Housing in Glasgow explained

Glasgow, the largest city in Scotland, has several distinct styles of residential buildings. Building styles reflect historical trends, such as rapid population growth in the 18th and 19th centuries, deindustrialisation and growing poverty in the late 20th century, and civic rebound in the 21st century.

Overview

The city is known for its tenements,^[1] where a common stairwell is informally known as a close.^{[2] [3]} These were the most popular form of housing in 19th- and 20th-century Glasgow and remain the most common form of dwelling in Glasgow today.^[4] Tenements are commonly bought by a wide range of social types and are favoured for their large rooms, high ceilings and original period features.^[5] The Hyndland area of Glasgow is the only tenement conservation area in the UK^[6] and includes some tenement houses with as many as six bedrooms.

Like many cities in the UK, Glasgow witnessed the construction of high-rise housing in tower blocks in the 1960s,^[7] intended to replace the decaying tenement buildings originally constructed in the 1800s for workers who migrated to meet the local demand for labour during the Industrial Revolution.

History

During the 19th century, tenement buildings were constructed to accommodate workers who migrated from the surrounding countryside, the Scottish Highlands, the rest of the United Kingdom, particularly Ireland,^[8] and further afield (Italy, Lithuania, Poland) to smaller degrees, to feed the local demand for labour during the Industrial Revolution which saw the city's population and importance increase rapidly to the extent that it became the 'second city of the Empire'.^[9] The massive demand outstripped new building and many tenements often became overcrowded and unsanitary.^[10] Parts of inner city areas like Anderston, Cowcaddens, the Garngad, Townhead and particularly the Gorbals,^[11] as well as parts of the industrialised East End (Bridgeton, the Calton, Camlachie, the Gallowgate) deteriorated into slums in which disease thrived.^[9] Efforts to improve this housing situation, most successfully with the City Improvement Trust which was established in 1866, cleared the slums of the old town.^[12] Over 15,000 houses were demolished in the early 1870s, but without equivalent provision of new housing stock.^[13]

After the Rent Strikes during World War One, lower density housing was built on the city's outskirts.^[13] Most followed the garden suburb model^[14] including a large proportion of cottage flats or 'four-in-a-block' housing with separate front doors – as at Balornock, Cardonald, Carntyne, Carnwadric, Croftfoot, Househillwood, Kelvindale, King's Park, Knightswood, Mosspark, Parkhouse, Riddrie, Sandyhills – built by just a few firms,^{[15] [16] [17]} which were well-received and have largely survived to the present day. Between the two World Wars, the area of Glasgow doubled in size.^[18]

Subsequent urban renewal initiatives following World War II, such as those motivated by the Bruce Report,^[19] and the Abercrombie Plan, entailed the demolition of slum tenement areas, the development of new towns, the building of overspill estates on the periphery of the city, and the construction of tower blocks.^[18] Several districts of the city were designated 'Comprehensive Development Areas'^{[20] [18]} with the intention to raze them and rebuild from scratch with entire communities dispersed. Although the new town option was accepted, with places such as East Kilbride and Cumbernauld being established,^[18] the need for thousands of new homes was becoming ever more pressing – almost half of the dwellings in the city had been judged as overcrowded in the 1951 census^[21] while in 1957, 97% of housing in the Gorbals was still described as 'unsatisfactory sanitorially' – and with the Glasgow Corporation keen for as many citizens to remain as taxpayers within their boundaries as possible despite limited space and funds available, the overspill and tower proposals were eagerly pursued, in contrast with the trend of lower-density housing which had been preferred prior to the war but were considered to take too long to build and use too much land in comparison with the urgent need to replace so much of the inner city.

The four main peripheral developments (Castlemilk,^[22] Drumchapel, Easterhouse and Pollok) grew to become among the largest in Europe, while other smaller but substantial neighbourhoods (Arden, Barlanark, Barmulloch, Cranhill, Eastwood, Garthamlock, Merrylee, Milton, Penilee, Ruchazie, South Nitshill, Toryglen) were also constructed, largely consisting of tenement-style housing of three or four storeys.^{[23] [24]} The city's initial multi-storey residential experiments in the 1950s at Crathie Court, Moss Heights and Prospecthill were largely successful (and have survived into the 21st century)^{[25] [26] [27]} but their scale of only 10 floors did not address the availability issue sufficiently, and in the next decade the number of towers commissioned by Glasgow and the height of the structures, including ambitious projects in Dalmarnock, Hutchesontown,^{[20] [28]} Kennishead, Pollokshaws, Red Road,^[20] Scotstounhill, Sighthill^[18] Woodside^[29] and Wyndford,^[30] was also one of the highest across the continent.

While the facilities in dwellings in the towers and the modern tenements were an improvement on the slum housing, the large 'schemes' lacked basic amenities and employment opportunities,^[22] and were often cheaply built using pre-fabricated concrete construction methods which were ill-suited to the intemperate climate of Western Scotland. Damp quickly penetrated and spread within the new buildings which caused health problems; this was also the case with many of the tower blocks (or 'high flats' as they typically referred to by Glaswegians), many of which were surrounded by low-rise housing on a common design theme from idealised plans which seldom matched reality – in some cases, existing amenities in older districts had been swept away to provide space for the modern 'upgrades', which sometimes never materialised or were inadequate. Many residents struggled with the lack of provision made for child welfare and social needs such as hairdressing and clothing shops,^[22] there were also issues arising from the lack of help given to older members of the community in adjusting to the new buildings and amenities. Some first generation 'emigrees' chose to return to their old neighbourhoods to socialise whenever possible, creating a strange situation where otherwise desolate environments such as post-demolition Gorbals retained thriving public houses on isolated corners, with their clientele having stayed loyal despite moving several miles away to estates with no such establishments. The condition of the schemes and the towers was not helped by the decline of the city's traditional industries in the same period, with breadwinners finding themselves out of work and their families isolated on the edge of town or fifteen floors up (sometimes both) in a city with low levels of car ownership, contributing to an increase in antisocial behaviour like gang fighting and vandalism, and the abuse of alcohol and drugs, all of which earned many parts of Glasgow a generalised reputation as hotbeds of violence and deprivation which should be avoided, in effect new slums in place of those they had been intended to replace just a few decades earlier.^[30]

As demonstrated elsewhere in the UK, the tower blocks gradually deteriorated, attracting crime and fostering a reputation for being undesirable low cost housing. Because many of the towers were of a standard "off the peg" design, it meant that design flaws were replicated in several areas of the city. The cost of maintaining the buildings was far higher than anticipated, and while some tower blocks were upgraded in the 1980s with apex roofs (to combat damp), secured entry and external cladding; by the 1990s demolition was becoming the preferred solution over repair and renovation. While some of the initial tenants were happy living in the towers and chose to stay, the low desirability of the accommodation meant that those who were dissatisfied and moved out were typically replaced by 'problem' tenants with little other option whose lifestyles led to the issues worsening, more original tenants left and the downward cycle continued until some of the blocks were almost empty. A major turning point in the city's policy towards such "schemes" was signalled when the decision was taken to demolish the Hutchesontown C tower blocks in 1993 – once regarded as flagship developments of their time, but now viewed as a monument to the planning mistakes of the 1950s and 1960s.

Meanwhile, the policy of tenement demolition was now considered to have been short-sighted, wasteful and largely unsuccessful. In the East End, the Glasgow Eastern Area Renewal (GEAR) scheme which began in the late 1970s demonstrated that the tenements, if sympathetically refurbished, could be turned back into viable housing of a higher quality than many of the post-war concrete estates and towers. Following the GEAR initiative, many of Glasgow's worst tenements in areas such as Govan and Springburn also were refurbished into desirable accommodation in the 1970s and 1980s^[31] and the policy of demolition is considered to have destroyed many fine examples of a "universally admired architectural style", although this traditional style survives in many districts (with variations in design and quality) including Battlefield, Cathcart, Crosshill, Cessnock, Dennistoun, East Pollokshields, Finnieston, Govanhill, Hillhead, Hyndland, Linthouse, Partick, Possilpark, Shawlands, Shettleston, Woodlands, Yoker and Yorkhill. They have outlasted the vast majority of the inter-war rehousing grade (lower quality material) blocks intended to replace them, with developments at Barrowfield, Blackhill, the Calton, Cowlairs, Hamiltonhill, Lilybank, 'Maryhill Valley', Moorepark^[32] Oatlands and Teucharhill having to be rebuilt from scratch by the 2010s (pockets of this style remain at Battlefield, Bridgeton, Craigton, Germiston, Govanhill, Haghill, Ibrox, Riddrie, Scotstoun, Shawlands, Shettleston, Springburn etc., mostly refurbished or better appointed from the outset).

The Glasgow Housing Association took ownership of the housing stock from the city council on 7 March 2003, and began a £96 million programme to clear and demolish many of the high-rise flats and refurbish others;^[33] such programmes had already been implemented in most of the peripheral schemes, with some refurbishment and some replacement of tenements with individual houses, and this work also continued under the GHA and local housing co-operatives.

Glasgow tower blocks

The map and list concentrates on towers of at least 12 storeys in height built between the late 1950s and early 1970s within Glasgow. Also includes early 10-storey developments at Moss Heights and Toryglen due to their importance in the uptake of the method, but does not include numerous similar developments outside the city boundaries nor modern residential developments (e.g. Argyle Building, Glasgow Harbour, Lancefield Quay),^{[34] [35] [36]} nor contemporary buildings with other uses (e.g. Glasgow College of Building and Printing, Elmbank Gardens, Livingstone Tower and The Pinnacle – the latter was originally a commercial property before being converted to residential use in the early 21st century).^[37]

List of developments

• Key:
• = Existing development
• = Partially existing development (some blocks demolished, figures are for original completed total).
• = Demolished development
• ABC(4) = Code for development name (number of towers).

Development	Neighbourhood	Coordinates										Refs.
Glasgow total	N/A	N/A	211	N/A	25330	N/A	Some	81	N/A	130	13416
Blythswood Court	Anderston		3	47	336	1967	All	0	N/A	3	336	^[38] ^[39]
St Vincent Terrace	Anderston		2	52	176	1967	Some	1	2013^[40]	1	48	^[41] ^[42]
Anniesland Court	Anniesland		1	66	126	1966	All	0	N/A	1	126	^[43] ^[44]
Keal Drive	Blairdardie		4	41	306	1960	All	0	N/A	4	306	^[45] ^[46]
Ruby Street	Bridgeton		3	44	252	1967	All	0	N/A	3	252	^[47] ^[48]
Broomhill Drive	Broomhill		5	49	510	1963	All	0	N/A	5	510	^[49] ^[50] ^[51]
Moss Heights	Halfway		3	28	219	1950	All	0	N/A	3	219	^[52]
Queensland Drive	Cardonald		2	58	228	1965	All	0	N/A	2	228	^[53] ^[54]
Tarfside Oval	Cardonald		4	63	396	1966	None	4	2015^[55]	0	0	^[56] ^[57]
Bogany Terrace	Castlemilk		1	61	114	1966	None	1	1993^[58]	0	0	^[59] ^[60]
Dougrie Place	Castlemilk		3	58	231	1960	All	0	N/A	3	231	^[61] ^[62]
Mitchellhill	Castlemilk		5	58	570	1963	None	5	2005^[63]	0	0	^[64]
Dundasvale	Cowcaddens		3	69	411	1968	All	0	N/A	3	411	^[65] ^[66] ^[67]
Cranhill	Cranhill		3	52	306	1963	All	0	N/A	3	306	^[68] ^[69]
Summerfield	Dalmarnock		4	66	528	1962	None	4	2002,^[70] 2007^[71] ^[72]	0	0	^[73] ^[74] ^[75]
Linkwood	Drumchapel		3	66	348	1962	Some	1	2016^[76]	2	216	^[77] ^[78]
Drumoyne	Drumoyne		2	41	112	1960	All	0	N/A	2	112	^[79]
Drygate	Duke Street		3	44	246	1961	All	0	N/A	3	246	^[80] ^[81]
Dumbreck	Dumbreck		2	63	198	1968	All	0	N/A	2	198	^[82] ^[83]
Bluevale & Whitevale	Gallowgate		2	90	348	1963	None	2	2015^[84] ^[85] ^[86]	0	0	^[87] ^[88]
Germiston	Germiston		3	52	306	1967	None	3	1992, 2008,^[89] 2011^[90]	0	0	^[91] ^[92]
Hutchie B / Riverside	Hutchesontown		4	52	308	1958	All	0	N/A	4	308	^[93] ^[94]
Hutchie C / Queen Elizabeth Square	Hutchesontown		2	58	400	1960	None	2	1993^[95]	0	0	^[96]
Hutchie D / Caledonia Road	Hutchesontown		2	69	552	1965	Some	2	2006^[97] ^[98]	2	276	^[99]
Hutchie E / Sandiefield	Gorbals		2	69	384	1968	None	2	2013^[100]	0	0	^[101]
Norfolk Court	Laurieston		4	69	1104	1970	None	4	2008,^[102] 2010,^[103] 2016^[104]	0	0	^[105] ^[106] ^[107]
Iona Court	Govan		3	58	342	1967	None	3	2013^[108] ^[109]	0	0	^[110] ^[111]
Berryknowes Avenue	Halfway		1	58	134	1974	All	0	N/A	1	134	^[112] ^[113]
Broomloan Court	Ibrox		3	61	285	1963	None	3	2010^[114] ^[115]	0	0	^[116] ^[117]
Ibroxholm	Ibrox		3	63	297	1962	Some	2	2012^[118] ^[119]	1	99	^[120] ^[121]
Kennishead Avenue	Kennishead		5	66	660	1965	Some	2	2016^[122]	3	396	^[123] ^[124]
Kirkton Avenue	Knightswood		5	69	690	1965	All	0	N/A	5	690	^[125] ^[126]
Lincoln Avenue	Knightswood		6	58	684	1962	Some	2	2014^[127]	4	456	^[128] ^[129]
Collina Street	Maryhill		1	55	113	1974	All	0	N/A	1	113	^[130] ^[131]
Glenavon Road	Maryhill		3	61	360	1960	All	0	N/A	3	360	^[132] ^[133]
Glenfinnan Road	Wyndford		5	44	280	1961	All	0	N/A	5	280	^[134] ^[135]
Wyndford Road	Wyndford		4	74	600	1964	All	0	N/A	4	600	^[136]
Castlebay Drive	Milton		3	49	288	1966	All	0	N/A	3	288	^[137] ^[138]
Scaraway Drive	Milton		3	49	288	1966	All	0	N/A	3	288
Cathkinview	Mount Florida		2	58	228	1965	All	0	N/A	2	228	^[139] ^[140]
Cleeves Road	Nitshill		1	38	48	1967	All	0	N/A	1	48	^[141] ^[142]
Helenvale	Parkhead		3	44	252	1967	All	0	N/A	3	252	^[143] ^[144]
Cartcraigs	Pollokshaws		1	49	134	1969	All	0	N/A	1	134	^[145] ^[146]
Shawbridge	Pollokshaws		9	66	809	1961, 1962, 1964, 1968	None	9	2008,^[147] 2009,^[148] 2014,^[149] 2016	0	0	^[150] ^[151] ^[152] ^[153] ^[154] ^[155]
Shawhill	Pollokshaws		4	63	454	1966	All	0	N/A	4	454	^[156]
Wester Common Road	Possilpark		4	55	452	1967	All	0	N/A	4	452	^[157] ^[158]
Red Road	Balornock		8	89	1326	1962	None	8	2012,^[159] 2013,^[160] ^[161] 2015^[162] ^[163]	0	0	^[164] ^[165] ^[166]
Charles Street	Royston		5	58	579	1959, 1969	All	0	N/A	5	579	^[167] ^[168] ^[169]
Rosemount Street	Royston		4	72	572	1966, 1970	None	4	1992, 2013,^[170] ^[171] 2016^[172]	0	0	^[173] ^[174] ^[175]
Sandyhills	Sandyhills		4	66	528	1964	All	0	N/A	4	528	^[176] ^[177]
Kingsway Court	Scotstoun		6	58	684	1962	Some	2	2013^[178] ^[179]	4	456	^[180] ^[181]
Plean Street	Yoker		2	58	228	1964	None	2	2010^[182] ^[183]	0	0	^[184] ^[185]
Fountainwell	Sighthill		5	58	1140	1963	None	5	2008,^[186] 2009^[187]	0	0	^[188] ^[189] ^[190]
Pinkston	Sighthill		5	58	1140	1964, 1967	None	5	2013,^[191] ^[192] 2014, 2016^[193]	0	0	^[194] ^[195]
Balgrayhill	Springburn		4	74	392	1964	All	0	N/A	4	392	^[196] ^[197] ^[198]
Carron Street	Springburn		4	44	224	1961	All	0	N/A	4	224	^[199] ^[200]
Springburn	Springburn		2	74	200	1966	All	0	N/A	2	200	^[201]
Prospecthill Circus	Toryglen		3	66	468	1963	None	3	2007,^[202] 2016^[203] ^[204]	0	0	^[205] ^[206]
Prospecthill Crescent	Toryglen		6	44	232	1955, 1960	All	0	N/A	6	232	^[207] ^[208] ^[209] ^[210]
Townhead	Townhead		4	72	768	1967	All	0	N/A	4	768	^[211] ^[212]
Curle Street	Whiteinch		1	61	120	1971	All	0	N/A	1	120	^[213] ^[214]
Cedar Street	Woodside		3	66	315	1964	All	0	N/A	3	315	^[215] ^[216]

Notes

See also

• • Brutalism in Sheffield List of council high-rise apartment buildings in the City of Leeds
• List of tallest buildings and structures in Glasgow

Notes and References

1. Web site: Victorian Glasgow. BBC History. 30 March 2008.
2. Wiktionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/close#Noun_2
3. https://vanilla-square.co.uk/history-glasgows-tenements/ A History of Glasgow's Tenements
4. https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/history/glasgow-tenement-history-oldest-building-15044421.amp The Glasgow tenement story and where you'll find the oldest one in our city
5. News: Tenement living is the life and always has been. Sunday Herald. Jack McLean . 13 August 2000.
6. Web site: Hyndland Local History . 30 March 2008 . 19 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110819050501/http://www.hyndl.demon.co.uk/hyndland/0mainindax.htm . dead .
7. Web site: for high rise living . 3 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120514111927/http://www.sustainingtowers.org/SOA-hist-drivers.htm%7CDrivers . 14 May 2012 . dead .
8. Book: O'Grady, Brendan. Exiles and Islanders: The Irish Settlers of Prince Edward Island. 2004. McGill-Queen's Press. 9780773527683. Google Books.
9. Web site: Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914. W. Hamish Fraser. The Glasgow Story. 11 November 2018.
10. Worksall, Frank The Tenement – a way of life. W & R Chambers Ltd Edinburgh 1972
11. https://www.scotland.org.uk/history/glasgow-gorbals The Forgotten Gorbals
12. Web site: Glasgow City Improvement Trust – Times Past . 10 August 2022 . Irene. O'Brien . Glasgow Life . 16 October 2023.
13. Book: Devine . Tom . The Scottish Nation 1700-2000 . 2000 . Penguin . 9780140230048 .
14. Web site: West Glasgow. The Glasgow Story. 11 November 2018.
15. https://www.mackintosh-architecture.gla.ac.uk/catalogue/name/?nid=MacdJohn#MacdJohn.19-back John McDonald
16. http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=205318 (Sir) John McDonald
17. https://www.macmicgroup.co.uk/about-us/heritage/ Our Heritage
18. Web site: Modern Times: 1950s to The Present Day: Neighbourhoods. Irene Maver . The Glasgow Story. 11 November 2018.
19. Web site: 1914 to 1950s: Buildings and Cityscape. Gavin Stamp. The Glasgow Story. 11 November 2018.
20. Web site: Modern Times: 1950s to The Present Day: High Rise Developments. Ranald MacInnes. The Glasgow Story. 11 November 2018.
21. Web site: No Mean City: 1914 to 1950s. Irene Maver . The Glasgow Story. 11 November 2018.
22. Web site: Housing, Everyday Life & Wellbeing over the long term: Castlemilk. University of Glasgow. 11 November 2018.
23. https://www.glenoaks.org.uk/about-arden/ About Arden
24. Web site: Scottish Special Housing Association (SSHA). Dictionary of Scottish Architects. 6 November 2016.
25. Web site: Moss Heights. The Glasgow Story. 11 November 2018.
26. Web site: Housing, Everyday Life & Wellbeing over the long term: Moss Heights. University of Glasgow. 11 November 2018.
27. http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=412343 Toryglen SSHA Housing Scheme, Sixth Development
28. Web site: Housing, Everyday Life & Wellbeing over the long term: Hutchesontown. University of Glasgow. 11 November 2018.
29. http://www.mitchelllibrary.org/virtualmitchell/index.php?a=subjects&s=item&key=SYToyOntpOjA7aToyMjE7aToxO3M6MTU6IkNvdW5jaWwgSG91c2luZyI7fQ==&pg=49 Garscube Rd, 1966
30. Web site: Housing, Everyday Life & Wellbeing over the long term: Wyndford. University of Glasgow. 11 November 2018.
31. Web site: Demolition of tenements in Gourlay Street, 1975. Glasgow Digital Library.
32. https://www.lrb.co.uk/v11/n20/ian-jack/problem-families Ian Jack: Problem Families (review of From Moorepark to Wine Alley: The Rise and Fall of a Glasgow Housing Scheme by Sean Damer)
33. Web site: Glasgow announces a revolution in house-building. https://web.archive.org/web/20090105180936/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/News/Archives/2006/May/housingrevolutionannounced.htm. dead. 31 May 2006. 5 January 2009. Glasgow City Council.
34. Web site: QE3 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210418231758/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/207624/qe3-glasgow-united-kingdom . dead . 2021-04-18 . Emporis.
35. Web site: Lancefield Quay . https://web.archive.org/web/20210723170115/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/168855/lancefield-quay-glasgow-united-kingdom . dead . 2021-07-23 . Emporis.
36. Web site: River Heights . https://web.archive.org/web/20200919003940/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/168920/river-heights-glasgow-united-kingdom . dead . 2020-09-19 . Emporis.
37. Web site: The Pinnacle . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028172606/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/146572/the-pinnacle-glasgow-united-kingdom . dead . 2020-10-28 . Emporis.
38. Web site: Tower Block UK: Anderston Centre. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019.
39. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Anderston Commercial Centre. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004046/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101138/anderston-commercial-centre-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
40. Web site: Anderston tower block demolition clears way for £50m estate regeneration . Urban Realm. 3 September 2013. 23 January 2019 .
41. Web site: Tower Block UK: Anderston Cross CDA Phase III. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019.
42. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Anderston Cross. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004030/https://www.emporis.com/complex/127624/anderston-cross-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
43. Web site: Tower Block UK: Anniesland Cross. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
44. Web site: Anniesland Court . https://web.archive.org/web/20191204095928/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/140764 . dead . 4 December 2019 . Emporis.
45. Web site: Tower Block UK: Blairdardie South. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
46. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Keal Crescent. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182126/https://www.emporis.com/complex/128191/keal-crescent-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
47. Web site: Tower Block UK: Bridgeton-Dalmarnock CDA. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
48. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Ruby Street RDA. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182156/https://www.emporis.com/complex/128192/ruby-street-rda-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
49. Web site: Tower Block UK: Whiteinch-Broomhill. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
50. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Whiteinch-Broomhill. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003954/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101139/whiteinch-broomhill-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
51. http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/13264509.__15m_upgrade_will_make_homes_best_in_the_West/ £15m upgrade will make homes best in the West
52. Web site: Tower Block UK: Moss Heights. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
53. Web site: Tower Block UK: Queensland Drive. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
54. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Queensland Drive. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182044/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101068/queensland-drive-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
55. Web site: Three Tarfside tower blocks demolished in Glasgow. Evening Times. 20 September 2015. 23 January 2019 .
56. Web site: Tower Block UK: Mosspark Drive North. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
57. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Mosspark Drive North. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004001/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101008/mosspark-drive-north-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
58. Web site: University of Glasgow – Research Projects – Housing, Everyday Life & Wellbeing over the long term – Case study: Castlemilk . University of Glasgow. 13 August 2018 .
59. Web site: Tower Block UK: Bogany Terrace. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
60. Web site: 30 Bogany Terrace . Emporis.
61. Web site: Tower Block UK: Dougrie Place. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
62. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Castlemilk. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003956/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101048/castlemilk-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
63. Web site: Tower blocks go out with a bang. BBC News. 28 November 2005. 6 February 2019 .
64. Web site: Tower Block UK: Ardencraig Road. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
65. Web site: Tower Block UK: Cowcaddens CDA Phase I. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
66. Web site: Tower Block UK: Cowcaddens CDA Phase II. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
67. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Cowcaddens. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003920/https://www.emporis.com/complex/100991/cowcaddens-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
68. Web site: Tower Block UK: Cranhill Extension. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
69. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Cranhill Extension. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004031/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101117/cranhill-extension-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
70. Web site: Tower blocks reduced to rubble. BBC News. 3 February 2002. 17 February 2019 .
71. Web site: 131 Allan Street, Dalmarnock, Glasgow. Safedem. 17 February 2019 .
72. Web site: The Legacy. Disappearing Glasgow. 17 February 2019 .
73. Web site: Tower Block UK: Summerfield Phase I. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
74. Web site: Tower Block UK: Summerfield Phase I Extension. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
75. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Summerfield. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004010/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101028/summerfield-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
76. Web site: Drumchapel demolition expected to finish in January . Clydebank Post. 2 December 2016. 17 February 2019 .
77. Web site: Tower Block UK: Garscadden Policies. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
78. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Garscadden. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182048/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101040/garscadden-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
79. Web site: Tower Block UK: Langlands Road. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
80. Web site: Tower Block UK: Ladywell Phase 1. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
81. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Drygate. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003936/https://www.emporis.com/complex/128198/drygate-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
82. Web site: Tower Block UK: Dumbreck Avenue. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
83. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Dumbreck Avenue. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003924/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101014/dumbreck-avenue-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
84. Web site: Gale. Lindsay. First 'Gallowgate Twin' shrinks. Demolition and Recycling International. KHL. 25 February 2015. 17 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20150312002633/http://www.khl.com/magazines/demolition-and-recycling-international/detail/item105336/First-%27Gallowgate-Twin%27-shrinks. 12 March 2015. live.
85. Web site: Gallowgate Twins flats brought down using new UK demolition method. Evening Times. 16 December 2015. 17 February 2019.
86. Web site: Lights Out. Disappearing Glasgow. 17 February 2019 .
87. Web site: Tower Block UK: Gallowgate CDA. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
88. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Gallowgate. https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121553/https://www.emporis.com/complex/100984/gallowgate-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 19 January 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
89. Web site: 15 Forge Place, Germiston, Glasgow. Safedem. 17 February 2019 .
90. Web site: Coll Place Demolition. Safedem. 13 May 2011. 17 February 2019 .
91. Web site: Tower Block UK: Coll Street. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
92. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Coll Street. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182046/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101118/coll-street-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
93. Web site: Tower Block UK: Hutchesontown-Gorbals CDA Area B. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
94. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Hutchesontown-Gorbals. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003942/https://www.emporis.com/complex/100982/hutchesontown-gorbals-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
95. Web site: Woman dies in demolition blast. The Herald. 13 September 1993. 17 February 2019 .
96. Web site: Tower Block UK: Hutchesontown-Gorbals CDA Area C. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
97. Web site: Two tower blocks are demolished . BBC News. 26 February 2006. 17 February 2019 .
98. http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=402265 Hutchesontown / Gorbals Area D
99. Web site: Tower Block UK: Hutchesontown-Gorbals CDA Area D. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
100. Web site: Double demolition for Glasgow Gorbals tower blocks. BBC News. 21 July 2013. 17 February 2019 .
101. Web site: Tower Block UK: Hutchesontown-Gorbals CDA Area E. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
102. Web site: Video demolition: Gorbals flats razed to ground. Evening Times. 1 June 2008. 17 February 2019 .
103. Web site: Gorbals flats reduced to rubble in seconds. BBC News. 3 October 2010. 17 February 2019 .
104. Web site: Housing and Wellbeing in Glasgow: Norfolk Court demolition – the end of an era for Laurieston-Gorbals. University of Glasgow. 13 May 2016. 17 February 2019 .
105. Web site: Tower Block UK: Laurieston-Gorbals CDA Phase 1A. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
106. Web site: Tower Block UK: Laurieston-Gorbals CDA Phase 2B. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
107. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Laurieston. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182103/https://www.emporis.com/complex/100992/laurieston-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
108. Web site: GHA begin demolition of three Govan tower blocks. Urban Realm. 30 July 2013. 17 February 2019 .
109. https://www.dem-master.co.uk/portfolio/iona-court-multi-storey-blocks-govan-glasgow/ Iona Court Multi Storey Blocks, Govan, Glasgow
110. Web site: Tower Block UK: Govan CDA. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
111. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Iona Court. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004106/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101066/iona-court-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
112. Web site: Tower Block UK: Paisley Road West, Halfway. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
113. Web site: 150 Berryknowes Avenue . https://web.archive.org/web/20210730081350/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/147751/150-berryknowes-avenue-glasgow-united-kingdom . dead . 2021-07-30 . Emporis.
114. Web site: Broomloan, Glasgow – High reach demolition. The Coleman Group. 17 February 2019 .
115. https://www.urbanrealm.com/news/2292/UK%E2%80%99s_largest_demolition_machine_enlisted_for_Ibrox_multis.html UK’s largest demolition machine enlisted for Ibrox multis
116. Web site: Tower Block UK: Broomloan Road Albion Site. University of Edinburgh. 13 January 2019 .
117. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Broomloan Road. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003926/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101009/broomloan-road-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
118. Web site: Tower block saved from demolition in £7m revamp. Evening Times. 16 September 2011. 17 February 2019 .
119. Web site: Tall Story: Ibrox . Urban Realm. 30 January 2013. 17 February 2019 .
120. Web site: Tower Block UK: Ibroxholm. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
121. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Ibroxholm. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182115/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101015/ibroxholm-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
122. Web site: Five high-rise caretakers sacked after being accused of 'allowing drug deals' in the tower blocks . Daily Record . 6 August 2015. 23 January 2018 .
123. Web site: Tower Block UK: Kennishead. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
124. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Kennishead. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182146/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101030/kennishead-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
125. Web site: Tower Block UK: Kirkton Avenue. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
126. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Kirkton Avenue. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003922/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101031/kirkton-avenue-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
127. Web site: Demolition of twin Knightswood tower blocks gets underway . Urban Realm. 17 September 2014. 17 February 2019 .
128. Web site: Tower Block UK: Lincoln Avenue. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
129. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Lincoln Avenue. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182157/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101067/lincoln-avenue-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
130. Web site: Tower Block UK: Maryhill CDA. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
131. Web site: 76 Collina Street . Emporis.
132. Web site: Tower Block UK: Maryhill CDA Area B Phase I. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
133. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Maryhill. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182142/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101010/maryhill-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
134. Web site: Tower Block UK: Wyndford 1st Development. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
135. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Wyndford. https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121611/https://www.emporis.com/complex/100990/wyndford-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 19 January 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
136. Web site: Tower Block UK: Wyndford 4th Development. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
137. Web site: Tower Block UK: Milton North. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
138. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Milton North. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004029/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101119/milton-north-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
139. Web site: Tower Block UK: Battlefield. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
140. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Battlefield. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182050/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101045/battlefield-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
141. Web site: Tower Block UK: Cleeves Road. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004107/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/183517/415-nitshill-road-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 2019-02-28. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
142. Web site: 415 Nitshill Road . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004107/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/183517/415-nitshill-road-glasgow-united-kingdom . dead . 2019-02-28 . Emporis.
143. Web site: Tower Block UK: Parkhead CDA Phase I. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
144. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Helenvale Street. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004033/https://www.emporis.com/complex/128199/helenvale-street-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
145. Web site: Tower Block UK: Pollokshaws CDA Unit 2 Blocks 28–30. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
146. Web site: 33 Cartcraigs Road . https://web.archive.org/web/20211116230344/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/147615 . dead . 16 November 2021 . Emporis.
147. Web site: Tower blocks demolished in blast . BBC News. 20 July 2008 . 17 February 2019 .
148. Web site: GHA demolish Shawbridge pair . Urban Realm. 31 August 2009. 17 February 2019 .
149. Web site: A tall order as tower blocks to be demolished. Evening Times. 11 August 2014 . 17 February 2019 .
150. Web site: Tower Block UK:Pollokshaws CDA Unit 1 . University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
151. Web site: Tower Block UK: Pollokshaws CDA Unit 2 Phase 1. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
152. Web site: Tower Block UK: Pollokshaws CDA Unit 2 Phase 2. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
153. Web site: Tower Block UK: Pollokshaws CDA Unit 2 Phase 3. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
154. Web site: Tower Block UK: Pollokshaws CDA Unit 2 Phase 4. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
155. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Pollokshaws. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003938/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101013/pollokshaws-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
156. Web site: Tower Block UK:Pollokshaws CDA Unit 1. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
157. Web site: Tower Block UK: North Kelvin CDA. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
158. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: North Kelvin. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003959/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101116/north-kelvin-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
159. Web site: Glasgow skyline changes as Red Road flats are demolished . BBC News. 10 June 2012 . 17 February 2019 .
160. Web site: 21 Birnie Court – Blowdown . Safedem. 28 May 2013 . 17 February 2019 .
161. Web site: Second of Glasgow's iconic Red Road tower blocks demolished. BBC News. 5 May 2013. 17 February 2019 .
162. Web site: Red Road flats: Glasgow city officials apologise for botched demolition . The Guardian. 12 October 2015. 17 February 2019 .
163. Web site: Exclusion zone lifted after Red Road flats demolition. BBC News. 11 October 2015. 17 February 2019 .
164. Web site: Tower Block UK: Red Road. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
165. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Red Road. https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121606/https://www.emporis.com/complex/100983/red-road-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 19 January 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
166. https://www.britishpathe.com/video/homes-in-the-sky Homes In The Sky (1966)
167. Web site: Tower Block UK: Royston CDA Area A. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
168. Web site: Tower Block UK: Royston CDA Area C. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
169. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Royston. https://web.archive.org/web/20190119120935/https://www.emporis.com/complex/100998/royston-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 19 January 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
170. Web site: Safedem commence demolition of Roystonhill tower block. Urban Realm. 10 July 2013. 17 February 2019 .
171. Web site: Roystonhill block of flats demolished to make way for new homes . BBC News. 1 December 2013. 17 February 2019 .
172. Web site: Flats demolished in Glasgow regeneration project. BBC News. 22 May 2016. 17 February 2019 .
173. Web site: Tower Block UK: Royston CDA Area B. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
174. Web site: Tower Block UK: Royston CDA Area B Phase 2 Millburn Street I. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
175. Web site: Tower Block UK: Royston CDA Area B Phase 2 Millburn Street II. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
176. Web site: Tower Block UK: Sandyhills House. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
177. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Sandyhills House. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182128/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101032/sandyhills-house-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
178. Web site: GHA pull down second Scotstoun tower block in regeneration drive . Urban Realm. 10 February 2014. 17 February 2019 .
179. Web site: Tower blocks reborn as Scotland learns to accept high rises. The Scotsman. 11 November 2016. 17 February 2019 .
180. Web site: Tower Block UK: Scotstoun House. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
181. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Scotstoun House. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003927/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101069/scotstoun-house-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
182. Web site: TDS make good progress with demolition of Plean Street, Glasgow. C&D Consultancy. 3 September 2010. 17 February 2019 .
183. Web site: From Heaven to Hell. Disappearing Glasgow. 17 February 2019 .
184. Web site: Tower Block UK: Blawarthill. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
185. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Blawarthill. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004003/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101046/blawarthill-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
186. Web site: Towers razed in overnight blasts . BBC News. 13 July 2008 . 17 February 2019 .
187. Web site: Not built to last?. Disappearing Glasgow. 17 February 2019 .
188. Web site: Tower Block UK: Sighthill Phase 1A. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
189. Web site: Tower Block UK: Sighthill Phase 1B. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
190. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Sighthill. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228003940/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101070/sighthill-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
191. Web site: Sighthill masterplan submitted . Urban Realm. 8 March 2013. 17 February 2019 .
192. Web site: Bulldozers move in to bring down Sighthill flats. Kirkintilloch Herald. 16 April 2013. 17 February 2019 .
193. Web site: Before and after: The radical transformation of one of Glasgow's housing schemes. Evening Times. 4 January 2016. 17 February 2019 .
194. Web site: Tower Block UK: Sighthill Phase 2. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
195. Web site: Tower Block UK: Sighthill Phases 2b/3. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
196. Web site: Tower Block UK: Springburn CDA Area B Phase 1. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
197. Web site: Tower Block UK: Springburn CDA Area B Phase 2. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
198. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Springburn . https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121459/https://www.emporis.com/complex/100985/springburn-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 19 January 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
199. Web site: Tower Block UK: Carron Street 1st Development. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
200. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Carron Street. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004027/https://www.emporis.com/complex/142493/carron-street-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
201. Web site: Tower Block UK: Springburn CDA Area A. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
202. Web site: TV ad's 'paint flats' demolished . BBC News. 21 January 2007. 17 February 2019 .
203. Web site: Iconic Toryglen flats to be demolished. Daily Record. 3 October 2016. 17 February 2019 .
204. https://www.dem-master.co.uk/portfolio/99-111-prospecthill-circus-glasgow/ 99 & 111 Prospecthill Circus, Glasgow
205. Web site: Tower Block UK: Toryglen North. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
206. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Toryglen North. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004008/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101039/toryglen-north-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 28 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
207. Web site: Tower Block UK: Toryglen 6th Development. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
208. Web site: Tower Block UK: Toryglen 10th Development. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
209. https://www.britishpathe.com/video/skyscraper-flats-1 Skyscraper Flats (1956)
210. http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=412346 Toryglen SSHA Housing Scheme, Eleventh Development
211. Web site: Tower Block UK: Townhead CDA Area B. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
212. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Townhead. https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121331/https://www.emporis.com/complex/100999/townhead-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 19 January 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .
213. Web site: Tower Block UK: Northinch Street. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
214. Web site: 64 Curle Street . Emporis.
215. Web site: Tower Block UK: Woodside CDA Phase 1. University of Edinburgh. 23 January 2019 .
216. Web site: Buildings in Glasgow: Woodside. https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182059/https://www.emporis.com/complex/101000/woodside-glasgow-united-kingdom. dead. 27 February 2019. Emporis. 27 February 2019 .