Hubat Explained
Hubat (Harari: ሆበት Hobät), also known as Hobat, or Kubat was a historical Muslim state located in present-day eastern Ethiopia.[1] [2] [3] Historically part of the Adal region alongside Gidaya and Hargaya states on the Harar plateau.[4] Hubat is today within a district known as Adare Qadima which includes Garamuelta and its surroundings in Oromia region.[5] The area is 30 km north west of Harar city at Hubeta, according to historian George Huntingford.[6] [7] Trimingham locates it as the region between Harar and Jaldessa.[8] Archaeologist Timothy Insoll considers Harla town to be Hubat the capital of the now defunct Harla Kingdom.[9]
History
According to Dr. Lapiso Delebo, Hubat was one of the Islamic states that had developed in the Horn of Africa from the ninth to fourteenth centuries.[10] In 1288 AD Sultan Wali Asma of the Ifat Sultanate invaded Hubat following collapse of the Makḥzūmī dynasty.[11] [12] Hubat was also invaded by Ethiopian Emperor Amda Seyon in the early 1300s.[13] Hubat was an Ifat protectorate in the fourteenth century and an autonomous state within Adal Sultanate in the fifteenth century.[14]
According to Mohammed Hassen, Hubat was the stronghold of the Harla people and center of operations for fifteenth century Adal Emir Garad Abun Adashe.[15] A siege of Hubat took place in the early sixteenth century led by the Adal Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad against rebel leader Garad Umar din.[16]
The sixteenth-century ruler of Adal who conquered Abyssinia, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, was born in Hubat.[17] [18] [19] In his early career Ahmed defeated an Abyssinian militia at the Battle of Hubat led by Degalhan a general of Emperor Dawit II.[20] Ahmed Ibrahim also achieved a second stunning victory over an Abyssinian raiding party led by Fanuel in Hubat which gained him fame.[21] Merid Wolde Aregay states the Hubat and Harla principalities demonstrated ability to defeat Abyssinians meant it was necessary to replace Sultan Badlay's descendants.[22] Hubat would later play an important role for Ahmad ibn Ibrahim in his struggle against Adal Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad.[23] According to sixteenth century Adal writer Arab Faqīh, the ruler of Hubat was Abu Bakr Qatin during the Ethiopian-Adal war.[24]
Hubat was invaded and settled by the Barento Oromo in the following centuries who came at loggerheads with the Adal Sultanate.[25] The Emirate of Harar the successor state of Adal would continue to influence the region as numerous Oromo people converted to Islam during the reign of emir Abd ash-Shakur and this trend even continued following the Abyssinian annexation of the region.[26]
Notable residents
See also
Notes and References
- Book: Ogot . Bethwell . Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century . 1992 . University of California Press . 711 . 9780435948115 .
- Book: Loimeier . Roman . Muslim Societies in Africa A Historical Anthropology . Indiana University Press . 184 .
- Book: Ende . Werner . Islam in the World Today A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society . Cornell University Press . 436 .
- Book: Braukamper . Ulrich . Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia . 2002 . Lit . 33 . 9783825856717 .
- Book: History of Harar . Harar Tourism Bureau . 50 .
- Book: Huntingford . G.W.B . ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA . 1955 . Antiquity Publications . 233 .
- Book: Pankhurst . Richard . The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century . Red Sea Press . 165 .
- Book: Trimingham . J.Spencer . Islam in Ethiopia . Routledge . 85 .
- Web site: Insoll . Timothy . Material cosmopolitanism: the entrepot of Harlaa as an Islamic gateway to eastern Ethiopia . Cambridge . Cambridge University Press.
- Book: Dilebo . Lapiso . An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D. . 2003 . Commercial Printing Enterprise .
- Book: Trimingham . John . Islam in Ethiopia . Oxford University Press . 58 .
- Cerulli . Enrico . Il Sultanato Dello Scioa Nel Secolo Xiii Secondo Un Nuovo Documento Storico . Rassegna di Studi Etiopici . 1941 . 1 . 1 . Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino . 26 . 41460159 .
- Book: Tamrat . Taddesse . Church and state . University of London . 254 .
- Book: Braukamper . Ulrich . Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia . Lit . 33 .
- Book: Hassan . Mohammed . Oromo of Ethiopia 1500 . University of London . 26 .
- Book: Lindah . Bernhard . Local history of Ethiopia . Nordic Africa Institute library . 5 .
- Book: Checkroun . Amelie . Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea . BRILL . 334 .
- Book: Martin . Richard . Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World . Macmilian reference USA . 29 .
- Book: Steed . Christopher . A history of the church in Africa . Cambridge University Press . 74 .
- Book: Tamrat . Tadesse . Church and state . University of London . 157 .
- Davis . Asa . THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY JIHĀD IN ETHIOPIA AND THE IMPACT ON ITS CULTURE (Part One) . 1963 . 4 . Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria . 2 . 572 . 41856679 .
- Book: Aregay . Merid . Southern Ethiopia and the Christian kingdom 1508 - 1708, with special reference to the Galla migrations and their consequences . University of London . 126-128 .
- Book: Shinn . David . Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia . Scarecrow Press . 20–21 .
- Book: Chekroun . Amélie . Le" Futuh al-Habasa" : écriture de l’histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa’ad ad-din (Ethiopie, XVIe siècle). . l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne . 423 .
- Book: Braukamper . Ulrich . A History of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia . Otto Harrassowitz . 149 .
- Caulk . R.A. . Harär Town and Its Neighbours in the Nineteenth Century . The Journal of African History . 1977 . 18 . 3 . Cambridge University Press . 381 . 10.1017/S0021853700027316 . 180638 . 162314806 .
