Hunglish Explained
Hunglish refers to any mixing of the English and Hungarian languages as a result of linguistic interference. This most often involves ungrammatical or awkward English expressions typical of Hungarian learners of English, as well as English words and phrases imported into the Hungarian language. The term is a portmanteau of Hungarian and English. The word is first recorded in 1978.[1] The word is most popular in North England, especially in South Yorkshire.
As the prominence and influence of the English language in Hungary increases, Hunglish has also come to refer to the indirect effect of English on the modern-day Hungarian language.[2] Some Hungarians believe this effect to be a negative one, claiming that English influence causes Hungarians to make grammatical, orthographic, and stylistic errors in their own mother tongue, and that traditional Hungarian expressions and terms are being crowded out by ones derived from English.[3] Other Hungarians see this phenomenon as a natural process of linguistic interaction, and believe that features imported from English into Hungarian should be regarded as linguistic developments, rather than grammatical errors.
Examples in English
Characteristic mistakes of Hungarians speaking English include:
- Use of verbs with inappropriate prepositional phrases (e.g. "I remember him," "I need food"). A wide variety of grammatical cases are used in Hungarian to express verb objects; these cases are then mistranslated based on common English translations in other contexts.
- Failure to capitalize proper nouns or adjectives (e.g. "I have class on "). Many English proper nouns are considered common in Hungarian (such as days, months and languages); the grammar has no concept of proper adjectives at all.
- Omission of the word is (e.g. "My name Gábor").
- Ungrammatical use of reflexive pronouns (e.g. "I feel good" rather than "I feel good").
- Use of third-person pronouns in the wrong gender (e.g. "My mother bought a purse"). Hungarian has only one third-person pronoun, ő, used for both male and female genders.
- Failure to use the imperfect tense, which does not exist in Hungarian (e.g. "I when she arrived" rather than "I was sleeping when she arrived").
- Overuse of the definite article the (e.g. "the patience is a virtue" rather than "patience is a virtue").
Examples in Hungarian
- The Hungarian word karakter traditionally means "personality," but is now often used as in English to mean "character" as in "the main character of the novel."
- Words which are capitalized in English but traditionally not in Hungarian, such as days of the week and nationalities, are increasingly capitalized in Hungarian as well.
- Idővonal, a calque of the English "timeline" is increasingly used in place of the more traditional words időrend and kronológia.
- Terms that are split into two words in English are increasingly also split in Hungarian, such as szoftver fejlesztő (software developer) in place of the more traditional szoftverfejlesztő.
- Egérpad is often used to mean "mouse pad," superseding the original term egéralátét (lit. "mouse underlay"). Some Hungarians object to this term because the Hungarian pad means "bench," and egérpad therefore literally translates to "mouse bench."
See also
Notes and References
- Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 14.
- Web site: Nádasdy Ádám: Mi az angol. Hungarian. seas3.elte.hu. 2019-02-06.
- Web site: Tótfalusi István: Hogy mi ne legyünk angol nyelvi gyarmat…. Hungarian. www.tanszertar.hu. 2019-02-06.
