| Hungarian Alliance | |
| Native Name: | |
| Abbreviation: | Szövetség–Aliancia |
| Chairman: | Krisztián Forró |
| Leader1 Title: | Deputy Chairman |
| Leader1 Name: | György Gyimesi Örs Orosz |
| Founder: | Béla Bugár (SMK-MKP) Edit Bauer Gábor Zászlós (MKÖ-MKS) |
| Foundation: | 1994/2023 |
| Predecessor: | MKÖ-MKS (Alliance, legally)[1] |
| Merger: | Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement Coexistence Hungarian Civic Party (SMK-MKP) |
| Headquarters: | Čajakova 4048/8 811 05 Bratislava |
| Website: | |
| Country: | Slovakia |
| Position: | Centre-right |
| Membership: | 10,285[2] |
| Membership Year: | 2023 |
| European: | European People's Party |
| Colours: | Orange |
| Slogan: | «Hungarians. Nationalities. Regions.» |
| Seats1 Title: | National Council |
| Seats2 Title: | European Parliament |
| Seats3 Title: | Regional governors |
| Seats4 Title: | Regional deputies[3] |
| Seats5 Title: | Mayors |
| Seats6 Title: | Local councillors |
The Hungarian Alliance (;, Szövetség–Aliancia) is a political party in Slovakia for the ethnic Hungarian minority, previously known simply as the "Alliance", it was founded when "Party of the Hungarian Community" and Most–Híd merged into "Hungarian Community Togetherness". It is led by former SMK-MKP leader, Krisztián Forró.[4]
The SMK-MKP party was founded as Party of the Hungarian Coalition (Hungarian: Magyar Koalíció Pártja, Slovak: Strana maďarskej koalície) in 1998 in response to an anti-coalition law passed. The law prevented parties from forming electoral cartels at election time, which small parties had used to overcome the 5% electoral threshold. Three parties representing the Hungarian minority had formed such a cartel, called 'Hungarian Coalition' in the 1994 election, and had won 10.2% of the vote. To comply with the new law, the three parties – the Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement, Coexistence, and the Hungarian Civic Party – merged to form the Party of the Hungarian Coalition.
Following the 2002 parliamentary election in Slovakia, the Party of the Hungarian Coalition joined the Slovak governing coalition for the second time (after the 1998–2002 term), obtained 321,069 votes (11.16% of all votes), and was the most stable political party in the governing coalition. At the EU parliament election in 2004 the party won 13.24% of the vote.
The party had 4 ministers (Pál Csáky – Deputy Prime Minister for European Integration and Minority Rights, László Miklós – Minister of Environment, László Gyurovszky – Minister of Construction and Regional Development and Zsolt Simon – Minister of Agriculture) and 6 state secretaries (Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Construction and Regional Development) in the Slovak government. Béla Bugár, the president of the Party of the Hungarian Coalition at that time, was the Vice President of the National Council of the Slovak Republic.
In the parliamentary election of 17 June 2006, the party won 11.7% of the popular vote and 20 out of 150 seats, but lost its participation in the government.
In 2009, a moderate faction led by high-ranking SMK-MKP members founded Most–Híd. In the parliamentary election of 12 June 2010, the party missed the 5% border needed for participation in parliament by receiving 4.33% and lost its position in parliament. The SMK-MKP also proved unable to obtain 5% of the votes in the 2012 parliamentary election. On 22 September 2012, the party was renamed to Party of the Hungarian Community (Hungarian: Magyar Közösség Pártja, Slovak: Strana maďarskej komunity).
In the 2014 European elections, SMK–MKP came in seventh place nationally, receiving 6.53% of the vote and electing 1 MEP.[5] In the 2019 European elections, SMK–MKP fell just short of the 5% threshold with 4.96% thus losing their MEP.
Összefogás–Spolupatričnosť (Unity) was founded in the autumn of 2019, citing disputes between the Hungarian parties as a reason for its formation, which could have caused the Hungarian minority not to be represented on the National Council after the 2020 Slovak parliamentary elections. Former Member of the European Parliament for SMK-MKP, Edit Bauer, and former Deputy Chairman of Hungarian Civic Party (MNI), Gábor Zászlós, were instrumental in the formation of the party.[6]
In connection with the upcoming parliamentary elections, the members of Összefogás–Spolupatričnosť negotiated an electoral cooperation with four other ethnic Hungarian parties (Most–Híd, SMK-MKP, MKDA-MKDSZ, MF-MF).[7] [8] On 24 November 2019, Összefogás–Spolupatričnosť approved the joint action of the Hungarian parties in the parliamentary elections. Összefogás–Spolupatričnosť was then transformed into MKÖ-MKS, and gained 30 seats on the candidate list. Szabolcs Mózes, the party president, ran second on the list, Örs Orosz, the party vice president, ran sixth, and József Nagy, a former member of the European Parliament, ran ninth. Mózes stated that they were joining to ensure the representation of the Hungarian minority and to contribute to the change of government and the removal of the SMER-SD party from power.[9] Eventually, SMK-MKP and the Hungarian Forum agreed to run on the Összefogás–Spolupatričnosť list which renamed themselves to Hungarian Community Togetherness (Hungarian: Magyar Közösségi Összefogás, Slovak: Maďarská komunitná spolupatričnosť; MKÖ-MKS). They only reached 3.91% and Most–Híd got 2.05% in the 2020 parliamentary election. This was the first election, in which no Hungarian minority party reached the 5% threshold.
After their failure, MKÖ-MKS, SMK-MKP, and Most–Híd entered into negotiations about further cooperation. On 20 August 2020, they signed a declaration of cooperation in Komárno, a town in southwestern Slovakia.[10] In March 2021, they announced that the negotiations had been successful, and that a new party "Szövetség – Aliancia" would be established. The new party would have three officers: a chairman nominated by SMK-MKP, a chairman of the Republican Council nominated by Most–Híd, and the post of expert vice-chairman nominated by MKÖ-MKS.[11]
Szövetség–Aliancia was formed by merging the parties SMK-MKP, Most–Híd, and MKÖ-MKS at the assembly in Šamorín on 2 October 2021.[12] The assembly was preceded by two years of negotiations between five Hungarian political parties about the possibility of cooperation. The goal of joining forces was declared as a return to parliament after the next election, or to be part of the governing coalition. SMK-MKP continued to exist as a faction within Alliance under the backronym Hungarian Conservative Platform (Hungarian: Magyar Konzervatív Platform, MKP).
Krisztián Forró, the then-chairman of the SMK-MKP, became the chairman of the party, and the then-chairman of MKÖ-MKS, Szabolcs Mózes, was elected vice-chairman. In addition, the chairman of the Republican Council, László Sólymos, the then-chairman of the Most–Híd party, was elected, as well as the vice-chairman and chairmen of the platforms, members of the republican presidency, republican committee and mandatory commissions. Sólymos said: "We have laid the foundations for the political, parliamentary representation of the Hungarians, the nationalities and the regions in which we live". The Alliance declared that it would negotiate cooperation with all Slovak parties, such as support for the EU, NATO, and Visegrad Four membership, but would not cooperate with extremist parties like the People's Party Our Slovakia and Direction – Slovak Social Democracy.
In 2023, a few months before the election, however Most–Híd left the united party again over a dispute about allowing former OĽaNO MP György Gyimesi on the list.[13] Leaving only the SMK-MKP and Összefogás factions in the party.
On the December 9, 2023 congress, the name of the party was changed to Hungarian Alliance, platforms were abolished and Gyimesi, who joined the party a few days earlier, became deputy chairman.[14] In the second round of the 2024 presidential election, MA endorsed Smer-backed Peter Pellegrini who won the election.[15]
SMK-MKP was said to be an ally of the right-wing ruling party of Hungary Fidesz.[16] The party became a member of the European People's Party (EPP) on 7 June 2000 and later their MEPs joined European People's Party group to which Fidesz belonged too. They also shared their affiliation to the Centrist Democrat International.
After the split and formation of Most–Híd, Fidesz maintained close ties to SMK-MKP.[17] After Fidesz' victory in the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election József Menyhárt called it "good news" for ethnic Hungarian communities.[18] In the 2019 European Parliament election Viktor Orban even publicly endorsed SMK-MKP.[19] [20] Like their predecessors SMK-MKP and MKÖ-MKS, Alliance is a member of EPP and an observer of the CDI.
The primary party organisations made up the basis of the party. By the end of March 2003, the number of these local organisations of SMK-MKP was 521 and the number of members was 10,983. The party congress was the highest body of the party. Between two congresses the highest body of the party is the National Council.
Each elected functionary and body gets elected in form of democratic, secret elections. The party leadership of the districts co-ordinates the work of local institutions within district.
Between 1998 and 2007 the chairman of SMK-MKP was Béla Bugár. The Chairman of the National Council was Zsolt Komlósy, the Parliamentary Group Leader was Gyula Bárdos and Executive Deputy Chairman was Miklós Duray. Pál Csáky was the chairman of the Minister's Club.
On 31 March 2007 Pál Csáky was elected for chairman by the assembly of party, thus succeeding the more moderate Béla Bugár.[21]
Béla Bugár established the party Most–Híd on 30 June 2009, stating that Csáky was too nationalist. His new party (its name meaning "bridge" in Hungarian and Slovak) wants to emphasise cooperation between Hungarians and Slovaks.[22]
After the merger, the three former parties remained platforms within the party responsible for upholding the quotas between the factions with MKP hold the largest portion.[23] After a dispute over the candidacy György Gyimesi, the Most–Híd platform left the party and used the MKDA-MKDSZ party to regain their party status under the new name "Most–Híd 2023".
| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian Coalition (MKDM–E–MPP) | |||||
| 1994 | 292,936 | 10.19 (#3) | New | ||
| Party of the Hungarian Coalition | |||||
| 1998 | 306,623 | 9.12 (#4) | 2 | ||
| 2002 | 321,069 | 11.16 (#4) | 5 | ||
| 2006 | 269,111 | 11.68 (#4) | 0 | ||
| 2010 | 109,638 | 4.33 (#7) | 20 | ||
| 2012 | 109,484 | 4.28 (#8) | 0 | ||
| Party of the Hungarian Community | |||||
| 2016 | 105,495 | 4.05 (#10) | 0 | ||
| Hungarian Community Togetherness | |||||
| 2020 | 112,662 | 3.90 (#9) | 0 | ||
| Alliance | |||||
| 2023 | 130,183 | 4.39 (#9) | 0 | ||
| Election | List leader | Votes | % | Rank | Seats | +/– | EP Group | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party of the Hungarian Coalition | ||||||||
| 2004 | Edit Bauer | 92,927 | 5th | New | EPP-ED | |||
| 2009 | 93,750 | 3rd | 0 | EPP | ||||
| Party of the Hungarian Community | ||||||||
| 2014 | Pál Csáky | 36,629 | 7th | 1 | EPP | |||
| 2019 | József Menyhárt | 48,929 | 7th | 1 | – | |||
| Alliance | ||||||||
| 2024 | József Berényi | 57,350 | 8th | 0 | – |
| Candidate | 1st round | 2nd round | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Rank | Votes | % | Rank | ||
| Party of the Hungarian Coalition | |||||||
| 1999 | Endorsed Rudolf Schuster | 1,396,950 | 1st | 1,727,481 | |||
| 2004 | Endorsed Eduard Kukan | 438,920 | 3rd | ||||
| 2009 | Endorsed Iveta Radičová | 713,735 | 2nd | 988,808 | |||
| Party of the Hungarian Community | |||||||
| 2014 | Gyula Bárdos | 97,035 | 5th | ||||
| 2019 | József Menyhárt | 1,208 | 15th | ||||
| Endorsed Robert Mistrík | 3,318 | 14th | |||||
| Hungarian Alliance | |||||||
| 2024 | Krisztián Forró | 65,588 | 4th | ||||