Hawza Najaf Explained

The Najaf Seminary (Arabic: حوزة النجف), also known as the al-Hawza Al-Ilmiyya (الحوزة العلمية), is the oldest and one of the most important Shia seminaries (hawza) in the world.[1] It is located near the Imam Ali Shrine in the city of Najaf in Iraq, and also operates a campus in Karbala, Iraq. It was established by Shaykh al-Tusi (385 AH/995 CE – 460 AH/1067 CE),[2] and continued as a center of study after the establishment of modern Iraq in 1921.[3]

As of 2023, Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani heads Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf, which includes two other Ayatollahs - Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad and Bashir al-Najafi.[4] The number of students studying there has waxed and waned in modern times, from 15,000-20,000 in the mid-20th century, down to 3000 during the repressive reign of Saddam Hussein, to around 13,000 as of 2014.

As of 2014 the curriculum has been updated to include many modern subjects as well as inter faith and inter sectarian initiatives.[5]

History

Shaykh al-Tusi (385 AH/995 CE – 460 AH/1067 CE),[2] went to Baghdad to continue education. After 12 years, he was forced to leave Baghdad and go to Najaf for sectarian differences.[6] He established the seminary in Najaf in 430 AH (the 11th century AD),[7] which continued as a center of study until the establishment of modern Iraq in 1921. He died in 460 AH (1067 CE).[8] [3]

In the mid-20th century, the Hawza "witnessed huge developments in its educational program"[5] and the student population grew to 15,000-20,000. During the repression of the Baath party era it declined to around 3000 as the Shiite political awakening (Sahwa) was attacked by the regime and attendance by foreign students fell off because of the Iran-Iraq war.[5] By the time Saddam fell in 2003, there were only approximately 3000 students[5] and 2000 clerics in Najaf.[9] Their number then commenced to grow again, and as of 2014 there are 13,000 students, according to a census by Al-Monitor news service,[5] including approximately 50 from foreign countries — Iran, India, Thailand, France, the United States, Canada, etc.[5]

Subjects

The subjects taught at the seminary include:[10]

Trained scholars

Some of the known Shia Grand Ayatollahs were trained in the Najaf seminary.[11]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: A rare look inside the 'heart of society' for Iraq's Shi'ites . Reuters . 12 October 2017 .
  2. http://www.al-islam.org/fiqh/chap2.html https://web.archive.org/web/20101226122247/http://www.mulla-asghar.org/PDF/FIQH%20and%20FUQAHA.pdf FIQH and FUQAHA - An Introduction to Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) Containing Forty Four Life Sketches of the Great Past Masters, Published by the WORLD FEDERATION OF KHOJA SHIA ITHNAASHERI MUSLIM COMMUNITIES
  3. Web site: Shiites and Democracy . Sreeram Chaulia . https://web.archive.org/web/20080626070555/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0705/0705_3.htm . 26 June 2008. Mideast Monitor.
  4. Book: Thinking ahead : Shi'ite Islam in Iraq and its seminaries (hawzah 'ilmiyyah) . 25 April 2007 . S. Rajaratnam School of international Studies . Singapore . Marcinkowski . Christoph . 19 July 2023 .
  5. News: Najaf's Shiite seminaries enter 21st century . Al-Monitor. Mamouri . Ali . 8 April 2014 . 18 July 2023.
  6. Book: Jaffer - XKP . Mulla Asghar Ali M. . FIQH and FUQAHA . 4 November 2015 . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (November 4, 2015) . 978-1519106759 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101226122247/http://www.mulla-asghar.org/PDF/FIQH%20and%20FUQAHA.pdf . dead . 2010-12-26 .
  7. Web site: Part 2: The Fuqaha . World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities.
  8. Web site: Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies . Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project . https://web.archive.org/web/20110308210212/http://www.al-islam.org/index.php?t=258&cat=258 . 8 March 2011.
  9. News: Mamouri . Ali . The dueling ayatollahs . 19 July 2023 . Al-Monitor . 11 April 2018.
  10. Web site: Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies . https://web.archive.org/web/20110308210212/http://www.al-islam.org/index.php?t=258&cat=258 . dead . 2011-03-08 .
  11. Web site: Khoshkhu . Rasoul Imani . A Glimpse at the Major Shi'a Seminaries part 1 . 10 November 2016 . Ahlul Bayt World Assembly.
  12. Book: Ghobadzadeh . Naser . Religious Secularity: A Theological Challenge to the Islamic State (Religion and Global Politics) . 2015 . Oxford University Press; 1 edition (December 1, 2014) . 978-0199391172 .
  13. Book: Litvak . Meir . Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The 'Ulama' of Najaf and Karbala' . 2 May 2002 . Cambridge University Press (May 2, 2002) . 978-0521892964 .
  14. Encyclopedia: Hairi. A.. Murata. S.. AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ. 1984. Encyclopædia Irannica.
  15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3033306.stm Who's who in Iraq: Ayatollah Sistani, 26 August, 2004
  16. Web site: The Wall Street Journal: Index, Volume 2 . 1992. Dow Jones & Co., 1992.
  17. Book: Allawi . Ali A. . The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace . 2007 . Yale University Press; Reprint edition (March 18, 2008) . 978-0300136142 . registration . 207 . al-Khoei is lead rijal. .
  18. Book: Mottahedeh . Roy . The Mantle of the Prophet . 18 October 2014 . Oneworld (August 15, 2000) . 978-1851682348 .
  19. Web site: Haeri Yazdi، Ayatollah Abdulkarim . 2018-12-19 . 2018-12-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182524/http://www.ijtihad.ir/ScholarDetailsen.aspx?itemid=396 . dead .
  20. Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, (1985, 2000), p.229
  21. Book: Sachedina . Abdulaziz Abdulhussein . The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence . 8 October 1998 . Oxford University Press; Revised edition (October 8, 1998) . 978-0195119152 .
  22. Book: Arjomand . Saïd Amir . Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies) . January 1988 . SUNY Press; Annotated edition (July 8, 1988) . 978-0887066399 .
  23. Book: Mottahedeh . Roy . The Mantle of the Prophet . 18 October 2014 . Oneworld (August 15, 2000) . 978-1851682348. 210 .
  24. Book: Esposito . John L. . The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (Oxford Quick Reference) . 21 October 2004 . Oxford University Press; 1 edition (October 21, 2004) . 978-0195125597 . 21 .
  25. Book: fa:The course of Imam Khomeini's struggles narrated by SAVAK . http://archlibserver.imam-khomeini.ir/site/catalogue/fulltext/582100/4425282 . Seir e mobarezat e imam khomeini be revayat e savak . persian . 1 . 45 . and http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2130/bio
  26. Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, (1985, 2000), p.231
  27. Web site: Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi .
  28. Book: Chehabi, Abisaab . Houchang, Rula Jurdi . Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years . 2006 . I.B.Tauris (April 2, 2006) . 978-1860645617 .
  29. http://www.islamic-laws.com/marja/Allameh%20Tabatabai.pdf Biography of Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei by Amid Algar
  30. Web site: Legenhausen . Dr. Muhammad . 'Allamah Tabataba'i And Contemporary Philosophical Theology . 19 February 2015 . ALHODA PUBLISHERS.
  31. Book: Husayni Tihrani . Sayyid Muhammad Husayn . Shining Sun . 2011 . Islamic College for Advanced Studie; UK ed. edition (May 1, 2011) . 978-1904063407 .
  32. Book: Randall . Yafia Katherine . Sufism and Jewish-Muslim Relations: The Derekh Avraham Order in Israel . 31 March 2016 . Routledge; 1 edition (April 7, 2016) . 978-1138914032 .
  33. Web site: Rizvi . Arsalan . Sayyid Sharafuddin al-Musawi . 11 August 2008 .