1, 2020. December 28, 2020. [96C Tropical Cyclone Position at 17:30 UTC on September 1]]. April 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210428045223/https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/DATA/2018/bulletins/cpac/20180901173096C.html. live.
  26. Michael. Turk. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Satellite Products and Service Division. September 1, 2020. December 28, 2020. [96C Tropical Cyclone Position at 23:30 UTC on September 1]]. April 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210415233001/https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/DATA/2018/bulletins/cpac/20180901233096C.html. live.
  27. Web site: 2018 Tropical Bulletin Archive. NOAA. 3 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180906015640/http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/2018/bulletins/archive.html. 6 September 2018. live.
  28. Marina. Koren. The Atlantic. August 22, 2018. April 19, 2020. Hawaii's Biggest Hurricane Threat in More Than Two Decades. August 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180822195417/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/08/hurricane-lane-hawaii/568192/. live.
  29. News: People grab ramen, water as hurricane moves toward Hawaii. Jennifer Sinco . Kelleher. August 22, 2018. KIRO7. August 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180821230850/https://www.kiro7.com/news/national/people-grab-ramen-water-as-hurricane-moves-toward-hawaii/817750958. August 21, 2018. dead.
  30. News: Honolulu Star-Advertiser. August 24, 2018. September 1, 2018. Multiple airlines cancel flights to, from Honolulu and Kahului airports. https://web.archive.org/web/20180825122142/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/08/24/breaking-news/multiple-airlines-cancel-flights-to-from-honolulu-and-kahului-airports/. August 25, 2018. live.
  31. News: Andrew. Gomes. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. August 23, 2018. September 1, 2018. Big Isle ports close, others could follow. https://web.archive.org/web/20180824113338/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/08/23/hawaii-news/big-isle-ports-close-others-could-follow/. August 24, 2018. live.
  32. News: Honolulu Star-Advertiser. August 22, 2018. September 1, 2018. Many Hawaii parks and hiking trails to close in advance of Hurricane Lane. https://web.archive.org/web/20180823113210/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/08/22/breaking-news/many-hawaii-parks-and-hiking-trails-to-close-in-advance-of-hurricane-lane/. August 23, 2018. live.
  33. News: Olson . Wyatt . Navy, Air Force evacuate vessels and aircraft from path of Hawaii-bound hurricane . Stars and Stripes . Defense Media Activity . August 22, 2018 . August 23, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180823001740/https://www.stripes.com/news/navy/navy-air-force-evacuate-vessels-and-aircraft-from-path-of-hawaii-bound-hurricane-1.543826 . August 23, 2018 . live .
  34. News: William. Cole. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. August 22, 2018. September 1, 2018. Pearl Harbor ships and subs head to sea ahead of Lane. https://web.archive.org/web/20180902012202/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/08/23/hawaii-news/pearl-harbor-ships-and-subs-head-to-sea-ahead-of-lane-2/. September 2, 2018. live.
  35. News: William. Cole. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. August 21, 2018. September 1, 2018. Arizona Memorial boat tours suspended due to Hurricane Lane. https://web.archive.org/web/20180902012313/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/08/21/breaking-news/arizona-memorial-boat-tours-suspended-due-to-hurricane-lane/. September 2, 2018. live.
  36. Web site: President Donald J. Trump Approves Hawaii Emergency Declaration. August 23, 2018. August 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120200917/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-approves-hawaii-emergency-declaration/. January 20, 2021. National Archives. whitehouse.gov. live.
  37. News: Timothy. Hurley. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. August 31, 2018. September 1, 2018. Federal response to Hurricane Lane 'just the beginning'. https://web.archive.org/web/20180831130119/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/08/31/hawaii-news/federal-response-to-hurricane-lane-just-the-beginning/. August 31, 2018. live.
  38. News: William. Cole. Dave. Reardon. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. August 25, 2018. September 1, 2018. Active-duty military task force, National Guard ready for Lane. https://web.archive.org/web/20180901215658/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/08/25/hawaii-news/active-duty-military-task-force-national-guard-ready-for-lane/. September 1, 2018. live.
  39. News: Susan. Essoyan. Gordon Y.K.. Pang. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. August 24, 2018. September 1, 2018. More than 800 people evacuate from hurricane. https://web.archive.org/web/20180902084140/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/08/24/hawaii-news/more-than-800-people-evacuate-from-hurricane/. September 2, 2018. live.
  40. AON Benfield. December 2018. March 28, 2020. Global Catastrophe Recap: December 2018. 9. https://web.archive.org/web/20190201223723/http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com//Documents/20190118-ab-if-december-global-recap.pdf. February 1, 2019. live.
  41. Web site: David. Roth. Weather Prediction Center. 2019. July 24, 2019. Hurricane Lane – August 22–27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724182016/https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/lane2018.html. July 24, 2019. live.
  42. Kevin. Kodama. National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. August 27, 2018. August 27, 2018. Public Information Statement. Lane Possibly Breaks Hawaii Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Record. August 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072332/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/Products/PNSHFO/PNSHFO.1808271505.txt. dead.
  43. News: Currie . Kristen . Tropical Storm Imelda 7th wettest tropical cyclone on U.S. record . Kxan . NBC . March 25, 2020 . September 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200325025800/https://www.kxan.com/weather/weather-blog/tropical-storm-imelda-7th-wettest-tropical-cyclone-on-u-s-record/ . March 25, 2020 . live .
  44. Shigesato . Gavin T. . Heavy Precipitation From Hurricane Lane on Hawaiʻi Island . June 2019 . August 17, 2022 . University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa . May 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230515195701/https://www.proquest.com/openview/c4b38b5ea3ce9a75a7589bf4222891db . live .
  45. News: Mark. Thiessen. Hawaii News Now. August 26, 2018. August 30, 2018. Lane brought record rain to Hawaii, but lost its wallop. Associated Press. https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035352/http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/38962687/lane-brought-record-rain-to-hawaii-but-lost-its-wallop. August 31, 2018. live.
  46. News: Hawaii News Now. August 25, 2018. August 30, 2018. Tropical Storm Lane impacts roads across the state. https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035339/http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/38948324/hurricane-lane-impacts-roads-across-the-state. August 31, 2018. live.
  47. Web site: National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. July 24, 2019. Event Details: Flash Flood. July 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200727232400/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=773819. live.
  48. News: Jennifer Sinco . Kelleher. Associated Press. Hawaii News Now. August 27, 2018. August 30, 2018. Tropical Storm Lane damage assessment under way. August 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035337/http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/38972272/tropical-storm-lane-damage-assessment-under-way.
  49. Web site: Lane's 'catastrophic' flooding leaves behind big mess on Big Island. Hawaii News Now. August 30, 2018. August 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110428/http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/38949134/as-torrential-rains-let-up-big-island-starts-cleaning-up-lanes-mess. August 29, 2018. live.
  50. News: Kevin. Dayton. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. August 29, 2018. August 30, 2018. Crews fan out to assess storm damage in Hilo. https://web.archive.org/web/20180830114517/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/08/29/hawaii-news/crews-fan-out-to-assess-storm-damage-in-hilo/. August 30, 2018. live.
  51. News: KHON2. August 23, 2018. September 1, 2018. Waterspout forms off Hilo as Hurricane Lane passes Hawaii island. https://web.archive.org/web/20180902030434/https://www.khon2.com/weather/waterspout-forms-off-hilo-as-hurricane-lane-passes-hawaii-island/1392278818. September 2, 2018. live.
  52. News: Kevin. Dayton. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. August 30, 2018. August 30, 2018. Reports of flood damage on the rise. https://web.archive.org/web/20180830125527/http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/08/30/hawaii-news/reports-of-flood-damage-on-the-rise/. August 30, 2018. live.
  53. Web site: Callis . Tom . 'If you don't smile you're going to cry': Owner of bonsai nursery laments losses caused by heavy rains . Hawaii Tribune-Herald . September 2, 2018 . 2 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180903045648/http://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/2018/09/02/hawaii-news/if-you-dont-smile-youre-going-to-cry-owner-of-bonsai-nursery-laments-losses-caused-by-heavy-rains/ . September 3, 2018 . live .
  54. News: HJ. Mai. Pacific Business News. August 24, 2018. May 3, 2020. Over 13,000 Hawaiian Electric customers remain without power due to Hurricane Lane. July 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210724170929/https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2018/08/24/over-13-000-hawaiian-electric-customers-remain.html. live.
  55. National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. August 23, 2018. September 1, 2018. Preliminary Local Storm Report. https://web.archive.org/web/20180902011817/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/Products/LSRHFO/LSRHFO.1808232038.txt. September 2, 2018. dead.
  56. News: Brian. Perry. The Maui News. August 26, 2018. May 3, 2020. Lane aftermath: Storm dumps heavy rain, leaves power outages, damaged roads. November 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201110152412/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/08/lane-aftermath/. live.
  57. News: Susan. Miller. After Lane exits, torrential downpours, renewed flooding a concern in Hawaii. USA Today. August 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180826212938/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/08/26/hurricane-lane-storm-exits-flooding-still-concern/1103527002/. August 26, 2018. live.
  58. Web site: Bidgood . Jess . Hurricane Lane Is Downgraded to Tropical Storm, but Hawaii Faces Flooding Threat . New York Times . August 24, 2018 . August 25, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180824201809/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/us/hawaii-hurricane-lane-updates.html . August 24, 2018 . live .
  59. Web site: National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. July 24, 2019. Event Details: Wildfire. August 31, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230831172435/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=774206. live.
  60. News: Melissa. Tanji. The Maui News. January 30, 2019. May 4, 2020. Gifts to help rebuild homes, lives. January 31, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190131041545/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2019/01/gifts-to-help-rebuild-homes-lives/. live.
  61. News: Melissa. Tanji. The Maui News. August 29, 2018. August 30, 2018. Maui's Lane damage could run up in the millions for repairs. https://web.archive.org/web/20180829193114/http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/08/mauis-lane-damage-could-run-up-in-the-millions-for-repairs/. August 29, 2018. live.
  62. News: Mark. Thiessen. Associated Press. Hawaii News Now. August 26, 2018. August 30, 2018. Firefighters fully contain West Maui wildfires that left significant trail of damage. https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035352/https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/38962687/lane-brought-record-rain-to-hawaii-but-lost-its-wallop/. August 31, 2018.
  63. News: Chris. Sugidono. The Maui News. September 19, 2018. May 4, 2020. W. Maui fires take toll on farmers. September 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180919214729/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/09/w-maui-fires-take-toll-on-farmers/. live.
  64. News: Colleen. Uechi. The Maui News. August 24, 2019. May 4, 2020. Lahaina Fires: One year later. August 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190824184455/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2019/08/lahaina-fires-one-year-later/. live.
  65. News: Some Upcountry Maui residents remain stranded by giant sinkhole. Young. Pamela. August 28, 2018. KHON. August 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035304/https://www.khon2.com/news/local-news/some-upcountry-maui-residents-remain-stranded-by-giant-sinkhole/1401226839. August 31, 2018. live.
  66. Kevin. Kodama. National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. August 29, 2018. September 1, 2018. Final Rain Total from Lane Flood Event on Kauai and Oahu. https://web.archive.org/web/20180901215918/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/Products/PNSHFO/PNSHFO.1808290955.txt. September 1, 2018. dead.
  67. News: Associated Press. August 29, 2018. August 30, 2018. 1 death from Hawaii storm Lane reported on Kauai. https://web.archive.org/web/20200328184103/https://apnews.com/eeb07f8c65084ba1845fc42a57ae3d9c/1-death-from-Hawaii-storm-Lane-reported-on-Kauai. March 28, 2020. live.
  68. National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. August 24, 2018. September 1, 2018. Preliminary Local Storm Report. https://web.archive.org/web/20180901215659/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/Products/LSRHFO/LSRHFO.1808241542.txt. September 1, 2018. dead.
  69. News: KHON2. August 27, 2018. August 30, 2018. Heavy rain on Kauai's north shore brings back memories of April's historic floods. https://web.archive.org/web/20200328184107/https://www.khon2.com/news/heavy-rain-on-kauais-north-shore-brings-back-memories-of-aprils-historic-floods/. March 28, 2020. live.
  70. Web site: National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. July 24, 2019. Event Details: Coastal Flood. July 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200727232426/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=773885. live.
  71. Web site: National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. July 24, 2019. Event Details: Flash Flood. September 6, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230906104128/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=773898. live.
  72. Web site: National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. July 24, 2019. Event Details: Hurricane. July 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200727232425/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=773857. live.
  73. Web site: National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. July 24, 2019. Event Details: Hurricane. July 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200727232430/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=773877. live.
  74. Web site: National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. National Centers for Environmental Information. 2018. July 24, 2019. Event Details: Hurricane. July 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200728014227/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=773860. live.
  75. News: Nikki. Schenfeld. KHON2. August 3, 2019. May 4, 2020. 1 year later: North Shore homeowners try to manage beach erosion ahead of hurricane swells. August 13, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200813141257/https://www.khon2.com/news/1-year-later-north-shore-homeowners-try-to-manage-beach-erosion-ahead-of-hurricane-swells/. live.
  76. News: Stephanie. Salmons. Hawaii Tribune-Herald. September 6, 2018. September 7, 2018. Out with 'all the moldy stuff': Volunteers help residents recover from flooding. https://web.archive.org/web/20180906225934/http://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/2018/09/06/hawaii-news/out-with-all-the-moldy-stuff-volunteers-help-residents-recover-from-flooding/. September 6, 2018. live.
  77. News: Hawaii News Now. September 4, 2018. September 8, 2018. Brown water advisory posted for some Hawaii Island coastlines. https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221544/http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/39025092/brown-water-advisory-posted-for-some-hawaii-island-coastlines. September 7, 2018. live.
  78. News: Hawaii Tribune-Herald. September 4, 2018. September 8, 2018. Health department issues brown-water advisory. https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015647/http://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/2018/09/04/hawaii-news/health-department-issues-brown-water-advisory/. September 8, 2018. live.
  79. Web site: Federal Emergency Management Agency. September 27, 2018. May 4, 2020. Hawaii Hurricane Lane (DR-4395). May 5, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190505091452/https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4395. live.
  80. News: The Maui News. September 14, 2018. May 4, 2020. Foodland, Western Union offer support. September 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180916102610/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/09/foodland-western-union-offer-support/. live.
  81. News: Martin . Casey . Government blood donations in Seattle are down a third because of shutdown . January 30, 2022 . KUOW . National Public Radio . January 25, 2019 . January 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190126074443/https://www.kuow.org/stories/blood-donations-in-seattle-hit-by-government-shutdown . live .
  82. News: Honolulu Star-Advertiser. September 21, 2018. July 24, 2019. Hawaii County delays transportation projects to pay for Hurricane Lane repairs. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724193014/https://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/09/21/breaking-news/hawaii-county-delays-transportation-projects-to-pay-for-hurricane-lane-repairs/. July 24, 2019. live.
  83. News: Honolulu Star-Advertiser. April 1, 2019. July 24, 2019. Big Isle highway repairs wrap up after Kilauea Volcano eruption and Hurricane Lane. https://web.archive.org/web/20190724193013/https://www.staradvertiser.com/2019/04/01/hawaii-news/big-isle-highway-repairs-following-kilauea-volcano-eruption-and-hurricane-lane-wrap-up/. July 24, 2019. live.
  84. News: The Maui News. August 30, 2018. May 4, 2018. Credit union to aid Tropical Storm Lane, fire victims. August 31, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180831223210/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/08/credit-union-to-aid-tropical-storm-lane-fire-victims/. live.
  85. News: The Maui News. January 27, 2019. May 4, 2020. Grants. January 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190128004840/https://www.mauinews.com/news/community-news/2019/01/grants-39/. live.
  86. News: The Maui News. September 30, 2018. May 4, 2020. Restaurant group, Na Hoaloha 'Ekolu, aids hurricane victims with donation, fundraiser. September 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180930184417/https://www.mauinews.com/news/community-news/2018/09/restaurant-group-na-hoaloha-ekolu-aids-hurricane-victims-with-donation-fundraiser/. live.
  87. News: Brian. Perry. The Maui News. September 29, 2018. May 4, 2020. Hurricane Lane dashed some travel in August. September 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180929202806/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/09/hurricane-lane-dashed-some-travel-in-august/. live.
  88. News: Lee. Imada. The Maui News. September 25, 2018. May 4, 2020. Hurricane Lane impacted August tourism on Maui. November 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181103043331/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/09/hurricane-lane-impacted-august-tourism-on-maui/. live.
  89. News: Brian. Perry. The Maui News. September 2, 2018. May 4, 2020. Officials: Hurricane, fire tourism impacts appear slight. September 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180904182723/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/09/officials-hurricane-fire-tourism-impacts-appear-slight/. live.
  90. News: Big Island Homelessness Decreases Despite Displacement Due to Natural Disasters . January 29, 2022 . Big Island Now . April 9, 2019 . April 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190411013126/https://bigislandnow.com/2019/04/09/big-island-homelessness-decreases-despite-displacement-due-to-natural-disasters/ . live .
  91. News: VIDEO: Piihonua Levee, Broken By Hurricane Lane, To Get Repairs . March 15, 2022 . Big Island Video News . April 14, 2019 . April 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190417082426/https://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2019/04/14/video-piihonua-levee-broken-by-hurricane-lane-to-get-repairs/ . live .
  92. News: Water Quality Buoy Redeployed in Hilo Bay . March 16, 2022 . Big Island Now . July 31, 2019 . August 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190801155635/https://bigislandnow.com/2019/07/31/water-quality-buoy-redeployed-in-hilo-bay/ . live .
  93. News: Feds Fund Over $1.1 Million For Laupahoehoe Bridge Damaged By Hurricane Lane . January 29, 2022 . Big Island Video News . June 11, 2020 . August 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200808141150/https://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2020/06/11/feds-fund-over-1-1-million-for-laupahoehoe-bridge-damaged-by-hurricane-lane/ . live .
  94. News: Feds Give $2.2 Million For Hawaiʻi Highway Damaged By Hurricane Lane In 2018 . January 29, 2022 . Big Island Video News . November 25, 2020 . January 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210123084555/https://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2020/11/25/feds-give-2-2-million-for-hawaii-highway-damaged-by-hurricane-lane-in-2018/ . live .
  95. News: Burnett . John . Feds fund Waianuenue bridge repairs . March 16, 2022 . Hawaii Tribune-Herald . December 2, 2021 . December 2, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211202192735/https://www.hawaiitribune-herald.com/2021/12/02/hawaii-news/feds-fund-waianuenue-bridge-repairs/ . live .
  96. News: Makea Stream Temporary Bridge . March 16, 2022 . Big Island Now . September 19, 2021 . September 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210920225327/https://bigislandnow.com/2021/09/19/makea-stream-temporary-bridge/ . live .
  97. News: Makea Stream Temporary Bridge Construction Announced . March 16, 2022 . Big Island Video News . September 16, 2021 . October 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211026032718/https://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2021/09/16/makea-stream-temporary-bridge-construction-announced/ . live .
  98. News: Makea Stream Temporary Bridge Opens To Traffic On January 8 . 16 March 2022 . KWXX . January 6, 2022 . January 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220106154650/https://www.kwxx.com/2022/01/06/makea-stream-bridge-opens-to-traffic-on-january-8/ . live .
  99. News: Makea Stream Bridge Reopened . March 16, 2022 . Big Island Gazette . January 14, 2022 . January 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220115002330/https://bigislandgazette.com/makea-stream-bridge-reopened/ . live .
  100. News: Subiono . Russell . McCullough . Sophia . Kolekole Bridge Repairs Continue Alongside Traffic Delays . March 16, 2022 . Hawaii Public Radio . September 22, 2021 . September 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210923040523/https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/local-news/2021-09-22/kolekole-bridge-repairs-continue-alongside-traffic-delays . live .
  101. News: Weekly Lane Closures: March 12–18 . March 16, 2022 . Big Island Now . March 12, 2022 . March 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220312231511/https://bigislandnow.com/2022/03/12/weekly-lane-closures-march-12-18/ . live .
  102. News: Kubota . Lisa . City plans $39M Emergency Operations Center to better respond to disasters . March 16, 2022 . Hawaii News Now . February 25, 2020 . February 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200226172056/https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2020/02/26/city-plans-m-emergency-operations-center-better-respond-disasters/ . live .

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