Human adenovirus 41 explained

Human adenovirus 41 (HAdV-F41), is an enteric Adenovirus, a nonenveloped virus with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome.[1]

It can particularly target the gastrointestinal tract to cause gastroenteritis, with symptoms similar to rotavirus gastroenteritis and norovirus.[2] It may be present in the gut without causing symptoms and can be detected by using molecular based assays and enzyme immunoassay.[2] [3] As of August 2022, human adenovirus 41 has been identified in a majority of small children with hepatitis of unknown cause in 2 case series.

Classification

Human adenovirus 41 belongs to the Adenoviridae family, and along with human adenovirus 40, is a member of species human mastadenovirus F.[4] [5]

Pathology

It can particularly target the gastrointestinal tract to cause gastroenteritis in very young children.[3] Symptoms appear similar to rotavirus gastroenteritis and norovirus.[2] It may be present in the gut without causing symptoms.[3]

In an investigation of 5 children with an inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) of unknown cause at Birmingham, Alabama in October 2021, all turned out to have human adenovirus 41.[6] In August 2022, 9 children in a U.S. case series of hepatitis of unknown cause[7] and 27 of 30 children in a U.K. case series with hepatitis of unknown cause who underwent molecular testing[8] tested positive for human adenovirus type 41 in a sample. It was unclear whether human adenovirus 41 was the cause, however.

Diagnosis

It cannot be detected using traditional cell culture isolation,[3] but can be detected by using molecular based assays and enzyme immunoassay.[2]

Epidemiology

Globally it is a significant cause of gastroenteritis, particularly in low and middle income countries,[9] [10] but less common than rotavirus and norovirus.[11] How frequently it occurs in sewage and drinking water is not known.[3] Type 40 is less common.[10]

History

It was first identified in 1983.[12]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Gallardo . José . Pérez-Illana . Marta . Martín-González . Natalia . San Martín . Carmen . Adenovirus Structure: What Is New? . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 15 May 2021 . 22 . 10 . 5240 . 10.3390/ijms22105240 . 34063479 . 8156859 . 1422-0067. free .
  2. Book: Crews . Jonathan D. . McNeil . J. Chase . Campbell . Judith R. . Crews . Jonathan D. . Healthcare-Associated Infections in Children: A Guide to Prevention and Management . 2018 . Springer . 978-3-319-98121-5 . 202 . https://books.google.com/books?id=5MJ1DwAAQBAJ&dq=adenovirus+41+childcare&pg=PA202 . en . 12. Healthcare-associated gastrointestinal infections.
  3. Book: Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda . 2022 . World Health Organization . 978-92-4-004506-4 . 276 . 4th . https://books.google.com/books?id=x3RyEAAAQBAJ&dq=adenovirus+41&pg=PA276 . en . 11.2. Viral pathogens.
  4. Taxonomy browser (Human adenovirus 41) . www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . 7 May 2022.
  5. Rafie . K. . Lenman . A. . Fuchs . J. . Rajan . A. . Arnberg . N. . Carlson . L.-A. . The structure of enteric human adenovirus 41-A leading cause of diarrhea in children . Science Advances . January 2021 . 7 . 2 . eabe0974 . 10.1126/sciadv.abe0974 . 33523995 . 7793593 . 2021SciA....7..974R . 2375-2548.
  6. Web site: 2022-06-08 . Overview: Children with Hepatitis of Unknown Cause CDC . 2022-08-03 . www.cdc.gov . en-us.
  7. Gutierrez Sanchez . L. Helena . Shiau . Henry . Baker . Julia M. . Saaybi . Stephanie . Buchfellner . Markus . Britt . William . Sanchez . Veronica . Potter . Jennifer L. . Ingram . L. Amanda . Kelly . David . Lu . Xiaoyan . 2022-07-13 . A Case Series of Children with Acute Hepatitis and Human Adenovirus Infection . New England Journal of Medicine . 387 . 7 . en . 620–630 . 10.1056/NEJMoa2206294 . 35830653 . 9808750 . 250529116 . 0028-4793.
  8. Kelgeri . Chayarani . Couper . Michael . Gupte . Girish L. . Brant . Alexandra . Patel . Mitul . Johansen . Lauren . Valamparampil . Joseph . Ong . Evelyn . Hartog . Hermien . Perera . M.T.P.R. . Mirza . Darius . 6 . 2022-07-13 . Clinical Spectrum of Children with Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Cause . New England Journal of Medicine . 387 . 7 . 611–619 . 10.1056/NEJMoa2206704 . 35830627 . 250528150 . 0028-4793. free .
  9. Rafie . K. . Lenman . A. . Fuchs . J. . Rajan . A. . Arnberg . N. . Carlson . L.-A. . The structure of enteric human adenovirus 41-A leading cause of diarrhea in children . Science Advances . January 2021 . 7 . 2 . eabe0974 . 10.1126/sciadv.abe0974 . 33523995 . 7793593 . 2021SciA....7..974R . 2375-2548.
  10. Lee . B . Damon . CF . Platts-Mills . JA . Pediatric acute gastroenteritis associated with adenovirus 40/41 in low-income and middle-income countries. . Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases . October 2020 . 33 . 5 . 398–403 . 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000663 . 32773498 . 8286627 .
  11. Wang . Hongyun . Yang . Shimin . Liu . Jiejie . Fu . Zhiying . Liu . Yingle . Zhou . Li . Guo . Haitao . Lan . Ke . Chen . Yu . Human adenoviruses: a suspect behind the outbreak of acute hepatitis in children amid the COVID-19 pandemic . Cell Insight . 11 June 2022 . 1 . 4 . 100043 . 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100043 . 37192861 . 10120317 . en . 2772-8927. free .
  12. Book: Flint . S. Jane . Nemerow . Glen R. . Human Adenoviruses: From Villains To Vectors . 2017 . World Scientific . Singapore . 978-981-310-979-7 . https://books.google.com/books?id=qRSyDgAAQBAJ&dq=adenovirus+gastroenteritis&pg=PA161 . 161 . en . 8. Pathogenesis .

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