New York Biltmore Hotel Explained

New York Biltmore Hotel
Image Alt:	The New York Biltmore Hotel as seen in a 1917 color sketch
Mapframe-Caption:	Site of the hotel
Mapframe-Frame-Width:	250
Mapframe-Marker:	lodging
Coordinates:	40.7536°N -73.9781°W
Alternate Names:	Biltmore Hotel
Etymology:	Biltmore Estate in North Carolina
Status:	Demolished (except for frame and basement)
Architectural Style:	Italian Renaissance Revival
Address:	335 Madison Avenue, Manhattan, New York City
Groundbreaking Date:	March 1913
Completion Date:	December 1913
Opened Date:	December 31, 1913
Closing Date:	August 14, 1981
Demolition Date:	1981–1983 (facade and interior)
Cost:	(equivalent to $ million in)
Floor Count:	23–26
Architect:	Warren and Wetmore
Developer:	New York State Realty and Terminal Company
Rooms:	1,000

The New York Biltmore Hotel was a luxury hotel at 335 Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The hotel was developed by the New York Central Railroad and the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and operated from 1913 to 1981. It was one of several large hotels developed around Grand Central Terminal as part of Terminal City. The Biltmore was designed in the Italian Renaissance Revival style by Warren and Wetmore, one of the firms involved in designing Grand Central. Although the hotel's steel frame still exists, the hotel itself was almost entirely demolished and replaced by an office building in the early 1980s.

The hotel building was variously cited as having between 23 and 26 stories. The hotel had a facade of granite, limestone, brick, and terracotta. Most of its floor plan was U-shaped, with a light court facing west toward Madison Avenue. In the basement was a reception room that led directly from Grand Central Terminal. The public dining rooms, including the Palm Court and main dining room, were at ground level. There was a roof garden above the sixth story, facing east toward Vanderbilt Avenue. There were additional ballrooms and meeting spaces on the upper stories. In total, the Biltmore had 1,000 rooms and suites; the fourth floor included a private entertainment suite called the Presidential Suite.

Following the construction of Grand Central Terminal, the New York Central started planning a hotel on the city block in the early 1910s, and it officially opened on December 31, 1913. The hotel was originally operated by Gustav Baumann, who died in October 1914. The hotel's manager, John McEntee Bowman, then operated it until his own death in 1931, affiliating the Biltmore with the Bowman-Biltmore Hotels chain. Realty Hotels Inc., a subsidiary of the New York Central, took over the hotel in 1934 and operated it for four decades. Paul Milstein acquired the hotel in 1978 and began demolishing the interiors immediately after the hotel closed on August 15, 1981. Despite protests from preservationists, Milstein gutted the Biltmore and converted it into an office building called Bank of America Plaza, which reopened in May 1984. Bank of America relocated in 2010 and the building became 335 Madison Avenue. Following another renovation in 2019, the structure became The Company Building, which in turn was renamed 22 Vanderbilt in late 2022.

Architecture

The Biltmore Hotel was designed by the architectural firm of Warren and Wetmore, which also helped design the adjoining Grand Central Terminal, in the Italian Renaissance Revival style.^[1] The building had either 23,^{[2] [3]} 25,^[4] or 26 above-ground stories.^[5] In addition, the hotel had two basement levels, although the site extended five stories underground.^{[6] [7]} According to plans filed by Warren and Wetmore, the hotel building was tall. About 12000ST of structural steel were used in the hotel's construction, along with 5,000 barrels of Portland cement.

The Biltmore occupied the entire city block bounded by Madison Avenue to the west, 44th Street to the north, Vanderbilt Avenue to the east, and 43rd Street to the south, measuring 200by. The hotel replaced a four-story post office and ticket office operated by the New York Central Railroad, which was demolished at the beginning of 1912.^[8]

Form and facade

The hotel had a facade of granite, limestone, brick, and terracotta.^[9] Although the hotel's main entrance was on 43rd Street, it also had two entrances on Vanderbilt Avenue, which led to different corridors for men and women. The hotel's lowest four stories occupied the entire site. Above the fourth story, the hotel was shaped like a "U", with a light court on Madison Avenue surrounded by hotel rooms to the north, east, and south.^[10] The base was primarily clad in granite.^{[11] [12]} The stories above the base were primarily clad in brick and limestone. The stories directly above the base contained a limestone facade, while the main shaft of the building consisted of a brick facade. The facade used approximately four million pieces of common brick and two million pieces of gray brick.

The building contained 3000ST of gray architectural terracotta, which one contemporary trade journal described as being one of the largest such terracotta contracts at the time. Above the 21st story, the crown was clad entirely with terracotta and was designed in the Federal style. On all four primary elevations of the facade, there were pilasters and fluted columns extending from the 21st to 23rd stories. Above these columns and pilasters was an arched frieze with ornate spandrel panels.

Public spaces

The hotel was built above twelve of Grand Central Terminal's railroad tracks. The first story was raised slightly above the ground. The public dining rooms were all at ground level; the southern side of the hotel featured retail space, while the northern half was devoted to more upscale eateries. There were additional ballrooms and meeting spaces on the upper stories.

Basement

The Biltmore Hotel had its own reception room in the basement, which originally served as a waiting room for intercity trains and was colloquially known as the kissing room.^[13] It was completed in 1915 and later became known as the incoming train room^{[14] [15]} and the Biltmore Room. The space is a 64by marble hall^[16] northwest of the Main Concourse, serving as an entrance to tracks 39 through 42 within the terminal.^[17] The room had a 30-tallNaN-tall ceiling and seven entrances. The Biltmore Room still exists beneath the modern-day 335 Madison Avenue; a grand staircase, dating from the original hotel's construction, leads to 43rd Street. The room was restored in 1985 after the rest of the hotel had been demolished. In the 2010s, the room was converted to an entrance for the Long Island Rail Road's Grand Central Madison station as part of the East Side Access project.

The basement connected directly with Grand Central Terminal's upper platform level.^[18] The hotel was also connected to the New York City Subway's Grand Central–42nd Street station,^[19] as well as to neighboring buildings, via the terminal's corridors. According to The New York Times, a passenger arriving at Grand Central "will be able to go directly from his seat in the Pullman to his room in the hotel, not only without having stepped from under cover, but without once having passed beyond what will really be one structure". The passageways from the former Biltmore's basement to the terminal still exist ;^[20] the passageways are protected as New York City designated landmarks, as are other parts of Grand Central Terminal. On the 44th Street side of the hotel was a sloped driveway to the basement, which was used as a taxi ramp^{[21] [22]} and featured a vaulted ceiling with Guastavino tiles. Although the driveway still exists, it leads to a garage. The Biltmore formerly shared its garage with the Commodore Hotel.^[23]

Next to Grand Central, a stairway from the main entrance descended to a grill room, bar, and men's clubroom in the basement. These spaces were all designed in the Elizabethan style, with oak furnishings; marble and wood floors; and paneled walls and pilasters that reached the ceiling.^[24] The grill room's ceiling was composed of English-style plasterwork in low relief. In 1924, these spaces were replaced with stores and an arcade that extended between 43rd and 44th Streets. There were 11 stores facing Madison Avenue, each measuring 16.5by across, as well as three additional booths that opened into the arcade.^[25] In addition, there was a Turkish bath and a swimming pool in the basement.^[26] The Turkish baths in the basement had been converted into a health club by the late 20th century.^{[27] [28]} In 1962 a women's parlor room, with red decorations, was added in the basement.^{[29] [30]}

Ground level

The southern half of the ground level contained writing and reception rooms for men, while the northern had similar rooms for women.^[31] Adjacent to the 43rd Street entrance was the hotel's main office. About one-third of the ground floor was underneath a skylight, above which were the hotel's air shafts.

A corridor led west from the 43rd Street entrance to the men's dining room and main dining room on Madison Avenue. Women's lounging rooms were on the north side of the corridor between the main entrance and main dining room. The main dining room covered 40by. It had dark-oak furniture and red carpets, upholstery, and window draperies; gold-colored decorations of birds and festoons;^[32] and marble walls and pilasters. The dining room's ceiling contained three glass chandeliers and Elizabethan-style gold-on-white decorations of classical figures in low relief. The men's dining room was 40by and was designed in a similar style to the main dining room.

The Palm Court and a main lounging room were next to the main dining room. The space connected the men's and women's rooms at ground level. The Palm Court had marble walls with bronze decorations. In the center of the room a gilded clock measuring 2.5by across was displayed;^[33] it consisted of two dials flanked by a pair of sculpted nude figures.^[34] The room also incorporated skylights and palm trees.^[35] The Palm Court's elliptical vaulted ceiling was interrupted by elliptical arches with carved friezes. The Palm Court became a popular meeting place;^[36] after the Biltmore Hotel closed, the Palm Court's clock was reinstalled in 335 Madison Avenue's lobby.

To the east of the lobby was a nightclub known as the Bowman Room,^[37] which opened in October 1936.^{[38] [39]} The space hosted performers such as Horace Heidt and Carmen Cavallaro. The room was renovated in 1942,^[40] and a bar was installed in the room in 1947.^[41] The shows in the Bowman Room were discontinued permanently in September 1949 after the federal government imposed a 20 percent excise tax on such shows.^[42] The Bowman Room was converted into a furniture storage room at some point before the hotel closed in 1981.

Upper stories

There were mezzanines above the ground level. The mezzanine contained writing rooms for both genders, as well as hairdressing, reception, and cloak rooms for women. Directly above the dining room were the kitchen and refrigeration boxes. Similar hotels at the time had kitchens in their basements, but the Biltmore Hotel had a limited amount of space in its basement because of the presence of railroad tracks. There was also a library on the second floor, while the fourth floor had private dining rooms. The kitchen, mezzanines, and dining spaces were all illuminated by natural light. In 1928, Leonard Schultze of Schultze & Weaver designed a Gothic-style meditation room on the third floor, with oak paneling, stained glass windows, and red draperies.^[43]

On Vanderbilt Avenue, there was a roof garden along the sixth-story setback, with flower beds, shrubs, grass, a fountain, and shaded walkways.^{[44] [45]} Known as the Italian Garden, it was transformed into an ice skating rink during the winter months.^[46] This roof garden also featured terracotta caryatids. It was sheltered by a pergola that ran the entire width of the facade from 43rd to 44th Street. Initially, the roof garden was open only during tea time.

On the 23rd story of the hotel was the grand ballroom and banquet hall. The grand ballroom was called the Cascades because there was a large waterfall at one end. It was designed in the Louis XVI style^[47] and was decorated in a gold and blue color scheme. The ballroom and banquet hall contained loges, with box seating, on three sides. The ballroom also had movable windows, which measured 10by. The ballroom was typically used for lunch, dinner, and banquets, although visitors could only enter by invitation. The center of the ballroom was used as a dance floor at night. During the summer months, the hotel's managers could open the windows and convert the ballroom into an open-air loggia; this was a major amenity for guests before air conditioning became popular.^[48] The ballroom also had its own foyer, assembly room, lounging room, bar, and kitchen. The space could have a capacity of 600 people. North of the grand ballroom was a first-aid wing.

Hotel rooms

The Biltmore had 1,000 rooms and suites, about 950 of which had their own bathrooms. These rooms were expected to accommodate over 1,200 guests. All rooms and suites faced either the street or the interior light court. Most rooms measured 15by across, although there were several smaller rooms measuring 12by.

The doors within each room were "noiseless" and had silent locks; according to The Construction News, "no person will be able to disturb another hotel guest by carelessly slamming his door". W. & J. Sloane furnished the rooms. A sample room generally had light-colored walls with white-enameled woodwork; a neutral-colored carpet; cream-colored electric chandeliers; and mahogany bureaus, chairs, dressers, and writing tables. In addition, the curtains were Chinese-inspired designs in blue, black, mulberry, and soft red. The bathrooms had white tiles, while the rooms had "unusually large closets" with coatracks, umbrella holders, and space for hanging clothes. The Biltmore's rooms were generally smaller than those of older hostelries, such as the Hotel Manhattan, which had 600 rooms and had about the same floor area as the Biltmore.^[49]

The fourth floor included the Presidential Suite, a private suite for entertaining guests. The Presidential Suite included a parlor, reception room, dining room, foyer, and dressing room, as well as a small ballroom with a capacity of 300 guests. The Presidential Suite had its own elevator leading directly to Grand Central Terminal. During the construction of the Biltmore Hotel, Warren and Wetmore had included space for 12 to 14 private apartments on the 18th through 20th floors. Each of these apartments faced 43rd Street or Vanderbilt Avenue in addition to a light court, and they had between eight and twelve rooms. In contrast to the remainder of the hotel, these private apartments were to be sold to tenants, who would then hire their own architects to design each apartment. The private apartments did not have their own kitchens; instead, they received meals from the hotel's catering service.^[50] Otherwise, these suites functioned separately from the rest of the hotel and were rented out for yearlong terms. The hotel also had bedrooms and lounges for the staff.

Mechanical features

There were eight passenger and five service elevators, as well as several dumbwaiters leading from the kitchen to the upper stories. The elevators were enclosed within glass vestibules on each floor, preventing noise from the elevators from reaching the bedrooms. The elevators led directly from the basement to the ground-floor lobby and upper stories. According to The Sun, guests could have their baggage delivered from the train directly to their rooms without going outdoors.

When the Biltmore was constructed, it had several communication systems; a telautograph, dictograph, telephone, and pneumatic tube systems. The New York Times characterized the systems as "the most complete in existence". In addition, the hotel had a steam plant that was powered by filtered water. Each of the guestroom stories also had a small kitchen for room service, and several of the larger apartments had their own kitchens. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution wrote that some of the Biltmore's mechanical features "threaten the extinction of the bellboy".

History

In the 19th century, New York Central Railroad lines north of Grand Central Depot in Midtown Manhattan were served exclusively by steam locomotives, and the rising traffic soon caused accumulations of smoke and soot in the Park Avenue Tunnel, the only approach to the depot.^[51] After a fatal crash in 1902,^[52] the New York state legislature passed a law to ban all steam trains in Manhattan by 1908. The New York Central's vice president William J. Wilgus proposed electrifying the line and building a new electric-train terminal underground,^[53] a plan that was implemented almost in its entirety. The old Grand Central Depot was torn down in phases and replaced by the current Grand Central Terminal. Construction on Grand Central Terminal started in 1903, and the new terminal was opened on February 2, 1913.^{[54] [55]} Passenger traffic on the commuter lines into Grand Central more than doubled in the years following the terminal's completion.

The terminal spurred development in the surrounding area, particularly in Terminal City, a commercial and office district created above where the tracks were covered.^{[56] [57] [58]} Terminal City soon became Manhattan's most desirable commercial and office district.^[59] A 1920 New York Times article stated, "With its hotels, office buildings, apartments and underground Streets it not only is a wonderful railroad terminal, but also a great civic centre."^[60] Most of these buildings were designed by Warren and Wetmore, which had also designed the terminal itself.^[61] According to Christopher Gray of The New York Times, the Biltmore was "the linchpin of what was called Terminal City", being one of the district's first large buildings. Warren and Wetmore had co-designed the terminal with Reed and Stem, but Warren and Wetmore took full credit for the design of Terminal City. This was because, after Charles A. Reed of Reed and Stem had died in 1911, Warren and Wetmore had secretly renegotiated their architectural contract with the New York Central.^[62] The Biltmore was one of several hotels developed in Terminal City, along with other hostelries such as the Commodore, the Roosevelt, and the Barclay.^[63]

Development

As part of the construction of Grand Central Terminal, the New York Central started planning a hotel on the city block bounded by Madison Avenue, 44th Street, Vanderbilt Avenue, and 43rd Street. It was to be one of two hotels adjacent to the terminal; there would be another hotel on Lexington Avenue to the east.^[64] The New York Central formally announced plans for the 23-story Biltmore Hotel on Madison Avenue in February 1912; the railroad wanted to maximize usage of the site, which was largely occupied by the new terminal's railroad tracks. The hotel was to be named after the Biltmore Estate in North Carolina, itself named for the last syllable of the Vanderbilt family's name.^[65] the hotel would be developed by the New York Central and the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.^[66] The New York State Realty and Terminal Company, a division of the New York Central, leased the hotel to Gustav Baumann, operator of the Holland House hotel.^[67] In March 1912, Warren and Wetmore filed plans with the New York City Department of Buildings for the 26-story hotel, which was projected to cost .^[68] Baumann hired John McEntee Bowman that May to manage the hotel, and Bowman supervised the Biltmore's development.^[69]

Baumann ordered $1 million worth of furniture from W. & J. Sloane,^[70] and $800,000 of silverware from the Gorham Manufacturing Company, in mid-1912. The New-York Tribune described the latter contract as "one of the largest ever placed for hotel silverware".^[71] That July, the New York Central awarded the Fuller Construction Company a $5.5 million general contract for the hotel's construction;^{[72] [73]} at the time, it was expected that the hotel would be completed by the beginning of October 1913.^[74] In addition, the American Bridge Company was hired to manufacture 14000ST of structural steel for the hotel.^{[75] [76]} By the end of that year, workers were completing excavations on the hotel's site.^[77] The Biltmore's construction started in March 1913, and the hotel's structural steel was topped out on August 15, 1913.^[78] The construction of the hotel coincided with the completion of Grand Central Terminal's final phase.

The Biltmore was scheduled to open with a party on New Year's Eve 1913, and every table in the hotel's main dining room was reserved in advance of the opening. In the two weeks before the hotel opened, the project employed 1,300 construction workers, who worked 24 hours a day to complete the hotel on schedule. The total cost of construction, including furnishings, was estimated at $10 million.^[3] The hotel itself accounted for $5.5 million of this cost, the furnishings $1.5 million, and the land $3 million.^[3] At the hotel's opening, its rooms had already been leased for a combined $20 million. In describing the Biltmore's location above a portion of Grand Central Terminal, the Real Estate Record and Guide wrote: "The new Biltmore Hotel will, so far as we can recollect, be the first station hotel of any importance erected in this country."^[79] The Biltmore's operators rented the air rights above Grand Central Terminal's tracks, paying the New York Central $100,000 annually.^[80]

Baumann and Bowman operation

The Biltmore hosted its first dinner on December 28, 1913, with a celebration featuring various officials involved in the hotel's construction. The hotel informally opened on December 30,^[81] and the first guests arrived at the hotel the next day, December 31. There were also two brokerage offices in the hotel when it opened.^[82] In its first year of operation, the Biltmore became extremely popular. Baumann operated the hotel for less than a year; he died on October 15, 1914, after falling from the hotel's roof while observing employees.^{[83] [84]} At the time of Baumann's death, the hotel was valued at $4 million, of which $1.5 million was appraised as goodwill created by the hotel's prominent location in midtown Manhattan.^[85] Even so, Baumann had been operating the Biltmore at a net loss at the time of his death. Meanwhile, Allen H. Stem of Reed and Stem had sued Warren and Wetmore over Terminal City's architectural contract.^[86] After a protracted legal battle, the New York Supreme Court ordered Warren and Wetmore to pay Stem one percent of the Biltmore's construction cost.^[87]

Bowman took control of the hotel's lease shortly after Baumann died.^[88] Under Bowman's management, members of the social elite began to frequent the Biltmore. By 1918, the hotel had an annual payroll of over $1 million.^[89] After Bowman and rival hotel operator Benjamin L. M. Bates agreed to merge their respective companies in May 1918, the Biltmore became part of the Bowman-Biltmore Hotels chain.^{[90] [91] [89]} Later the same year, Bowman said that the Biltmore, as well as his other hotels near Grand Central and Penn Station, were "doing more business than ever before".^[92] Bowman also developed other Biltmore hotels across the United States, all named after the hotel in New York City. After Prohibition in the United States came into effect in 1919, the Biltmore's bar was closed and replaced with a lunch counter.^[93] The hotel remained successful through the early 1920s,^[94] amid rapid increases in Grand Central's passenger traffic following the terminal's completion.

Bowman announced in July 1924 that the grill room, bar, and men's clubroom would be replaced with stores at a cost of $500,000.^{[95] [96]} By then, the upper-class residences that had characterized the adjacent portion of Madison Avenue in the 19th century were being replaced with retail establishments.^[97] Warren and Wetmore designed the modifications. These storefronts were initially leased to tenants in the clothing and textile industries, such as the Gotham Silk Hosiery Company^[98] and Edward Gropper Inc.,^[99] as well as a drug store.^[100] Bowman continued to operate the New York Biltmore until he died in 1931, and David Mulligan took over as Bowman-Biltmore's president the next year.^[101] During the 1930s, the Biltmore was one of the most expensive hotels in New York City, along with the Chatham, Park Lane, Roosevelt, and Waldorf Astoria.^[102] The Canadian Club of New York moved to the Biltmore in 1930,^[103] and the Traffic Club of New York relocated its clubhouse to the Biltmore's 18th and 19th floors in 1934.^{[104] [105]} After New York state repealed a Prohibition-era ban on standing bars in May 1934,^{[106] [107]} Bowman-Biltmore Hotels installed a 50feet long bar at the Madison Avenue end of the hotel,^[108] replacing a haberdashery there.^[109] When the bar opened in 1936 it was open only to men; its guests included New York governor Al Smith.

Realty Hotels operation

1930s to 1950s

The New York Central canceled Bowman-Biltmore's lease of the Biltmore Hotel in December 1934. The railroad formed a holding company called Realty Hotels Inc. to operate the Biltmore, and Realty Hotels' president David B. Mulligan became the Biltmore's managing director.^{[110] [111]} The New York Central retained full ownership of the Biltmore and other properties around Grand Central Terminal.^[112] The Bowman Room, a nightclub at ground level, opened at the hotel in October 1936. When the Chatham and Park Lane hotels became part of the Realty Hotels chain in 1940, Frank Regan, who had managed the two other hotels, took over the Biltmore's management.^{[113] [114]} The Biltmore was booked to capacity during World War II, when politicians and members of the U.S. Armed Forces frequented the hotel.^[115] Regan renovated all of the hotel's rooms in the 1940s, although the hotel remained open during the project. The work included replacing the guest rooms' decorations, adding automatic elevators, refurbishing the restrooms, and installing mechanical equipment.

Harry M. Anholt took over as Realty Hotels' president in 1954.^[116] During that decade, as part of a $5 million project spanning three hotels,^{[117] [118]} Realty Hotels added 54 guest rooms to the Biltmore's top floor. In addition, the hotel's managers added several executive suites, which were then rented to industries and businesses for year-long terms. The Biltmore also began offering discounts and other sales packages to attract groups and conventions; by 1958, conventions at the hotel were being booked up to two years in advance. Additionally, the Grand Central Art Galleries (founded in 1922 by a group that included Walter Leighton Clark, John Singer Sargent, and Edmund Greacen^[119]) moved from Grand Central to the Biltmore in May 1959.^{[120] [121]} The new space, on the hotel's second floor, contained six exhibition rooms and an office.^[122] Although the hotel was still profitable, the New York Central as a whole had begun to lose money by the late 1950s.

During this time, the New Haven and the New York Central were involved in a long-running dispute;^[123] New Haven officials argued that they were entitled to half of the Biltmore's profits, as the two railroads were equal partners in the terminal's operation.^[124] In November 1958, the New Haven indicated that it did not want to renew Realty Hotels' lease of the Biltmore, which was about to expire, as Realty Hotels was a wholly-owned subsidiary of the New York Central.^{[125] [126]} The New Haven wanted Realty Hotels to start paying rent directly to Grand Central's manager, which would split the profits evenly between the two railroads.^{[127] [128]} In response, the New York Central ordered the terminal's manager to refuse the payments. A New York state court granted the New York Central a temporary injunction against the New Haven.^[129] The New York Supreme Court ruled in September 1960 that the New Haven had the right to collect income from the Biltmore.^{[130] [131]} The Supreme Court's Appellate Division upheld the ruling in 1961,^[132] as did the New York Court of Appeals the next year.^[133] The New Haven had filed for bankruptcy by then, so a state judge ordered the New York Central to pay $1.6 million to the New Haven's trustees in July 1962.^[134]

1960s and 1970s

The Parlor Car, a women's parlor room, opened at the hotel in 1962, within a passageway known as the Pullman Corridor. The same year, amid competition from other hotels, the Biltmore, Commodore, and Roosevelt hotels formed an alliance to attract conventions with 1,500 to 5,000 guests. The alliance allowed the three hotels to host a single convention across 4,000 guestrooms, 90 meeting rooms, 15 restaurants, and of exhibit space.^[135] By then, rail traffic had begun to decline with the beginning of the Jet Age and the construction of the Interstate Highway System, and there was also rising demand for office space in Manhattan.^[136] During this decade, Realty Hotels replaced about half of the manually operated elevators at the Barclay, Biltmore, Commodore, and Roosevelt,^[137] and it renovated these hotels as part of a $22 million modernization plan.^[138] Realty Hotels' president said the renovations had helped attract new and returning customers to the hotels.^[139] Thomas J. Kane was appointed as the hotel's managing director in 1968.^[140]

After the Plaza Hotel opened its formerly men- only Oak Bar to women in 1969 following a series of protests by some women, the Biltmore became the scene of similar protests.^[141] The bar's patrons attempted to discourage women from entering by staring at any who tried to enter and applauding until they relented and left. After a 1970 court ruling against gender discrimination, women began entering the bar.^[142] The Biltmore initially did not rename the Men's Bar, prompting complaints.^[143] The New York City government ordered the Biltmore's managers to rename the bar in 1973,^[144] and a New York Supreme Court judge upheld this decision in 1974.^[145] The Barclay, Biltmore, Commodore, and Roosevelt began showing in-room movies in 1972.^[146] As part of a small refurbishment project,^[147] Realty Hotels renovated the main dining room in the mid-1970s. The Palm Court reopened in 1975 as a bar named "Under the Clock", a reference to the famous expression "Meet me under the clock", which the hotel claimed to have been inspired by the famous clock at the Palm Court's entrance.^[148] The Biltmore Bar closed permanently at the end of June 1977.^[149]

1970s sale

The New York Central experienced financial decline during the 1960s, merging with the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1968 to form the Penn Central Railroad.^[150] Penn Central continued to face financial issues and failed to make mortgage payments. By late 1970, the Biltmore Hotel was facing foreclosure, as were several other buildings that Penn Central owned around Grand Central Terminal.^{[151] [152]} After Penn Central went bankrupt that year, the company sought to sell its properties, including the land below the Biltmore Hotel.^{[153] [154]} The buildings were placed for auction in October 1971, and UGP Properties made a low bid of $11.65 million for the hotel.^[155] The proceedings were delayed for several years.^[156] UGP and Penn Central proposed a 56-story skyscraper for the Biltmore Hotel's site in 1972 after Penn Central unsuccessfully tried to replace the adjacent Grand Central Terminal with a skyscraper.^[157] Penn Central had placed all of Realty Hotels' properties for sale but subsequently withdrew its offer to sell the hotels. Instead, Penn Central spent $4.5 million renovating the Biltmore, Barclay, and Roosevelt hotels in 1976.^[158]

In April 1978, Penn Central requested permission from a federal district court to sell the Biltmore, Barclay, and Roosevelt hotels for $45 million to Loews Hotels.^[159] The New York City government also offered the Biltmore Hotel's unused air rights to Penn Central in exchange for allowing the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) to designate Grand Central Terminal as a city landmark, a move that Penn Central opposed.^[160] A consortium of Middle Eastern investors subsequently offered to buy the hotels for $50 million.^{[161] [162]} Loews raised its offer for the three hotels to $55 million, and a federal judge approved the sale at the beginning of June 1978.^{[163] [164]} Carter B. Horsley wrote that Loews's purchase of the three hotels "may save their future".^[165] At the time, the hotel had 907 rooms.^[166]

Loews resold the Biltmore and the Roosevelt to developer Paul Milstein in July 1978 for $30 million.^[167] The old Biltmore Bar was replaced in 1978 by the Cafe Fanny restaurant, operated by George Lang, which closed in April 1979.^[168] The space, in turn, became a computer store.^[169] In the hotel's final years, it became visibly dilapidated, and the owners refused to buy new furnishings, despite a shortage of such objects as tableware and linens. In addition, the Biltmore faced increasing competition from newer hotels, and it was only able to secure "cheap conventions and tourist groups", according to its manager.^[170] The New York Times reported that, during the late 1970s, there were rumors that the Biltmore would be converted to another use, rebuilt, or demolished.^[171]

Closure and replacement with offices

In March 1981, Milstein filed plans with the city to gut the hotel and rebuild it as an office building.^[172] Initially, Milstein had planned to replace the facade with a glass exterior similar to that of the Hyatt Grand Central New York. A few months later, Paul Milstein presented plans to the LPC for a proposed modification of the hotel's interior.^[173] On July 29, Milstein agreed to rent half of the building to Bank of America.^{[174] [175]} Over the next two days, registered letters were sent to the hotel's residential guests, informing them they would have to move in the near future.^[176] After Bank of America's announcement, Seymour and Paul Milstein modified the design of the planned office building, which would now be made of granite. Variety magazine wrote: "The end of the Biltmore comes at a time when the city's hoteliers believe that the golden era of the hotels, which started in 1976, is over."

Final days and preservation controversy

The Biltmore ceased operations abruptly on August 14, 1981, two weeks before it had been scheduled to close.^[177] Overnight guests were informed that the hotel was closing, and permanent residents were given 30 days to leave.^[178] Demolition crews entered the same day and began removing decorations,^[179] boarding up the Madison and Bowman rooms even as other parts of the hotel remained open. The Palm Court's clock was removed and placed into storage. All but 150 guests had relocated within a day of the announcement, and the Grand Central Art Galleries closed shortly afterward. Describing the end of the Biltmore and the Grand Central Art Galleries' final show there, John Russell of The New York Times wrote: "Hardly since Samson tore down the great temple at Gaza has a building disappeared as rapidly as the Biltmore Hotel. But people have shown a rare persistence this last day or two in pushing their way upstairs at the entrance on Vanderbilt Avenue to where the Grand Central Galleries has been holding its own."^[180]

The New York Landmarks Conservancy and the Municipal Art Society filed for and received a temporary restraining order on August 15. Preservationists claimed that the Milsteins had destroyed the public spaces as quickly as possible to prevent it from being preserved. Conversely, a lawyer for the Milsteins said that preservationists had failed to act despite knowing that the hotel building had been leased to Bank of America. Although preservationists requested another restraining order on August 17, they were unable to raise a $75,000 bond to keep the restraining order in place.^[181] By then, the Palm Court's French doors, balustrades, and fixtures had already been removed.^{[182] [183]} The Environmental Protection Agency also notified the demolition contractors that they had violated federal asbestos regulations as they were demolishing the Biltmore's interior. The LPC had been considering giving the hotel's interiors landmark status, preventing the Milsteins from further modifying these spaces.^[184] By August 18, the restraining orders had expired or been overruled. When LPC officials toured the hotel that same day, the 19th-floor Grand Ballroom was the only public room that was still extant.^{[185] [186]}

The LPC scheduled a hearing on whether the ballroom and exterior should be designated as city landmarks, thus preventing significant modifications to these parts of the hotel.^[187] A New York state judge declined to grant further injunctions against demolition. The condition of the ballroom remained uncertain, even though the Milsteins promised to notify preservationists when demolition of the room was to start. On September 9, a week before the landmarks hearings, the Milsteins agreed to reconstruct the hotel's Palm Court, lobby, and main 43rd Street entrance within the office building, so long as the LPC did not designate the spaces as landmarks.^[188] The LPC voted against granting exterior and interior landmark statuses on September 16,^[189] despite concerted protests by preservationists.^[190] In addition, the interiors had been demolished so rapidly that almost nothing was salvageable.^[191]

Reconstruction as office building

The firm Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates (HHPA) was hired as a consultant for the restoration of the Biltmore's public spaces. In August 1982, HHPA resigned, stating that the demolition work had made any re-creation impossible.^[192] Norman Pfeiffer of HHPA said the firm had discovered that further demolition had occurred the previous month, to the extent that "there was nothing left to give you even the beginning of a restoration". A settlement was brokered in September 1983, in which the Milsteins contributed $500,000 to a fund operated by the Landmarks Conservancy. The Conservancy had accepted the agreement because a recreation of the rooms inside the office tower would "rightly be perceived by architectural historians and the public at large as resulting in a design that would amount to little more than a caricature." According to Brendan Gill of the Conservancy, the alternative was a lawsuit that might have lasted for several years.^[193]

Another firm, Environetics, redesigned the Biltmore.^[194] The old hotel was almost entirely gutted, although most of the steel framework was retained. Paul Milstein estimated that the existing steel frame increased construction costs by 25 percent, but it also allowed him to include more usable space than a completely new building on the site.^[195] The two ends of the Biltmore's U-shaped massing were connected, turning the hotel into an "O"-shape. A new elevator core was built and a 28-story atrium was created in the center of the building. The facade was also rebuilt with brown granite, and elevators, heating, cooling, and other mechanical systems were entirely replaced. The lowest three stories were converted into of retail space.^[196]

The Palm Court's clock was the only decoration from the hotel that was preserved.^[197] The Metropolitan Transportation Authority owned the driveway on 44th Street and the Biltmore Room in the basement, and a Catholic bookstore occupied a storefront at 43rd Street and Vanderbilt Avenue; these three spaces remained intact. The hotel's redevelopment was temporarily halted in April 1982 after leaks developed in the Biltmore Room.^[198] Milstein subsequently paid for a restoration of the Biltmore Room, which reopened in April 1985 following a renovation designed by Giorgio Cavaglieri.^[199]

Office use

Bank of America had started moving into the 2nd through 14th floors of the structure by late 1983, and the former Biltmore reopened on May 15, 1984, as Bank of America Plaza. Initially, Bank of America only occupied half of the 28-story building. Other tenants included telephone company NYNEX on the 20th and 21st floors; real-estate services firm Landauer Associates on the 18th floor; and the Union Bank of Bavaria and Westpac on one floor each. When Bank of America Plaza opened, several other large banks were relocating to Madison Avenue.^[200] Paul Goldberger criticized the new design, saying, "Now the East Coast headquarters of the Bank of America, this is a bloated, heavy form of glass and polished granite, unrelieved by any of the gracious ornament that made the old Biltmore so beloved a presence."^[201] Further tenants moved into the building in the 1990s, such as the American Management Association^[202] and the New York Life Insurance Company.^[203]

Bank of America relocated to 1 Bryant Park in 2010^[204] and the structure became known by its address, 335 Madison Avenue.^[205] By the 2010s, the building's tenants included several technology companies, such as Addepar^[206] and Facebook Inc.^[207] During that decade, city government officials sought to change zoning regulations around Grand Central Terminal as part of the Midtown East rezoning plan. After the Midtown East rezoning was announced, Paul Milstein's son Howard Milstein indicated in 2015 that he wanted to construct a larger office tower with a luxury hotel on the site.^{[208] [209]} Milstein subsequently decided to renovate the existing building and add an atrium lobby for US$150 million to designs by SHoP Architects.^{[210] [211]} In addition, 335 Madison Avenue was rebranded as The Company Building, and its space was advertised to technology startups.

The renovation was largely completed by the end of 2019. The building was again renamed in late 2022, becoming 22 Vanderbilt.^[212], the building's major tenants included Bain & Co..^{[213] [214]}

Guests

Among the hotel's early guests was William H. Newman, president of the New York Central Railroad, who lived there until his death in 1918,^[215] as well as architect William Rutherford Mead of the firm McKim, Mead & White, who was recorded as living at the Biltmore in 1919. During the 1920s, New York governor Al Smith also occupied a suite of rooms in the Biltmore Hotel.^[216]

Use as meeting place

Christopher Gray wrote in 2013, "The Biltmore, and in particular its clock, became almost as much an institution as Grand Central itself." The reclusive writer J. D. Salinger frequently met William Shawn, the editor of The New Yorker, under the Biltmore's lobby clock.^[217] Writer F. Scott Fitzgerald was also among those who met "under the clock at the Biltmore". In the hotel's heyday, hundreds of young women met with each other under the Biltmore's clock. Additionally, for several decades, the Belmore Cafeteria at the Biltmore Hotel was a common gathering place for New York City's taxi drivers.^[218]

The hotel was a popular meeting place for college students because of its proximity to Grand Central Terminal,^[219] as well as to several clubs for Ivy League alumni. The New York Herald Tribune wrote in 1956 that up to 2,000 students gathered at the hotel on Fridays and Saturdays. During some holidays, more than half of the hotel's total revenue came from college students; in many cases, 16 to 18 students would book rooms at the same time. To attract these students, the hotel offered discounts of 40 to 60 percent. The New York Times wrote in 1957 that the hotel was "the unofficial headquarters here for college and preparatory schools".^[220] In 1970, the Young Women's Towne House took over 32 rooms at the hotel, renting the rooms to young women at discounted rates.^[221]

Democratic Party use

The Biltmore was also frequented by Democratic Party politicians, who frequently conducted deals at the hotel's Turkish baths and rented the function rooms during elections. This trend had started in the 1930s, when Democratic Party chairman James A. Farley established a command post there. During the 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, and 1948 U.S. presidential elections, the Democratic National Committee operated its national campaign out of the Biltmore Hotel.^[222] Democratic presidential candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt also had his national campaign headquarters there in 1932, 1936, and 1940.^[223] The Democratic Party occupied all of the hotel's second floor until 1962. Employees frequently described Farley, merchant Bernard F. Gimbel, and boxer Gene Tunney as part of "the Order of the Biltmore Baths" because they frequented the hotel's Turkish baths. At the time of the Biltmore's closure in 1981, several prominent Democrats still occupied offices on the mezzanine, including Tammany Hall chief Carmine DeSapio and former New York Democratic Party chairman Michael H. Prendergast.

Events

Soon after the Biltmore opened, it began hosting annual events, including New York Hotel Men's Association parties,^[224] Old Guard balls,^[225] and National Horse Show dinners.^[226] Additionally, in 1915, Henry Ford tried to broker a truce agreement to halt World War I while headquartered at the Biltmore.^[227] On August 4, 1916, the Treaty of the Danish West Indies was signed at the hotel, which transferred possession of the Danish West Indies, now the United States Virgin Islands, from Denmark to the United States.^[228] Other events at the hotel included a 1915 luncheon in honor of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson;^[229] a 1931 dinner in which the main ballroom was decorated to resemble the horse-racing track at Belmont Park; and a 1936 luncheon in honor of Madison Avenue's centennial.^[230]

From May 6 to 11, 1942, the hotel was the location of the Biltmore Conference, a meeting of Zionist groups that produced the Biltmore Program, a series of demands regarding Palestine.^[231] Soviet president Nikita Khrushchev and industrialist Cyrus S. Eaton ate lunch at the hotel in 1960, drawing widespread protests.^[232] In its later years, the Biltmore largely hosted conventions, such as a biennial convention of the American Jewish Congress.^[233]

See also

• List of former hotels in Manhattan

References

Sources

• Book: Pennoyer . Peter . The Architecture of Warren & Wetmore . Walker . Anne . 2006 . W.W. Norton . 0-393-73162-6 . New York . 60798503.
• Book: Schlichting, Kurt C. . Grand Central Terminal: Railroads, Architecture and Engineering in New York . Johns Hopkins University Press . 2001 . 978-0-8018-6510-7 . Baltimore . Kurt C. Schlichting.

External links

• 22 Vanderbilt official website
• Architectural Record article (1912)

Notes and References

1. March 1, 1913 . A Burglar-Proof Hotel: The Biltmore Will Also Be Noiseless—Building Material Quantities . 35 . 9 . 15 . . The Construction News.
2. News: February 2, 1913 . With the Surrounding Buildings It Covers an Area of Thirty City Blocks – Can Accommodate 100,000,000 People a Year. . en-US . The New York Times . November 6, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 4, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504023722/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/02/02/archives/with-the-surrounding-buildings-it-covers-an-area-of-thirty-city.html . live .
3. May 1, 1912 . Mr. John McE. Bowman . 11 . 5 . 14 . . Bit and Spur.
4. June 1, 1912 . New York's Greatest Hotel Building . 325 . . Building Age.
5. News: December 29, 1913 . Biltmore to Open New Year's Eve: New Hotel Rising 26 Stories and Covering Block Built in Record Time . 4 . New-York Tribune . November 6, 2022 . . November 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221106214759/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112650060/biltmore-to-open-new-years-eve/ . live .
6. News: April 26, 1912 . New Skyscraper Hotel: One 23 Stories to Be Built Near Grand Central Station Will Cost $5,500,000 Two Railroads Will Lease It to Company Headed by Gustav Baumann . 9 . New-York Tribune . .
7. News: May 12, 1912 . New Grand Central an Engineering Marvel . 47, 48 . The Sun . November 9, 2022 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109221951/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112807420/new-grand-central-an-engineering-marvel/ . live .
8. News: January 4, 1912 . The Real Estate Field; New York Central Railroad to Erect Twenty-Story Hotel on Madison Ave. – Old Smith Mansion Sold – $225,000 Deal on East Tenth St. – Activity on Upper West Side. . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107171053/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/01/04/archives/the-real-estate-field-new-york-central-railroad-to-erect.html . live .
9. News: December 26, 1913 . Open Big Biltmore on New Year's Eve; Newest of the City's Great Hotels Has Novel Features . en-US . The New York Times . November 6, 2022 . 0362-4331 . . . November 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221106214759/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/12/26/archives/open-big-biltmore-on-new-years-eve-newest-of-the-citys-great-hotels.html . live .
10. News: February 26, 1912 . $5,500,000 Hotel in New Grand Central; A 23-Story Structure Will Be Part of New York Central's Terminal Improvements. . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107164515/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/02/26/archives/5500000-hotel-in-new-grand-central-a-23story-structure-will-be-part.html . live .
11. July 27, 1912 . Building Materials . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 90 . 172 . . 2315.
12. July 27, 1912 . Grand Central Work . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 90 . 171 . . 2315.
13. News: Mann . Ted . September 26, 2012 . Station Will Restore 'Kissing Room' . en-US . The Wall Street Journal . November 7, 2022 . 0099-9660 . November 6, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121106165714/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444358804578018833529575630.html . live .
14. News: Tomasson . Robert E. . April 21, 1985 . Waiting Room at Grand Central Regains Sense of Grandeur . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109230122/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/21/nyregion/waiting-room-at-grand-central-regains-sense-of-grandeur.html . live .
15. News: Anders . Marjorie . November 24, 1985 . One Place Really Is as Busy as Grand Central Station the Cliche Has the New York Terminal's Name Wrong, But Its Character Just Right . 2 . Los Angeles Times . .
16. News: Schneider . Daniel B. . August 6, 2000 . F.y.i. . The New York Times . December 14, 2018 . 0362-4331 . December 15, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181215071620/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/06/nyregion/fyi-527858.html . live .
17. Web site: April 2018 . Grand Central Directory . March 30, 2020 . Grand Central Terminal . August 12, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180812132323/https://www.grandcentralterminal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DirectoryMap.pdf . live .
18. News: September 14, 1930 . Grand Central Zone Boasts Many Connected Buildings; Pedestrians May Walk Underground for Blocks With out Ever Coming Into Contact With Street Traffic Thousands Use Passages. Reducing Vibration. . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200422193931/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/09/14/archives/grand-central-zone-boasts-many-connected-buildings-pedestrians-may.html . live .
19. Jan 1913 . The New Grand Central Terminal in New York . 86 . 1 . 38 . . Bankers' Magazine.
20. Web site: Baird-Remba . Rebecca . June 5, 2019 . The Plan: A 1980s Office Tower at 335 Madison Avenue Gets a 1920s Update . November 8, 2022 . Commercial Observer . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108000251/https://commercialobserver.com/2019/06/a-1980s-office-tower-at-335-madison-avenue-gets-a-1920s-update/ . live .
21. News: February 17, 1936 . Main Leak Floods Grand Central; Terminal Taxi Ramp Covered by Six Feet of Water Pouring From Street . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108013456/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/02/17/archives/main-leak-floods-grand-central-terminal-taxi-ramp-covered-by-six.html . live .
22. News: February 17, 1936 . Broken Main Causes Flood at Grand Central: Tracks on West Side, Cab Ramp and Biltmore Hotel Basement Are Inundated . 1 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
23. March 1919 . The World's Newest and Largest Hotels: The Hotel Pennsylvania and The Hotel Commodore . live . VIII . 55 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200519055755/https://books.google.com/books?id=C9DmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA55 . May 19, 2020 . May 6, 2016 . Google Books . 3 . Architectural Review.
24. February 1, 1914 . Article 3 – No Title . 29 . 2 . 33 . . Architecture.
25. News: August 31, 1924 . Remodeling Front of Hotel Biltmore . RE1 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
26. November 1, 1913 . The Biltmore Hotel Plans . 42 . 5 . 43 . . . . The Wall – Paper News and Interior Decorator.
27. News: Johnston . Laurie . August 17, 1981 . Biltmore Dismantling Stopped Again: For Hotel, Clock Runs Out . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108185807/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/17/nyregion/biltmore-dismantling-stopped-again-for-hotel-clock-runs-out.html . live .
28. August 19, 1981 . Personal Appearance: Biltmore Hotel's Internal Surgery . Variety . 304 . 3 . 69 . .
29. News: Baldwin . Mary Burt . October 16, 1962 . Parlour Car Offers Oasis For Women . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109175450/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/10/16/archives/parlour-car-offers-oasis-for-women.html . live .
30. News: Nangle . Eleanor . December 14, 1962 . Parlour Car Serves as Refuge for Women . B11 . Chicago Daily Tribune . .
31. January 15, 1914 . The New Biltmore . 13 . 2 . 47 . . The Spur.
32. News: September 6, 1974 . New York Hopes Flea Market Puts Zing Into Station Hotels . 31 . The Hartford Courant . .
33. News: Emblen . Frank . August 22, 1982 . Follow-Up On the News; Clock Passes Time . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109192940/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/22/nyregion/follow-up-on-the-news-clock-passes-time.html . live .
34. News: Gonzalez . Arturo F. . November 11, 1956 . Under the Clock: Every Weekend Thousands of College Students Turn the Biltmore's Lobby into a Campus Crossroads . F10 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
35. News: Gottlieb . Martin . September 30, 1983 . Developer Won't Recreate Part of Biltmore Palm Court . en-US . The New York Times . live . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403044050/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/30/nyregion/developer-won-t-recreate-part-of-biltmore-palm-court.html . April 3, 2022 . 0362-4331.
36. News: Martin . Douglas . August 10, 2010 . Paul Milstein, City Real Estate Titan, Dies at 88 . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108230056/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/nyregion/10milstein.html . live .
37. News: September 24, 1953 . News of Food; Wanamaker's Gourmet Corner Well Stocked – Biltmore Hotel Introduces Luncheon Buffet . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108194432/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/09/24/archives/news-of-food-wanamakers-gourmet-corner-well-stocked-biltmore-hotel.html . live .
38. News: October 3, 1936 . Night Club Notes; New Triumphs at the Hollywood, Rainbow Room and Elsewhere – Another Heavy Week Ahead. . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108194430/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/10/03/archives/night-club-notes-new-triumphs-at-the-hollywood-rainbow-room-and.html . live .
39. News: October 3, 1936 . Biltmore Opens Room: Mr. And Mrs. J. J. Kelly Among Those Taking Guests . 15 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
40. News: September 23, 1942 . Bowman Room Reopened . 23 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
41. News: September 7, 1947 . Large Interior Reconstruction Kept From Biltmore Guests: Owners of 28-Story Midtown Hostelry Plan to Build 'Entirely New Hotel Within Present Walls' Without Interruption of Service . D1 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
42. News: Grutzner. Charles. April 13, 1950. Dancing in Hotels Bows to 20% Tax; New Yorker Joins Many That Have Cut Entertainment as 'Free Spending Era' Dies. en-US. The New York Times. November 29, 2022. 0362-4331. November 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221129170443/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/04/13/archives/dancing-in-hotels-bows-to-20-tax-new-yorker-joins-many-that-have.html. live.
43. News: Berger . Meyer . March 8, 1954 . About New York; Busy Blonde Is City's One Woman Ambulance Driver – Biltmore Has Only Hotel Chapel . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108230056/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/03/08/archives/about-new-york-busy-blonde-is-citys-one-woman-ambulance-driver.html . live .
44. News: January 4, 1914 . New Biltmore Hotel New York's Latest . C3 . The Atlanta Constitution . .
45. News: June 16, 1914 . New York Dancing Atop the Hotels; Only One Fashionable Establishment Now Lacks a "Roof" and It Will Be Ready Soon. . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107181806/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/06/16/archives/new-york-dancing-atop-the-hotels-only-one-fashionable-establishment.html . live .
46. November 15, 1917 . At the New York Hotels . 20 . 10 . 54 . . The Spur.
47. News: December 31, 1913 . Biltmore Hotel Opens . 5 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . November 7, 2022 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107171053/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112689769/biltmore-hotel-opens/ . live .
48. News: Gray . Christopher . March 21, 2013 . A Rendezvous With 1,000 Rooms . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107232843/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/realestate/a-long-gone-rendezvous-with-1000-rooms.html . live .
49. News: July 26, 1920 . Skyscraper to Go Up on Hotel Manhattan Site: Resort Where the Famous Cocktail Originated Will Close Wednesday; Prohibition Is Blamed Lease Is Sold by Bowman World's Largest Hostelry To Be Built in Pershing Square in New Group . 16 . New-York Tribune . .
50. News: September 29, 1912 . Get a Home De Luxe in Biltmore Hotel; Lessees Will Build You One to Order in the Proposed New York Central Structure. . en-US . The New York Times . November 6, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221106204324/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/09/29/archives/get-a-home-de-luxe-in-biltmore-hotel-lessees-will-build-you-one-to.html . live .
51. Sprague . J. L. . Cunningham . J. J. . 2013 . A Frank Sprague Triumph: The Electrification of Grand Central Terminal [History] . IEEE Power and Energy Magazine . 11 . 1 . 58–76 . 10.1109/mpe.2012.2222293 . 1540-7977 . 6729668.
52. Web site: January 8, 1902 . WGBH American Experience . Grand Central . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151023113600/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/grandcentral-parkave/ . October 23, 2015 . November 8, 2015 . PBS . . News: January 9, 1902 . Fifteen Killed in Rear End Collision; Trains Crash in Darkness of Park Avenue Tunnel . The New York Times . live . December 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202815/https://www.nytimes.com/1902/01/09/archives/fifteen-killed-in-rear-end-collision-trains-crash-in-darkness-of.html . December 10, 2018 . 0362-4331 . . News: January 9, 1902 . Fifteen Killed, Thirty-Six Hurt . 1 . New-York Tribune . live . December 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202754/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26110515/fifteen_killed_thirtysix_hurt/ . December 10, 2018.
53. News: Roberts . Sam . January 18, 2013 . 100 Years of Grandeur: The Birth of Grand Central Terminal . The New York Times . live . December 14, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181116154606/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/20/nyregion/the-birth-of-grand-central-terminal-100-years-later.html?pagewanted=all . November 16, 2018 . 0362-4331 . none.
54. September 2006 . Grand Central Terminal Opens . Railway Age . 78 . 0033-8826.
55. News: February 2, 1913 . Modern Terminal Supplies Patrons with Home Comforts . The New York Times . live . February 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220424164513/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/02/02/100252911.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 . April 24, 2022 . 0362-4331.
56. News: September 14, 1930 . Grand Central Zone Boasts Many Connected Buildings . en-US . The New York Times . live . June 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200422193931/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/09/14/archives/grand-central-zone-boasts-many-connected-buildings-pedestrians-may.html . April 22, 2020 . 0362-4331.
57. 353–354.
58. News: Gray . Christopher . August 19, 2010 . Covering Its Tracks Paid Off Handsomely . The New York Times . live . December 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191017000715/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/realestate/22scapes.html . October 17, 2019 . 0362-4331.
59. Book: Fitch . James Marston . Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-Critical Estimate of Their Significance . Waite . Diana S. . 1974 . The Division . Albany, New York . 6 . en.
60. News: September 14, 1920 . Another Building for Terminal Zone; 12-Story Commercial Structure to Be Erected Opposite the Commodore Hotel . The New York Times . live . October 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191017022805/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/09/14/archives/another-building-for-terminal-zone-12story-commercial-structure-to.html . October 17, 2019 . 0362-4331.
61. Helmsley Building . March 31, 1987 . . 4–5.
62. Book: Langmead, Donald . Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center . Greenwood Press . 2009 . 978-0-313-34207-3 . Greenwood Icons . November 7, 2022 . February 17, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230217154852/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTh8b2cyGBcC&pg=PA179 . live .
63. News: Gray . Christopher . August 19, 2010 . Covering Its Tracks Paid Off Handsomely . The New York Times . December 10, 2018 . 0362-4331 . October 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191017000715/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/realestate/22scapes.html . live .
64. March 15, 1912 . The New York Central's Interest Free Terminal . 52 . 11 . 462 . . Railway Age Gazette.
65. News: 1930-03-09. Origin of Names of Hotels Here; Named for Interested Families or After Well-Known European Hostelries. en-US. The New York Times. 2022-12-15. 0362-4331. December 15, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221215162047/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/03/09/archives/origin-of-names-of-hotels-here-named-for-interested-families-or.html. live.
66. News: October 9, 1912 . Roads Share in Grand Central Real Estate Development.: Expenses to Be Financed by a Separate Company Whose Obligations Are Guaranteed by N.Y. Central and New Haven the Commercial Buildings. . 5 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
67. News: January 1, 1914 . Biltmore Hotel Opens . en-US . The New York Times . November 6, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221106204321/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/01/01/archives/identify-the-man-dead-in-a-trunk-he-was-ivan-martysewitz-faurot.html . live .
68. News: March 31, 1912 . $4,500,000 Hotel: Plans Filed for 26-Story Structure on New York Central Block . XX1 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
69. News: October 28, 1931 . John M'E. Bowman, Hotel Builder, Dies; Head of Three Large Chains Succumbs in Hospital Here After Operation on Oct. 12 . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108152126/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/10/28/archives/john-me-bowman-hotel-builder-dies-head-of-three-large-chains.html . live .
70. News: April 8, 1912 . A Million to Furnish the New Biltmore . 8 . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107191948/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112697026/a-million-to-furnish-the-new-biltmore/ . live .
71. News: April 29, 1912 . Rush Biltmore Hotel Plans: Gustave Baumann and Associates Give Out Silverware Contract . 12 . New-York Tribune . November 7, 2022 . . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107171053/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112689891/biltmore/ . live .
72. News: July 24, 1912 . To Build Biltmore Hotel . 14 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . November 6, 2022 . November 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221106204321/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112646335/to-build-biltmore-hotel/ . live .
73. News: July 24, 1912 . The Real Estate Field; West Side Apartment House Deal Involving Properties Valued at $635,000 – Loft Zone and Civic Centre Sales – Fuller Company Gets $5,500,000 Hotel Biltmore Contract. . en-US . The New York Times . November 6, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221106204320/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/07/24/archives/the-real-estate-field-west-side-apartment-house-deal-involving.html . live .
74. August 2, 1912 . Railway Structures . 53 . 5 . 229 . . Railway Age Gazette.
75. News: June 8, 1912 . Grand Central Terminal: Contracts for the Biltmore Hotel—Plans For the Y. M. C. A. And the Yale Club Buildings. . 2 . The Wall Street Journal . November 7, 2022 . 0099-9660 . . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107171055/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112689945/gct/ . live .
76. August 24, 1912 . Building Materials . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 90 . 357 . . 2319.
77. November 22, 1912 . Progress on the Grand Central Terminal: Description of This Project, The Most Important Unit of Which Is Now Nearing Completion, With Details of Construction . 53 . 21 . 981 . . Railway Age Gazette.
78. News: December 30, 1913 . Hotel Biltmore Plans Opening . 15 . The Christian Science Monitor . .
79. August 3, 1912 . Our First Station Hotel . The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide . 90 . 214 . . 2316.
80. News: February 17, 1929 . Study Congestion at Grand Central; Several New Skyscrapers Will Add to Traffic Problem in Terminal Zone . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108152124/https://www.nytimes.com/1929/02/17/archives/study-congestion-at-grand-central-several-new-skyscrapers-will-add.html . live .
81. News: December 31, 1913 . Biltmore Hotel Gets an Informal Opening . 10 . The Evening World . November 7, 2022 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107171056/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112689679/biltmore-hotel-gets-an-informal-opening/ . live .
82. News: December 27, 1913 . Biltmore Hotel to Open . 3 . The Wall Street Journal . November 7, 2022 . 0099-9660 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107171054/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112689593/biltmore-hotel-to-open/ . live .
83. News: October 15, 1914 . Gustav Baumann Falls to Death; Biltmore President, Losing Balance, Plunges Over Parapet on 22d Floor of Hotel . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107171053/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/10/15/archives/gustav-baumann-falls-to-death-biltmore-president-losing-balance.html . live .
84. News: October 15, 1914 . Biltmore Head Falls to Death: Gustav Baumann Plunges Twenty Stories to Roof of the Restaurant Wanted to Observe Drill of Waiters Coroner Calls Death Accidental—Management First Says Cause Is Apoplexy . 14 . New-York Tribune . .
85. News: July 14, 1916 . Gustav Baumann Left $190,695 Net; Biltmore Hotel He Opened Nine Months Before He Died Worth $4,029,656 Then . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107191953/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/07/14/archives/gustav-baumann-left-190695-net-biltmore-hotel-he-opened-nine-months.html . live .
86. News: July 17, 1916 . Directs Accounting of Architects' Firm; Court Holds That Warren & Wetmore Unfairly Canceled Agreement with Partners . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107232843/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/07/17/archives/directs-accounting-of-architects-firm-court-holds-that-warren.html . live .
87. News: February 10, 1920 . Architect Wins His $500,000 Appeal; A.H. Stem and Partner's Estate Upheld in the Highest State Court . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107231456/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/02/10/archives/architect-wins-his-500000-appeal-ah-stem-and-partners-estate-upheld.html . live .
88. News: November 9, 1914 . Heads the Biltmore . 7 . New-York Tribune . .
89. News: May 6, 1918 . 5 Hotels in $40,000,000 Merger Here: Belmont, Murray Hill, Biltmore, Manhattan and Commodore Are Linked Bates and Bowman Sign Agreement Underground Access Given to Entire Chain From Grand Central . 14 . New-York Tribune . .
90. News: May 6, 1918 . Bowman Adds Two Hotels to Holdings; Control of the Belmont and Murray Hill Obtained from B. L. M. Bates . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107191948/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/05/06/archives/bowman-adds-two-hotels-to-holdings-control-of-the-belmont-and.html . live .
91. News: May 6, 1918 . 5 New York Hotels Combine: Big Hostelries Near Grand Central Station Unite Their Interests . 2 . The Washington Post . 0190-8286 . .
92. News: December 16, 1918 . New York Hotels Are Crowded With Guests: People Flock Here to Greet Friends Coming Home From War—Must Engage Rooms Ahead . 7 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
93. News: July 2, 1919 . Dry Wave Hits Big Hotel Bars Knockout Blow: Bartender in Ritz-Carlton Blushes as He Admits Receipts Are 30 Cents; Others Nearly as Bad . 1 . New-York Tribune . .
94. News: January 19, 1921 . New York Terminal District Hotels Prosperous: Reports an Active Business in 1920 and So Far This Year-- Business Men From All Directions Now Coming to the City . 4 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
95. News: July 12, 1924 . Arcade and Stores For Hotel Biltmore . 16 . The New York Herald, New York Tribune . .
96. News: July 12, 1924 . Biltmore to House a Block of Shops; Madison Avenue Front of the Hotel Will Be Completely Remodeled. . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107232837/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/07/12/archives/biltmore-to-house-a-block-of-shops-madison-avenue-front-of-the.html . live .
97. News: April 28, 1929 . New York Builds 'Rue De La Paix'; Madison Avenue and Fifty Seventh Street Become a New Shopping Centre . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108230055/https://www.nytimes.com/1929/04/28/archives/new-york-builds-rue-de-la-paix-madison-avenue-and-fifty-seventh.html . live .
98. May 13, 1926 . Instalment Selling And Insurance Dominate Session Of Controllers' Congress Convention: New Store Planned For Gotham Hosiery: Retail Outlet In Biltmore Hotel To Supplant Fifth Ave. Shop, Closing In 6 Months . Women's Wear . 32 . 112 . 8 . .
99. December 22, 1924 . Retailers Lease Store In Hotel Biltmore . Women's Wear . 29 . 146 . 37 . .
100. News: June 1, 1928 . Chain Drug Stores Lease Shops in the Central Section: Walgreen Co., Chicago, Will Locate on 42d St.; Neve Gets Hotel Biltmore Space . 42 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
101. News: January 1, 1939 . Biltmore Hotel Has Completed First 25 Years: Began March Toward Second Quarter Last Night; Opened Dec. 31, 1913 . C2 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
102. News: Fowler . Glenn . July 30, 1965 . Chatham Added to List of Hotels To Be Razed for New Buildings . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109184357/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/30/archives/chatham-added-to-list-of-hotels-to-be-razed-for-new-buildings.html . live .
103. News: May 9, 1930 . Canadian Club of New York Returns to Hotel Biltmore . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108152125/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/05/09/archives/canadian-club-of-new-york-returns-to-hotel-biltmore.html . live .
104. News: June 27, 1934 . Traffic Club Celebrates in New Quarters: Williamson Tells of Roads' Efforts to Meet Competition in Railroad Field . 26 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
105. News: June 27, 1934 . Traffic Club Fete Opens New Home; 1,000 Members and Guests Take Part in Program Marking Move to Biltmore . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108194431/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/06/27/archives/traffic-club-fete-opens-new-home-1000-members-and-guests-take-part.html . live .
106. News: May 15, 1934 . Oases Here Quick to Plan Big Bars; Hotels, Restaurants and Other Drinking Places Seek Rulings on Length Limits . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108194430/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/05/15/archives/oases-here-quick-to-plan-big-bars-hotels-restaurants-and-other.html . live .
107. News: May 17, 1934 . Vertical Drinking Legal in New York on Monday: Hotels Rush to Instal Bars, Two Claiming Longest in World—Old Horseshoe Sought . 32 . Daily Boston Globe . .
108. News: May 20, 1934 . Makeshift Bars in Use Tomorrow; Most Hotels Still Working on Elaborate Furnishings for 'Stand-Up' Drinking . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108194430/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/05/20/archives/makeshift-bars-in-use-tomorrow-most-hotels-still-working-on.html . live .
109. News: Batchelder . Roger . May 22, 1934 . New York Bars Do Not Want Women Standees: Decide Their Place Is at Tables—Hotels Caught Without Brass Rail by Early Opening—Speakies On the Wane . 1 . Daily Boston Globe . .
110. News: December 22, 1934 . Hotel Chain Files Bankruptcy Plea; The Bowman-Biltmore Company Asks to Reorganize – Blames Depression for Troubles. . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108162057/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/12/22/archives/hotel-chain-files-bankruptcy-plea-the-bowmanbiltmore-company-asks.html . live .
111. News: December 9, 1934 . Biltmore Is Taken Over By Realty Hotels Firm: Mulligan Remains in Charge of Operating . 26 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
112. News: June 30, 1957 . Fabulous Riches Seen In Railroad's Real Estate . 20A1 . The Hartford Courant . .
113. News: August 7, 1940 . Three Hotels Grouped; Realty Hotels, Inc., To Run Park Lane, Chatham, Biltmore . The New York Times . live . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403031052/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/08/07/archives/three-hotels-grouped-realty-hotels-inc-to-run-park-lane-chatham.html . April 3, 2022.
114. News: August 7, 1940 . Biltmore Park Lane, Chatham in One Control . 31 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
115. News: January 26, 1940 . Hotel Bookings In City Reach Record Levels: War, Gasoline Rationing and Buyers' Visits Crowd All, From Mills to Waldorf . 15 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
116. News: April 4, 1958 . Central Losing on Rail Operations But Its Hotels Are Nicely in the Black . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108162057/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/04/04/archives/central-losing-on-rail-operations-but-its-hotels-are-nicely-in-the.html . live .
117. News: April 4, 1958 . New York Central Says Its Hotels' Net Rose 50% in 3 Years: Perlman Discloses Plans to Add Roosevelt, Commodore Hotels When Their Leases End . 11 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
118. News: Monahan . John M. . April 4, 1958 . Central to Take Over Commodore, Roosevelt as Leases Expire in '60s . B5 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
119. News: December 19, 1922 . Will Foster Art Sales; Painters and Sculptors' Gallery Association to Begin Work. . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109170624/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/12/19/archives/will-foster-art-sales-painters-and-sculptors-gallery-association-to.html . live .
120. News: May 20, 1959 . Grand Central Art Galleries In New Home . 20 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
121. News: Preston . Stuart . May 23, 1959 . Sunny Landscapes Fill Biltmore Lobby . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109170625/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/05/23/archives/sunny-landscapes-fill-biltmore-lobby.html . live .
122. News: October 31, 1958 . Galleries to End 36 Years in Depot . The New York Times . live . 0362-4331 . February 11, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305232022/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902EFDC133FE43ABC4950DFB6678383649EDE . March 5, 2016.
123. News: Bartnett . Edmond J. . July 8, 1961 . Line and Central in a Dispute On 500 Million in Real Estate; 50-Year Fight Nears Climax Over New Pan Am Project-New Haven Interest Dates to Lease 113 Years Old . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109175452/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/07/08/archives/line-and-central-in-a-dispute-on-500-million-in-real-estate-50year.html . live .
124. News: December 11, 1958 . Road's 'Eviction' of Hotel Halted; Court Bars Action by New Haven Against Biltmore Until Central Hearing . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108162056/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/12/11/archives/roads-eviction-of-hotel-halted-court-bars-action-by-new-haven.html . live .
125. News: December 1, 1958 . New Haven Road Asks 'Equal Voice' With Central Road in Running Biltmore Hotel . 4 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
126. News: Bedingfield . Robert E. . November 30, 1958 . Hotel Biltmore Gets An 'Eviction Notice' . en-US . The New York Times . November 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105234449/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/11/30/archives/hotel-biltmore-gets-an-eviction-notice-new-haven-seeks-to-oust.html . live .
127. News: December 5, 1958 . New Haven Road Files Petition for Arbitration Of Dispute With Central: Court Asked to Compel Central to Let 3-Man Board Settle Feud Over Mid-Manhattan Building . 11 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
128. News: December 5, 1958 . New Haven Acts to Force Central To Arbitrate Dispute on Realty . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108162056/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/12/05/archives/new-haven-acts-to-force-central-to-arbitrate-dispute-on-realty-new.html . live .
129. News: December 11, 1958 . New Haven Road Claim On Control of Biltmore Is Blocked by Court: Tribunal to Act Tomorrow on Central Road Bid For Permanent Injunction Against Claim . 6 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
130. News: Bedingfield . Robert E. . September 27, 1960 . Court Gives New Haven a Share With Central in Biltmore Profits . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108162057/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/27/archives/court-gives-new-haven-a-share-with-central-in-biltmore-profits-new.html . live .
131. News: September 27, 1960 . New Haven Road Wins Court Test Against Central Over Hotel: Judge Upholds Claim to Voice in Running Biltmore, Other Grand Central Properties . 7 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
132. News: Maiorana . Ronald . June 23, 1961 . Court Backs New Haven Road On Claims to Biltmore Hotel . en-US . The New York Times . November 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105234453/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/23/archives/court-backs-new-haven-road-on-claims-to-biltmore-hotel-new-haven.html . live .
133. News: July 7, 1962 . New Haven Road Wins Court Fight; Appeals Unit Backs Bid for Equality With the Central in Running Biltmore . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108162059/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/07/archives/new-haven-road-wins-court-fight-appeals-unit-backs-bid-for-equality.html . live .
134. News: July 31, 1962 . New York Central Told To Deposit $1.6 Million Due New Haven Road: Move to Delay Payment Denied by Court; Central Says New Haven Railroad Owes It $L.1 Million . 7 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
135. News: September 20, 1962 . 3 Hotels Join in Bid to Counter Rivals . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109175454/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/20/archives/3-hotels-join-in-bid-to-counter-rivals.html . live .
136. News: October 20, 1964 . Hotels Here Face a Critical Period; Many Are Believed Doomed in Transition to Meet the Demands of Jet Age . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109175452/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/20/archives/hotels-here-face-a-critical-period-many-are-believed-doomed-in.html . live .
137. News: Witehouse . Franklin . August 6, 1967 . Hotels Join Trend to Automatic Elevators; But Some Cling to Older Note of Operator Service . en-US . The New York Times . October 24, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221024165138/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/08/06/archives/hotels-join-trend-to-automatic-elevators-but-some-cling-to-older.html . live .
138. Cohen . Joe . January 22, 1969 . Vaudeville: More Leisure, Faster Travel Key Realty Hotels' Future Plans; Map $22,000,000 Revamp for N.Y. Inns . Variety . 253 . 10 . 51–52 . .
139. News: Hammer . Alexander R. . February 8, 1970 . Bookings Fat, Profits Lean In N.Y. Hotels . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109184342/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/08/archives/bookings-fat-profits-lean-in-ny-hotels-profit-of-hotels-lags-in-new.html . live .
140. News: February 3, 1969 . Realty Hotels Appoints New Head of Biltmore . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108152127/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/03/archives/realty-hotels-appoints-new-head-of-biltmore.html . live .
141. Web site: March 20, 2019 . "No Unescorted Ladies Will Be Served" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403033149/https://daily.jstor.org/no-unescorted-ladies-will-be-served/ . April 3, 2022 . April 3, 2022.
142. News: Biltmore Closes Cafe Fanny, Men's Bar Successor. The New York Times. April 15, 1979. April 3, 2022. April 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220403034536/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/15/archives/biltmore-closes-cafe-fanny-mens-bar-successor-the-name-was-changed.html. live.
143. News: May 21, 1971 . '21' and Biltmore Accused Of Bias Against Women . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109184343/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/21/archives/-21-and-biltmore-accused-of-bias-against-women.html . live .
144. News: McFadden . Robert D. . December 3, 1973 . Biltmore Bar Must Erase A 4-Letter Word: Mens . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109184359/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/03/archives/biltmore-bar-must-erase-a-4letter-word-mens-signs-must-go.html . live .
145. News: July 18, 1974 . Men's Bar Loses Round In Battle of Status Quo . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109184345/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/18/archives/mens-bar-loses-round-in-battle-of-status-quo.html . live .
146. 13 Mar 1972 . Equipment & Engineering: Another Joins Ranks of Hotel Cartridge TV . Broadcasting . 82 . 11 . 55–56 . .
147. News: Tomasson . Robert E. . May 4, 1975 . Deal Negotiated for Commodore . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109184401/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/04/archives/deal-negotiated-for-commodore-hyatt-would-operate-it-after.html . live .
148. News: The Hot L Biltmore. February 17, 1975. New York. April 3, 2022. July 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220707175431/https://books.google.com/books?id=9OgCAAAAMBAJ. live.
149. News: Kleiman . Dena . July 1, 1977 . It's All Over for the Biltmore Bar . en-US . The New York Times . July 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . April 3, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403034538/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/07/01/archives/its-all-over-for-the-biltmore-bar.html . live .
150. News: Hammer . Alexander R. . January 31, 1968 . Court Here Lets Railroads Consolidate Tomorrow . en-US . The New York Times . live . November 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220424164152/https://query.nytimes.com/mem/page.html?res=9A06E1DD1530EF34BC4950DFB7668383679EDE&legacy=true&status=nf . April 24, 2022 . 0362-4331.
151. News: September 18, 1970 . Ruling on Penn Central Unit's Bid to Defer $45.7 Million of Taxes Postponed by Judge . 5 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
152. News: Samuelson . Robert J. . 3 June 1971 . Penn Central Real Estate In New York Put on Market . E1 . The Washington Post, Times Herald . 0190-8286 . .
153. News: Bedingfield . Robert E. . June 3, 1971 . Pennsy Will Sell 23 Valuable Sites in Mid-Manhattan . en-US . The New York Times . live . June 11, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200611230449/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/03/archives/pennsy-will-sell-23-valuable-sites-in-midmanhattan-value-of-package.html . June 11, 2020 . 0362-4331.
154. News: June 3, 1971 . Pennsy to Sell $1 Billion of Manhattan Property: 10-Block Midtown Area Among Most Valuable in U.S. . E12 . Los Angeles Times . .
155. News: October 18, 1971 . Bids Trail Hopes On Penn Central Manhattan Sites: Observers Note Weak State Of Market, Legal Tangles, And Long Terms of Leases Judge Mulls Trustees' Plea . 6 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
156. News: Horsley . Carter B. . February 8, 1976 . First Sale For Pennsy In Midtown: 230 Park . en-US . The New York Times . live . June 11, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200611204717/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/08/archives/first-sale-for-pennsy-in-midtown-230-park-the-first-sale-for-pennsy.html . June 11, 2020 . 0362-4331.
157. News: Waggoner . Walter H. . July 30, 1972 . An Impressive Battery of Legal Talent Joins the Battle to Save Grand Central Terminal From Demolition . en-US . The New York Times . November 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105234446/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/07/30/archives/an-impressive-battery-of-legal-talent-joins-the-battle-to-save.html . live .
158. News: Oser . Alan S. . 1976-05-05 . About Real Estate . en-US . The New York Times . 2022-12-11 . 0362-4331 . December 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221211235226/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/05/archives/about-real-estate-penn-central-seeks-terms-on-realty-leases.html . live .
159. News: Williams . Winston . April 7, 1978 . Penn Central to Ask Permission For Sale of 3 New York Hotels . en-US . The New York Times . November 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105234446/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/07/archives/penn-central-to-ask-permission-for-sale-of-3-new-york-hotels-should.html . live .
160. News: April 18, 1978 . Supreme Court Told Group Favors 'Pristine State' for Grand Central . en-US . The New York Times . November 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105234448/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/18/archives/supreme-court-told-group-favors-pristine-state-for-grand-central.html . live .
161. News: Ibrahim . Youssef M. . May 5, 1978 . Mideast Bid for 3 New York Hotels . en-US . The New York Times . November 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105234446/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/05/archives/mideast-bid-for-3-new-york-hotels-mideast-group-seeks-3-hotels-in.html . live .
162. News: Knight . Jerry . May 5, 1978 . Surprise Bid Made for 3 NYC Hotels: Late Bid Made for 3 Hotels . F1 . The Washington Post . 0190-8286 . .
163. News: June 1, 1978 . Penn Central Sale Of Hotels to Loews Is Cleared by Court . 7 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
164. News: Jaynes . Gregory . June 1, 1978 . Bid by Loews Wins 3 New York Hotels . en-US . The New York Times . November 5, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105234451/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/01/archives/new-jersey-pages-bid-by-loews-wins-3-new-york-hotels-matched-55.html . live .
165. News: Horsley . Carter B. . December 4, 1977 . Interest in Hotel Projects Stirs As Luxury Market Booms . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . August 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220809213255/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/04/archives/interest-in-hotel-projects-stirs-as-luxury-market-booms-interest-in.html . live .
166. June 7, 1978 . Personal Appearances: Loews Now Largest N.Y. Hotel Operator Via $53-Mil PC Deal . Variety . 291 . 5 . 76 . .
167. News: 3 Prominent Midtown Hotels Sold; 2 May Be Turned Into Apartments. The New York Times. July 29, 1978. April 3, 2022. April 3, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220403031051/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/29/archives/3-prominent-midtown-hotels-sold-2-may-be-turned-into-apartments.html. live.
168. News: Prial . Frank J. . April 15, 1979 . Biltmore Closes Cafe Fanny, Men's Bar Successor . en-US . The New York Times . live . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403034536/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/15/archives/biltmore-closes-cafe-fanny-mens-bar-successor-the-name-was-changed.html . April 3, 2022 . 0362-4331.
169. News: Schuyten . Peter J. . June 23, 1980 . A Computer to Call Your Own; More Than One Function The Computer In the Home A Computer to Call Your Own Finding Good Service . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109192940/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/23/archives/a-computer-to-call-your-own-more-than-one-function-the-computer-in.html . live .
170. News: Cobb . Nathan . September 14, 1981 . Time Ran out on the Biltmore: Neither Preppies nor the Democrats Could Save the Old Place . B3 . The Sun . .
171. News: Horsley . Carter B. . March 11, 1979 . From Brick to Glass In Grand Central Area: From Brick to Glass in Grand Central Area . R1 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
172. News: Rosa . Paul La . September 2, 1981 . Could the Biltmore Have Been Saved? . 108, 109 . Daily News . November 10, 2022 . November 10, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221110003116/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112813285/could-the-biltmore-have-been/ . live .
173. News: McManus . Doyle . August 18, 1981 . Fast Remodeling Angers N. Y Preservationists: Clock Gone; Time Runs Out for Biltmore . B10 . Los Angeles Times . .
174. News: Horsley . Carter B. . July 29, 1981 . Biltmore Is Expected To Be Reconstructed Into Office Building . en-US . The New York Times . July 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150524084242/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/29/nyregion/biltmore-is-expected-to-be-reconstructed-into-office-building.html . live .
175. News: July 30, 1981 . Bank of America Gets Lease, Option to Buy Hotel in Manhattan . 12 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
176. News: Last Dance at The Biltmore. Haden-Guest. Anthony. September 7, 1981. New York. April 3, 2022. July 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220707175431/https://books.google.com/books?id=G-YCAAAAMBAJ. live.
177. News: Hirschfeld . Neal . August 16, 1981 . Day of Wreckoning for Biltmore Hotel . 98, 165 . Daily News . November 8, 2022 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108230056/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112761543/day-of-wreckoning-for-biltmore/ . live .
178. News: Dunlap . David W. . August 16, 1981 . Biltmore Closes, Surprising Guests . en-US . The New York Times . live . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220331182307/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/16/nyregion/biltmore-closes-surprising-guests.html . March 31, 2022 . 0362-4331.
179. News: August 17, 1981 . Demolition Crew Visits Biltmore Ahead of Time . 6 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . .
180. News: Russell . John . August 28, 1981 . Art: Things That Can Happen to a Print . The New York Times . live . February 11, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307061332/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/28/arts/art-things-that-can-happen-to-a-print.html . March 7, 2016.
181. News: Kenville . Mark . August 17, 1981 . Attempt To Halt Biltmore Hotel Stripping Fails . A13 . The Hartford Courant . .
182. News: August 17, 1981 . Biltmore Dismantling Stopped Again: A 2D Stay Is Gained Pending . en-US . The New York Times . July 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150524082058/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/17/nyregion/biltmore-dismantling-stopped-again-a-2d-stay-is-gained-pending.html . live .
183. News: Schaffer . Katharine . Sutton . Larry . August 17, 1981 . Preservationists Battling Biltmore Wrecker . 7 . Daily News . November 8, 2022 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108230057/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/112761447/preservationists-battling-biltmore/ . live .
184. News: Horsley . Carter B. . August 16, 1981 . Hotel Weighed as 'Landmark' . en-US . The New York Times . July 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150524081806/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/16/nyregion/hotel-weighed-as-landmark.html . live .
185. News: Dunlap . David W. . August 19, 1981 . Retaining Order to Block Biltmore Demolition Expires . The New York Times . July 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . March 6, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306140159/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/19/nyregion/retaining-order-to-block-biltmore-demolition-expire.html . live .
186. News: August 18, 1981 . Groups Lose Battle To Preserve Biltmore . 26 . Newsday . .
187. News: Dunlap . David W. . August 18, 1981 . Bid to Preserve What Is Left of Biltmore Is Set Back . en-US . The New York Times . July 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . January 25, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180125211634/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/18/nyregion/bid-to-preserve-what-is-left-of-biltmore-is-set-back.html . live .
188. News: Blair . William G. . September 10, 1981 . Accord Is Reached on Restoring Palm Court . en-US . The New York Times . July 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150524080744/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/10/nyregion/accord-is-reached-on-restoring-palm-court-of-the-biltmore-hotel.html . live .
189. News: September 20, 1981 . Board Refuses to List Biltmore as a Landmark . en-US . The New York Times . July 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150524082650/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/20/nyregion/board-refuses-to-list-biltmore-as-a-landmark.html . live .
190. News: October 18, 1981 . Milstein Opens Throttle as Builder . en-US . The New York Times . July 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . October 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171022005857/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/18/realestate/milstein-opens-throttle-as-builder.html . live .
191. News: Sulzberger . A. O. Jr. . September 20, 1981 . Landmarks Panel Adopts Bolder Tack . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109192941/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/20/nyregion/landmarks-panel-adopts-bolder-tack.html . live .
192. News: Dunlap . David W. . August 26, 1982 . Pact to Save Palm Court Violated, Group Asserts . en-US . The New York Times . July 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150524115908/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/26/nyregion/pact-to-save-palm-court-violated-group-asserts.html . live .
193. News: Gottlieb . Martin . October 6, 1983 . Landmark Group Plans Uses for Biltmore Funds . en-US . The New York Times . July 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . May 24, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150524134931/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/06/nyregion/landmark-group-plans-uses-for-biltmore-funds.html . live .
194. Web site: Chayka . Kyle . August 20, 2021 . Tech Start-Ups Find a Shared Home at The Company Building in Manhattan . November 9, 2022 . Metropolis . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109232501/https://metropolismag.com/projects/the-company-building/ . live .
195. News: Depalma . Anthony . April 4, 1984 . About Real Estate; Biltmore, Now Office Building, To Get Its Clock Back . en-US . The New York Times . live . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150524150500/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/04/business/about-real-estate-biltmore-now-office-building-to-get-its-clock-back.html . May 24, 2015 . 0362-4331.
196. News: Wedemeyer. Dee. August 22, 1982. Ground-Floor Retail Space Often a Shared Gamble. en-US. The New York Times. November 9, 2022. 0362-4331. June 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210625030937/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/22/realestate/ground-floor-retail-space-often-a-shared-gamble.html. live.
197. News: Dunlap . David W. . May 16, 1984 . It's Possible to Meet Again Under the Biltmore Clock . en-US . The New York Times . live . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150626155632/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/16/nyregion/it-s-possible-to-meet-again-under-the-biltmore-clock.html . June 26, 2015 . 0362-4331.
198. News: April 28, 1982 . The City; Work on Biltmore Awaits Safety Plan . B3 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
199. News: Carmody . Deirdre . February 13, 1986 . Grand Central Spruces Up as It Approaches 75: Grand Central Rejuvenating As 75th Birthday Approaches . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109230124/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/13/nyregion/grand-central-spruces-up-as-it-approaches-75.html . live .
200. News: Prial . Frank J. . October 9, 1983 . Transformation of Madison:' Alley . Ad to Bank St.: The Financial Corridor' 1 Expands From Park A Transformation for Madison Ave. . R1 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
201. News: Goldberger . Paul . February 19, 1984 . Mediocre Skyscrapers Dominate the Skyline . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . August 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210806004912/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/19/arts/mediocre-skyscrapers-dominate-the-skyline.html . live .
202. Feldman . Amy . October 13, 1997 . Developer Looks West, Finds Site . Crain's New York Business . 13 . 41 . 18 . .
203. News: Ravo . Nick . January 30, 1998 . Metro Business; Unit of Life Insurer Moving to New York . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109232457/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/30/nyregion/metro-business-unit-of-life-insurer-moving-to-new-york.html . live .
204. Web site: Joele Frank Relocating to 22 Vanderbilt with 78K-SF Lease . March 20, 2023 .
205. News: Pincus . Adam . April 23, 2009 . CBRE Takes over Leasing at Quarter-Vacant 335 Madison Avenue . . live . June 6, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100218043642/http://therealdeal.com/newyork/articles/cbre-takes-over-leasing-at-quarter-vacant-335-madison-avenue-said-edward-goldman-a-company-executive-vice-president . February 18, 2010.
206. Web site: April 11, 2016 . What's the Deal . November 9, 2022 . The Wall Street Journal . en-US . 0099-9660 . November 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221111201808/https://www.wsj.com/articles/whats-the-deal-1460329082 . live .
207. News: Avila . Joseph De . December 3, 2011 . City Engineers a Coup . en-US . The Wall Street Journal . November 9, 2022 . 0099-9660 . January 22, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130122060410/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204826704577074733429990886.html . live .
208. Web site: Moses . Claire . March 4, 2015 . Milstein Mulls Plans to Build New Skyscraper at 335 Madison . November 9, 2022 . The Real Deal New York . en-US . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109232506/https://therealdeal.com/2015/03/04/milstein-mulls-plans-to-build-new-tower-at-335-madison-avenue/ . live .
209. Web site: Budin . Jeremiah . March 4, 2015 . Another Huge New Tower May Rise Next to One Vanderbilt . November 9, 2022 . Curbed NY . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109232458/https://ny.curbed.com/2015/3/4/9984846/another-huge-new-tower-may-rise-next-to-one-vanderbilt . live .
210. Web site: Putzier . Konrad . June 14, 2018 . Milstein Properties Unveils 335 Madison Redevelopment . November 9, 2022 . The Real Deal New York . en-US . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109232458/https://therealdeal.com/2018/06/14/photos-milstein-unveils-335-madison-redevelopment/ . live .
211. Web site: Schulz . Dana . SHoP Architects reveal 'vertical tech campus' at 335 Madison . 6sqft . July 9, 2018 . July 7, 2022 . October 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211030051032/https://www.6sqft.com/shop-architects-reveal-vertical-tech-campus-at-335-madison/ . live .
212. Web site: Hallum . Mark . Joele Frank Relocating to 22 Vanderbilt With 78K-SF Lease . Commercial Observer . March 20, 2023 . August 1, 2023.
213. Web site: Hallum . Mark . Bain & Company Taikes 235K SF at Milstein’s 22 Vanderbilt . Commercial Observer . May 13, 2024 . June 19, 2024.
214. Web site: Small . Eddie . Consulting giant Bain takes more than 200K square feet at 22 Vanderbilt . Crain's New York Business . May 13, 2024 . June 19, 2024.
215. News: August 11, 1918 . Wm. H. Newman of N.Y. Central Dies; Former President, Who Planned Great Terminal, Expires at Hotel Biltmore in 72d Year . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107191948/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/08/11/archives/wmh-newman-of-ny-central-dies-former-president-who-planned-great.html . live .
216. News: October 30, 1926 . Wagner Will Win, Democrats Figure; Will Run Close Enough in City to Smith to Beat Up-State Vote for Wadsworth. . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108152125/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/10/30/archives/wagner-will-win-democrats-figure-will-run-close-enough-in-city-to.html . live .
217. News: J. D. Salinger, Literary Recluse, Dies at 91. McGrath. Charles. January 28, 2010. The New York Times. February 11, 2017. September 27, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150927081822/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/29/books/29salinger.html?hp=&pagewanted=all. live.
218. News: Gaiter . Dorthey J. . August 19, 1981 . About New York: An Oasis for Cabdrivers Is on the Way Out . en-US . The New York Times . live . July 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211128174614/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/19/nyregion/about-new-york-belmore-cafeteria-being-sold-to-condominium-developers.html . November 28, 2021 . 0362-4331.
219. April 21, 1952 . Under the Biltmore Clock . 158 . 0024-3019 . Life.
220. News: March 17, 1957 . Green Day's Aftermath Turns Hotel Men Gray . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109175452/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/03/17/archives/green-days-aftermath-turns-hotel-men-gray.html . live .
221. News: Warren . Virginia Lee . May 2, 1971 . For Forty Girls, A Friendly Place to Stay . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109184344/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/02/archives/for-forty-girls-a-friendly-place-to-stay.html . live .
222. News: July 28, 1948 . Democrats Occupying Old Victory Rooms At Biltmore to Run the National Campaign . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108200609/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/07/28/archives/democrats-occupying-old-victory-rooms-at-biltmore-to-run-the.html . live .
223. News: July 26, 1940 . Roosevelt Headquarters Again at the Biltmore: 100 Rooms Will Be Ready, About Aug 8 . 14 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
224. News: April 16, 1916 . Hotel Men Dance in a Floral Bower; Tiny Electric Lights Sparkle in Garlands of Dogwood and Smilax at the Biltmore. . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107191949/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/16/archives/hotel-men-dance-in-a-floral-bower-tiny-electric-lights-sparkle-in.html . live .
225. News: January 29, 1916 . Gov. Whitman in Old Guard March; With Col. Ardolph L. Kline, He Leads the Parade at Ball at Hotel Biltmore . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107191948/https://www.nytimes.com/1916/01/29/archives/gov-whitman-in-old-guard-march-with-col-ardolph-l-kline-he-leads.html . live .
226. News: November 23, 1925 . Yearly Horse Show Breakfast Is Held At the Biltmore: Exhibitors, Directors and Judges Are Guests of Mr. Bowman . 19 . The New York Herald, New York Tribune . .
227. Hill . Frank Ernest . Nevins . Allan . February 1958 . Henry Ford And His Peace Ship . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809021737/https://www.americanheritage.com/henry-ford-and-his-peace-ship . August 9, 2020 . April 4, 2020.
228. Web site: U.S. Takes Possession of Danish West Indies, March 31, 1917 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220403033034/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/03/this-day-in-politics-march-31-1917-105176 . April 3, 2022 . April 3, 2022 . Politico. March 31, 2014 .
229. News: May 18, 1915 . Wilson at Luncheon Champions Daniels; Praises Secretary for Lifting Ideals of Navy Above Every Personal Interest . en-US . The New York Times . November 7, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107191951/https://www.nytimes.com/1915/05/18/archives/wilson-at-luncheon-champions-daniels-praises-secretary-for-lifting.html . live .
230. News: October 5, 1936 . Madison Av. Fetes Under Way Today; Mayor to Cut Ribbon 'Reopening' the Famous Street for Its Second Century . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108200609/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/10/05/archives/madison-av-fetes-under-way-today-mayor-to-cut-ribbon-reopening-the.html . live .
231. Web site: May 11, 1942 . Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1942, The Near East and Africa, Volume IV . November 8, 2022 . Office of the Historian . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108162056/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1942v04/d662 . live .
232. News: Hill . Gladwin . July 10, 1960 . Notes From Convention Land: Non-Conformists True to Style; Vegetarian Candidate Among Outsiders on Campaign Trail – Amateur Prophet Forecasts Downfall of Khrushchev . en-US . The New York Times . November 8, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221108185807/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/07/10/archives/notes-from-convention-land-nonconformists-true-to-style-vegetarian.html . live .
233. News: April 8, 1956 . Jewish Congress to Convene . en-US . The New York Times . November 9, 2022 . 0362-4331 . November 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221109230121/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/08/archives/jewish-congress-to-convene-306025482.html . live .