| Huaya | |
| Pic: | Toyotomi Hideyoshi Kaou.svg |
| Piccap: | Kaō of lord Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598) |
| C: | 花押 |
| P: | huāyā |
| Kanji: | 花押 |
| Kana: | かおう |
| Romaji: | Kaō |
| Hangul: | 화압 |
| Hanja: | 花押 |
| Rr: | Hwaap |
| Mr: | Hwaap |
| Ibox-Order: | zh, ja, ko1, ko4, ko3 |
Huaya ("flower seal"; ; Korean: 화압|Hwaap; Japanese: 花押|Kaō) are stylized signatures or marks used in East Asian cultures in place of a true signature. Originating from China, the huaya was historically used by prominent figures such as government officials, monks, artists, and craftsmen. The use of stamp seals gradually replaced the huaya, though they are still used occasionally in modern times by important people.
Most huaya are constructed from parts of Chinese characters and resemble them to a certain degree. A small number of early marks, mostly used by Buddhist monks, are simply abstract pictures related to the person's identity.
Generally, one or more of the characters from the person's name is used in creating a huaya. Designs are often taken from highly calligraphic, distorted, or alternative forms of a character, as well as merging parts of two characters into a single mark (similar to a monogram). Descendants of the same family or artistic lineage will often have similar-looking marks.
Several styles of huaya have existed throughout history. Early marks from the Tang (618-907) and Song dynasties (960–1279) were more abstract and minimalistic compared to later designs. During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), marks with a design between two horizontal lines became popular in China, and was adopted later by the Tokugawa clan in Japan.
The oldest surviving record of huaya is in the Book of Northern Qi, the official history of the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577 AD). Huaya reached its peak popularity during the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127).[1] After that, its popularity began to decline.
Huaya first spread to Japan during the Heian period (794-1185), where it is called kaō. Though their use became far less widespread after the Edo period, they continue to be used even by some contemporary politicians and other famous people. The reading and identification of individual kaō often requires specialist knowledge; whole books devoted to the topic have been published.