Hugh MacColl explained

Hugh MacColl (before April 1885 spelled as Hugh McColl; 1831–1909) was a Scottish mathematician, logician and novelist.

Life

MacColl was the youngest son of a poor Highland family that was at least partly Gaelic-speaking. Hugh's father died when he was still an infant, and Hugh was educated largely thanks to the efforts of his elder brother Malcolm MacColl, an Episcopalian clergyman and friend and political ally of William Ewart Gladstone.^[1] Early in his acquaintanceship with Gladstone, Malcolm MacColl persuaded the Liberal politician to provide funds for Hugh's education at Oxford. It was proposed to send him to Oxford University's St. Edmund Hall, but Gladstone made this conditional on Hugh MacColl agreeing to take orders in the Church of England. Hugh MacColl refused this condition and, as a result, never obtained a university education, which may have limited his contribution to philosophy, and certainly prevented him from ever obtaining a formal academic position.^[2]

After a few years working in different areas of Great Britain, MacColl relocated to Boulogne-sur-Mer, in France on the Channel, where he developed the greater part of his work and became a French citizen. MacColl was not obscure during his time. He was a lifelong regular contributor to the Educational Times. His correspondents included the logicians William Stanley Jevons and Charles Sanders Peirce. He also corresponded, and argued in print, with the young Bertrand Russell, and reviewed Alfred North Whitehead's 1898 Universal Algebra for Mind magazine.

Works

MacColl is known for three main accomplishments in formal and philosophical logic:

• During 1877–1879, while working out a problem involving integration, he published a four-part article establishing the first known variant of the propositional calculus, terming it the "calculus of equivalent statements", preceding Gottlob Frege's Begriffsschrift. He subsequently published 11 articles in Mind magazine, during the period 1880–1908, and a text,^{[3] [4]} in an effort to attract the attention of philosophers to his work.
• Anticipation of Clarence Irving Lewis's systems of strict implication, in work with which Lewis was familiar.
• Construction of a logical system including later modal logics, namely the system T of Robert Feys and Georg Henrik von Wright, and system S5 of Lewis from 1918.

MacColl also published two novels, Mr. Stranger's Sealed Packet (1889), concerning a journey to Mars and a utopian Martian society, and Ednor Whitlock (1891), dealing with a crisis of faith occasioned by exposure to new scientific ideas. While described by a recent critic as "best left unread",^[5] the novels reveal social and moral values to which the author gave full expression in his 1909 publication Man's Origin, Destiny, and Duty, an apology for Christianity.

Legacy

There is presently a long-term MacColl Project, a joint venture of Greifswald University in Germany and the University of Oslo, which intends to publish a critical edition of his work. Furthermore, the group of logic and epistemology at the University of Lille (France) develop MacColl's suggestions for a dynamic free logic. The December 1999 issue of the magazine Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic published the proceedings of a 1998 conference devoted to MacColl's work.

See also

• Quine–McCluskey algorithm

Further reading

• Rahman, S. & Redmond, J., 2008. "Hugh MacColl and the Birth of Logical Pluralism". In: Handbook of History of Logic. Elsevier, vol. 4. Discusses MacColl's contributions to philosophy of language and logic including modal logic, logic of fictions and modal logic.
• Rahman, S. & Redmond, J., 2007. Hugh MacColl. An Overview of his Logical Work with Anthology. College Publications. Contains a long introduction to MacColl's logic and reprints of his main logical work.
• Kneebone, G., 2001 (1963). Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics. Dover. Contains a brief introduction to the "calculus of equivalent statements."
• Rahman . S. . Rückert . H. . 2001 . Dialogical Connexive Logic . 10.1023/a:1010351931769 . Synthese . 127 . 1–2. 105–139 . 207637306 .
• Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870-1940. Princeton Uni. Press.
• McColl and Minimization . History and Philosophy of Logic . 31 . 4 . 337–348 . . 1464-5149 . November 2010 . 2010-10-27 . 10.1080/01445340.2010.517387 . Frank Markham . Brown . Frank Markham Brown --> . 216590641 . 2020-04-15 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200415201838/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233139704_McColl_and_Minimization . 2020-04-15.
• MacColl's influences on Peirce and Schröder . Irving H. Anellis . Irving Anellis. Philosophia Scientiæ . 15 . 1 . 97 - 128 . 2011 .
• Lukas M. Verburgt . The Venn-MacColl Dispute in Nature . History and Philosophy of Logic . 41 . 3 . 244 - 251 . 2020 . 10.1080/01445340.2020.1758387 . 219928989 . free .
• logic-modal-origins. Modern Origins of Modal Logic. Roberta. Ballarin. May 2017.

External links

• .
• Hugh MacColl Issue of the Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic (vol. 3 no. 1).

Notes and References

1. MacColl, Malcolm. 2. 508.
2. Source: Gladstone-MacColl Correspondence, British Library.
3. Book: Symbolic Logic and its Applications . Hugh McColl . London . Longmans, Green, and Co. . 1906 .
4. Wilson, Edwin Bidwell. Edwin Bidwell Wilson. Review: L'Algèbre de la Logique, par Louis Couturat; Symbolic Logic and its Applications, by Hugh MacColl; The Development of Symbolic Logic by A. T. Shearman. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.. 1908. 14. 4. 175–191. 10.1090/S0002-9904-1908-01573-8. free.
5. Stein Haugom Olsen, "Why Hugh MacColl is not, and will never be, part of any literary canon" in The Quality of Literature: Linguistic Studies in Literary Evaluation, ed. Willie van Peer, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008.