NVM Express explained

NVM Express
Long Name:Non-Volatile Memory Host Controller Interface Specification
Abbreviation:NVMe
Status:Published
Organization:NVM Express, Inc. (since 2014)
NVM Express Work Group (before 2014)
Version:2.1
Version Date:August 5, 2024

NVM Express (NVMe) or Non-Volatile Memory Host Controller Interface Specification (NVMHCIS) is an open, logical-device interface specification for accessing a computer's non-volatile storage media usually attached via the PCI Express bus. The initial NVM stands for non-volatile memory, which is often NAND flash memory that comes in several physical form factors, including solid-state drives (SSDs), PCIe add-in cards, and M.2 cards, the successor to mSATA cards. NVM Express, as a logical-device interface, has been designed to capitalize on the low latency and internal parallelism of solid-state storage devices.[1]

Architecturally, the logic for NVMe is physically stored within and executed by the NVMe controller chip that is physically co-located with the storage media, usually an SSD. Version changes for NVMe, e.g., 1.3 to 1.4, are incorporated within the storage media, and do not affect PCIe-compatible components such as motherboards and CPUs.[2]

By its design, NVM Express allows host hardware and software to fully exploit the levels of parallelism possible in modern SSDs. As a result, NVM Express reduces I/O overhead and brings various performance improvements relative to previous logical-device interfaces, including multiple long command queues, and reduced latency. The previous interface protocols like AHCI were developed for use with far slower hard disk drives (HDD) where a very lengthy delay (relative to CPU operations) exists between a request and data transfer, where data speeds are much slower than RAM speeds, and where disk rotation and seek time give rise to further optimization requirements.

NVM Express devices are chiefly available in the form of standard-sized PCI Express expansion cards[3] and as 2.5-inch form-factor devices that provide a four-lane PCI Express interface through the U.2 connector (formerly known as SFF-8639).[4] [5] Storage devices using SATA Express and the M.2 specification which support NVM Express as the logical-device interface are a popular use-case for NVMe and have become the dominant form of solid-state storage for servers, desktops, and laptops alike.[6]

Specifications

Specifications for NVMe released to date include:[7]

Background

Historically, most SSDs used buses such as SATA, SAS, or Fibre Channel for interfacing with the rest of a computer system. Since SSDs became available in mass markets, SATA has become the most typical way for connecting SSDs in personal computers; however, SATA was designed primarily for interfacing with mechanical hard disk drives (HDDs), and it became increasingly inadequate for SSDs, which improved in speed over time.[11] For example, within about five years of mass market mainstream adoption (2005–2010) many SSDs were already held back by the comparatively slow data rates available for hard drives—unlike hard disk drives, some SSDs are limited by the maximum throughput of SATA.

High-end SSDs had been made using the PCI Express bus before NVMe, but using non-standard specification interfaces, or by emulating a hardware RAID controller.[12] By standardizing the interface of SSDs, operating systems only need one common device driver to work with all SSDs adhering to the specification. It also means that each SSD manufacturer does not have to design specific interface drivers. This is similar to how USB mass storage devices are built to follow the USB mass-storage device class specification and work with all computers, with no per-device drivers needed.[13]

NVM Express devices are also used as the building block of the burst buffer storage in many leading supercomputers, such as Fugaku Supercomputer, Summit Supercomputer and Sierra Supercomputer, etc.[14] [15]

History

The first details of a new standard for accessing non-volatile memory emerged at the Intel Developer Forum 2007, when NVMHCI was shown as the host-side protocol of a proposed architectural design that had Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group (ONFI) on the memory (flash) chips side.[16] A NVMHCI working group led by Intel was formed that year. The NVMHCI 1.0 specification was completed in April 2008 and released on Intel's web site.[17] [18] [19]

Technical work on NVMe began in the second half of 2009.[20] The NVMe specifications were developed by the NVM Express Workgroup, which consists of more than 90 companies; Amber Huffman of Intel was the working group's chair. Version 1.0 of the specification was released on 1 March 2011,[21] while version 1.1 of the specification was released on 11 October 2012.[22] Major features added in version 1.1 are multi-path I/O (with namespace sharing) and arbitrary-length scatter-gather I/O. It is expected that future revisions will significantly enhance namespace management.[20] Because of its feature focus, NVMe 1.1 was initially called "Enterprise NVMHCI".[23] An update for the base NVMe specification, called version 1.0e, was released in January 2013.[24] In June 2011, a Promoter Group led by seven companies was formed.

The first commercially available NVMe chipsets were released by Integrated Device Technology (89HF16P04AG3 and 89HF32P08AG3) in August 2012.[25] [26] The first NVMe drive, Samsung's XS1715 enterprise drive, was announced in July 2013; according to Samsung, this drive supported 3 GB/s read speeds, six times faster than their previous enterprise offerings.[27] The LSI SandForce SF3700 controller family, released in November 2013, also supports NVMe.[28] [29] A Kingston HyperX "prosumer" product using this controller was showcased at the Consumer Electronics Show 2014 and promised similar performance.[30] [31] In June 2014, Intel announced their first NVM Express products, the Intel SSD data center family that interfaces with the host through PCI Express bus, which includes the DC P3700 series, the DC P3600 series, and the DC P3500 series.[32], NVMe drives are commercially available.

In March 2014, the group incorporated to become NVM Express, Inc., which consists of more than 65 companies from across the industry. NVM Express specifications are owned and maintained by NVM Express, Inc., which also promotes industry awareness of NVM Express as an industry-wide standard. NVM Express, Inc. is directed by a thirteen-member board of directors selected from the Promoter Group, which includes Cisco, Dell, EMC, HGST, Intel, Micron, Microsoft, NetApp, Oracle, PMC, Samsung, SanDisk and Seagate.[33]

In September 2016, the CompactFlash Association announced that it would be releasing a new memory card specification, CFexpress, which uses NVMe.

NVMe Host Memory Buffer (HMB) added in version 1.2 of the NVMe specification.[34] HMB allows SSDs to utilize the host's DRAM, which can improve the I/O performance for DRAM-less SSDs.[35] For example, HMB can be used for cache the FTL table by the SSD controller, which can improve I/O performance.[36] NVMe 2.0 added Zoned Namespaces (ZNS) and Key-Value (KV), and support for rotating media such as hard drives. ZNS and KV allows data to be mapped directly to its physical location in flash memory to directly access data on an SSD without a flash translation layer.[37] ZNS and KV can also decrease write amplification of flash media.

Form factors

There are many form factors of NVMe solid-state drive, such as AIC, U.2, U.3, M.2 etc.

AIC (add-in card)

Almost all early NVMe solid-state drives are HHHL (half height, half length) or FHHL (full height, half length) AIC, with a PCIe 2.0 or 3.0 interface. A HHHL NVMe solid-state drive card is easy to insert into a PCIe slot of a server.

U.2 (SFF-8639)

See main article: U.2. U.2, formerly known as SFF-8639, is a computer interface for connecting solid-state drives to a computer. It uses up to four PCI Express lanes. Available servers can combine up to 48 U.2 NVMe solid-state drives.[38]

U.3 (SFF-8639 or SFF-TA-1001)

U.3 is built on the U.2 spec and uses the same SFF-8639 connector. It is a 'tri-mode' standard, combining SAS, SATA and NVMe support into a single controller. U.3 can also support hot-swap between the different drives where firmware support is available. U.3 drives are still backward compatible with U.2, but U.2 drives are not compatible with U.3 hosts.

M.2

See main article: M.2. M.2, formerly known as the Next Generation Form Factor (NGFF), uses a M.2 NVMe solid-state drive computer bus. Interfaces provided through the M.2 connector are PCI Express 3.0 or higher (up to four lanes).

EDSFF

See main article: Enterprise and Data Center Standard Form Factor.

NVMe-oF

NVM Express over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) is the concept of using a transport protocol over a network to connect remote NVMe devices, contrary to regular NVMe where physical NVMe devices are connected to a PCIe bus either directly or over a PCIe switch to a PCIe bus. In August 2017, a standard for using NVMe over Fibre Channel (FC) was submitted by the standards organization International Committee for Information Technology Standards (ICITS), and this combination is often referred to as FC-NVMe or sometimes NVMe/FC.[39]

As of May 2021, supported NVMe transport protocols are:

The standard for NVMe over Fabrics was published by NVM Express, Inc. in 2016.[44] [45]

The following software implements the NVMe-oF protocol:

Comparison with AHCI

The Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) has the benefit of wide software compatibility, but has the downside of not delivering optimal performance when used with SSDs connected via the PCI Express bus. As a logical-device interface, AHCI was developed when the purpose of a host bus adapter (HBA) in a system was to connect the CPU/memory subsystem with a much slower storage subsystem based on rotating magnetic media. As a result, AHCI introduces certain inefficiencies when used with SSD devices, which behave much more like RAM than like spinning media.[55]

The NVMe device interface has been designed from the ground up, capitalizing on the lower latency and parallelism of PCI Express SSDs, and complementing the parallelism of contemporary CPUs, platforms and applications. At a high level, the basic advantages of NVMe over AHCI relate to its ability to exploit parallelism in host hardware and software, manifested by the differences in command queue depths, efficiency of interrupt processing, the number of uncacheable register accesses, etc., resulting in various performance improvements.[56]

The table below summarizes high-level differences between the NVMe and AHCI logical-device interfaces.

High-level comparison of AHCI and NVMe
 AHCINVMe
Maximum queue depthOne command queue;
Up to 32 commands per queue 		Up to 65535 queues;[57]
Up to 65536 commands per queue
Uncacheable register accesses
(2000 cycles each)		Up to six per non-queued command;
Up to nine per queued command 		Up to two per command
InterruptA single interrupt Up to 2048 MSI-X interrupts
Parallelism
and multiple threads		Requires synchronization lock
to issue a command 		No locking
Efficiency
for 4 KB commands		Command parameters require
two serialized host DRAM fetches 		Gets command parameters
in one 64-byte fetch
Data transmissionUsually half-duplex Full-duplex
Host Memory Buffer (HMB)No Yes

Operating system support

ChromeOS
  • On February 24, 2015, support for booting from NVM Express devices was added to ChromeOS.[58] [59]
    DragonFly BSD
  • The first release of DragonFly BSD with NVMe support is version 4.6.[60]
    FreeBSD
  • Intel sponsored a NVM Express driver for FreeBSD's head and stable/9 branches.[61] [62] The nvd(4) and nvme(4) drivers are included in the GENERIC kernel configuration by default since FreeBSD version 10.2 in 2015.[63]
    Genode
  • Support for consumer-grade NVMe was added to the Genode framework as part of the 18.05[64] release.
    Haiku
  • Haiku gained support for NVMe on April 18, 2019.[65] [66]
    illumos
  • illumos received support for NVMe on October 15, 2014.[67]
    iOS
  • With the release of the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus, Apple introduced the first mobile deployment of NVMe over PCIe in smartphones.[68] Apple followed these releases with the release of the first-generation iPad Pro and first-generation iPhone SE that also use NVMe over PCIe.[69]
    Linux
  • Intel published an NVM Express driver for Linux on 3 March 2011,[70] [71] [72] which was merged into the Linux kernel mainline on 18 January 2012 and released as part of version 3.3 of the Linux kernel on 19 March 2012.[73] Linux kernel supports NVMe Host Memory Buffer[74] from version 4.13.1[75] with default maximum size 128 MB.[76] Linux kernel supports NVMe Zoned Namespaces start from version 5.9.
    macOS
  • Apple introduced software support for NVM Express in Yosemite 10.10.3. The NVMe hardware interface was introduced in the 2016 MacBook and MacBook Pro.[77]
    NetBSD
  • NetBSD added support for NVMe in NetBSD 8.0.[78] The implementation is derived from OpenBSD 6.0.
    OpenBSD
  • Development work required to support NVMe in OpenBSD has been started in April 2014 by a senior developer formerly responsible for USB 2.0 and AHCI support.[79] Support for NVMe has been enabled in the OpenBSD 6.0 release.[80]
    OS/2
  • Arca Noae provides an NVMe driver for ArcaOS, as of April, 2021. The driver requires advanced interrupts as provided by the ACPI PSD running in advanced interrupt mode (mode 2), thus requiring the SMP kernel, as well.[81]
    Solaris
  • Solaris received support for NVMe in Oracle Solaris 11.2.[82]
    VMware
  • Intel has provided an NVMe driver for VMware,[83] which is included in vSphere 6.0 and later builds, supporting various NVMe devices.[84] As of vSphere 6 update 1, VMware's VSAN software-defined storage subsystem also supports NVMe devices.[85]
    Windows
  • Microsoft added native support for NVMe to Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2.[86] Native drivers for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 have been added in updates.[87] Many vendors have released their own Windows drivers for their devices as well. There are also manually customized installer files available to install a specific vendor's driver to any NVMe card, such as using a Samsung NVMe driver with a non-Samsung NVMe device, which may be needed for additional features, performance, and stability.[88] Support for NVMe HMB was added in Windows 10 Anniversary Update (Version 1607) in 2016.[34]
  • Support for NVMe ZNS and KV was added in Windows 10 version 21H2 and Windows 11 in 2021.[89] The OpenFabrics Alliance maintains an open-source NVMe Windows Driver for Windows 7/8/8.1 and Windows Server 2008R2/2012/2012R2, developed from the baseline code submitted by several promoter companies in the NVMe workgroup, specifically IDT, Intel, and LSI.[90] The current release is 1.5 from December 2016.[91]

    Software support

    QEMU
  • NVMe is supported by QEMU since version 1.6 released on August 15, 2013.[92] NVMe devices presented to QEMU guests can be either real or emulated.
    UEFI
  • An open source NVMe driver for UEFI is available on SourceForge.[93]

    Management tools

    nvmecontrol

    The nvmecontrol tool is used to control an NVMe disk from the command line on FreeBSD. It was added in FreeBSD 9.2.[94]

    nvme-cli

    NVM-Express user space tooling for Linux.[95]

    See also

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: NVM Express . NVM Express, Inc. . 2017-01-24 . NVMe is designed from the ground up to deliver high bandwidth and low latency storage access for current and future NVM technologies..
    2. Web site: NVMe 1.4 Specification Published: Further Optimizing Performance and Reliability . AnandTech . Billy . Tallis . June 14, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210127014339/https://www.anandtech.com/show/14543/nvme-14-specification-published . 2021-01-27.
    3. Web site: Intel SSD DC P3700 800GB and 1.6TB Review: The Future of Storage . 2014-08-13 . 2014-11-21 . Drew Riley . Tom's Hardware .
    4. Web site: Intel Solid-State Drive DC P3600 Series . 2015 . 2015-04-11 . . 18, 20–22 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151028163623/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/product-specifications/ssd-dc-p3600-spec.pdf . Oct 28, 2015 .
    5. Web site: SFFWG Renames PCIe SSD SFF-8639 Connector To U.2 . 2015-06-05 . 2015-06-09 . Paul Alcorn . Tom's Hardware.
    6. Web site: SATA Express: PCIe Client Storage . 2013-06-25 . 2014-11-21 . Paul Wassenberg . . 2013-10-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222635/https://www.sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/SATA%20Express%20-%20CS%202013.pdf . dead.
    7. https://nvmexpress.org/specifications/ NVMe Specifications
    8. NVM Express Announces the Rearchitected NVMe 2.0 Library of Specifications . Beaverton, Oregon, USA . NVM Express, Inc. . June 3, 2021 . 2024-03-31.
    9. Web site: NVM Express Base Specification 2.0d . January 11, 2024 . nvmexpress.org . NVM Express, Inc. . 2024-03-26.
    10. Web site: NVM Express® Base Specification, Revision 2.1 . August 5, 2024 . nvmexpress.org . NVM Express, Inc. . 2024-08-10.
    11. Web site: Walker . Don H. . A Comparison of NVMe and AHCI . 31 July 2012 . SATA-IO . 3 July 2013 . 12 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011912/https://sata-io.org/sites/default/files/documents/NVMe%20and%20AHCI_%20_long_.pdf . dead.
    12. https://www.tweaktown.com/reviews/5921/asus-rog-raidr-express-240gb-pcie-ssd-review/index.html
    13. Web site: NVM Express Explained . 9 April 2014 . 21 March 2015 . nvmexpress.org.
    14. Web site: Using LC's Sierra Systems . 2020-06-25 . hpc.llnl.gov.
    15. Web site: SummitDev User Guide . 2020-06-25 . olcf.ornl.gov . 2020-08-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806000635/https://docs.olcf.ornl.gov/systems/summitdev_user_guide.html . dead.
    16. Web site: Speeding up Flash... in a flash . https://web.archive.org/web/20090918093831/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1018710/speeding-flash-flash . dead . September 18, 2009 . The Inquirer . 2007-10-13 . 2014-01-11.
    17. Web site: Extending the NVMHCI Standard to Enterprise. August 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20170617032922/http://www.bswd.com/FMS09/FMS09-T2A-Huffman.pdf. 2017-06-17. Flash Memory Summit. Santa Clara, CA USA.
    18. Web site: Flash new standard tips up . https://web.archive.org/web/20140111131722/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1018442/nvram-standard-tips . dead . January 11, 2014 . The Inquirer . 2008-04-16 . 2014-01-11.
    19. Web site: NVMHCI: The Optimized Interface for Caches and SSDs. August 2008. Amber Huffman. Flash Memory Summit. Santa Clara, CA USA.
    20. Web site: What’s New in NVMe 1.1 and Future Directions. Peter Onufryk. 2013. Flash Memory Summit. Santa Clara, CA USA .
    21. News: New Promoter Group Formed to Advance NVM Express . Press release . June 1, 2011 . September 18, 2013.
    22. Web site: NVM Express Revision 1.1 . October 11, 2012 . Amber Huffman . Specification . September 18, 2013.
    23. Web site: PCIe-based Storage . 2013-06-08 . 2014-01-12 . David A. Deming . snia.org . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130920064556/http://snia.org/sites/default/files2/SPDEcon2013/presentations/Storage%20Plumbing/DavidDeming_PCle-based_Storage_r1.pdf . 2013-09-20.
    24. Web site: NVM Express Revision 1.0e . January 23, 2013 . Amber Huffman . Specification . September 18, 2013.
    25. Web site: IDT releases two NVMe PCI-Express SSD controllers . https://web.archive.org/web/20120824032335/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2200157/idt-releases-two-nvme-pciexpress-ssd-controllers . dead . August 24, 2012 . The Inquirer . 2012-08-21 . 2014-01-11.
    26. Web site: IDT Shows Off The First NVMe PCIe SSD Processor and Reference Design - FMS 2012 Update . The SSD Review . 2012-08-24 . 2014-01-11.
    27. Web site: Samsung Announces Industry's First 2.5-inch NVMe SSD | StorageReview.com - Storage Reviews . StorageReview.com . 2013-07-18 . 2014-01-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140110200756/http://www.storagereview.com/samsung_announces_industry_s_first_25inch_nvme_ssd . 2014-01-10 . dead.
    28. Web site: LSI SF3700 SandForce Flash Controller Line Unveiled | StorageReview.com - Storage Reviews . StorageReview.com . 2013-11-18 . 2014-01-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140111022326/http://www.storagereview.com/lsi_sf3700_sandforce_flash_controller_line_unveiled . 2014-01-11 . dead.
    29. Web site: LSI Introduces Blazing Fast SF3700 Series SSD Controller, Supports Both PCIe and SATA 6 Gbps . hothardware.com . 21 March 2015 . 5 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305231734/http://hothardware.com/news/lsi-introduces-blazing-fast-sf3700-series-ssd-controller-supports-both-pcie-and-sata-6gbps . dead.
    30. Web site: Kingston Unveils First PCIe SSD: 1800 MB/s Read Speeds . Jane McEntegart . Tom's Hardware . 7 January 2014 . 21 March 2015.
    31. Web site: Kingston HyperX Predator PCI Express SSD Unveiled With LSI SandForce SF3700 PCIe Flash Controller . hothardware.com . 21 March 2015 . 28 May 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160528221546/http://hothardware.com/news/kingston-hyperx-predator-pci-express-ssd-unveiled--with-lsi-sandforce-sf3700-flash-controller . dead.
    32. Web site: Intel® Solid-State Drive Data Center Family for PCIe* . Intel . 21 March 2015.
    33. Web site: NVM Express Organization History . NVM Express . 23 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151123014820/http://www.nvmexpress.org/about/company-history/ . 23 November 2015 . dead.
    34. News: The Toshiba RC100 SSD Review: Tiny Drive In A Big Market . Billy . Tallis . June 14, 2018 . AnandTech . 2024-03-30.
    35. 10.1371/journal.pone.0229645 . free . HMB in DRAM-less NVMe SSDS: Their usage and effects on performance . 2020 . Kim . Kyusik . Kim . Taeseok . PLOS ONE . 15 . 3 . e0229645 . 32119705 . 2020PLoSO..1529645K . 7051071 .
    36. Kim . Kyusik . Kim . Seongmin . Kim . Taeseok . 2020-06-24 . HMB-I/O: Fast Track for Handling Urgent I/Os in Nonvolatile Memory Express Solid-State Drives . Applied Sciences . en . 10 . 12 . 4341 . 10.3390/app10124341 . free . 2076-3417.
    37. Web site: NVMe Gets Refactored . 30 June 2021 .
    38. Web site: All-Flash NVME Servers for Advanced Computing Supermicro . Supermicro . en-US . 2022-07-22.
    39. Web site: NVMe over Fibre Channel (NVMe over FC) or FC-NVMe standard . Tech Target . January 1, 2018 . May 26, 2021.
    40. Web site: FC-NVMe rev 1.14 (T11/16-020vB) . INCITS . April 19, 2017 . May 26, 2021.
    41. Web site: NVMe-oF Specification . NVMexpress . 15 April 2020. May 26, 2021.
    42. Web site: Supplement to InfiniBandTMArchitecture Specification Volume 1 Release 1.2.1 . Infiniband . September 2, 2014 . May 26, 2021.
    43. Web site: What is NVMe-oF? . Storage Review . June 27, 2020 . May 26, 2021.
    44. Web site: NVM Express over Fabrics Revision 1.0 . NVM Express, Inc. . 5 June 2016.
    45. Web site: David . Woolf . What NVMe over Fabrics Means for Data Storage . February 9, 2018.
    46. Web site: Christoph . Hellwig . NVMe Over Fabrics Support in Linux . July 17, 2016.
    47. Web site: Data in a Flash, Part III: NVMe over Fabrics Using TCP . Petros Koutoupis . Linux Journal . June 10, 2019 . May 26, 2021.
    48. Web site: Jonathan . Stern . Announcing the SPDK NVMf Target . 7 June 2016.
    49. Web site: SPDKNVMe-oFRDMA (Target & Initiator) Performance Report . SPDK . February 1, 2021 . May 26, 2021.
    50. Web site: SPDKNVMe-oFTCP (Target & Initiator) Performance Report . SPDK . February 1, 2020 . May 26, 2021.
    51. Web site: Hands On with StarWind NVMe-oF Initiator for Windows . StorageReview . October 6, 2021 . October 6, 2021.
    52. Web site: StarWind SAN & NAS over Fibre Channel . StorageReview . July 20, 2022 . July 20, 2022.
    53. Web site: Intel planning big Lightbits NVMe/TCP storage push . Blocks & Files . June 9, 2022 . June 9, 2022.
    54. Web site: LightBits Super SSD brings NVMe on vanilla Ethernet . ComputerWeekly . April 29, 2021 . April 29, 2021.
    55. Web site: AHCI and NVMe as Interfaces for SATA Express Devices – Overview . 2013-08-09 . 2013-10-02 . Dave Landsman . SATA-IO.
    56. Web site: Advancements in Storage and File Systems in Windows 8.1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140110193117/http://snia.org/sites/default/files2/SDC2013/presentations/FileSystems/AndyHeron_Enhancements_To_Win81_Storage.pdf . 2013 . 2014-01-11 . 2014-01-10 . Andy Herron . snia.org.
    57. Web site: NVM Express Base Specification Revision 1.4a . March 9, 2020 . Amber Huffman . Specification . section 1.4 Theory of Operation, p. 7 . May 16, 2020.
    58. Web site: ChromeOS adds boot support for NVM Express . NVM Express . 24 February 2015 . 21 March 2015.
    59. Web site: 4f503189f7339c667b045ab80a949964ecbaf93e - chromiumos/platform/depthcharge . Git at Google . Jason B. . Akers . Jan 22, 2015 . 21 March 2015.
    60. Web site: release46 . DragonFly BSD . 2016-09-08.
    61. Web site: Log of /head/sys/dev/nvme . FreeBSD source tree . The FreeBSD Project . 16 October 2012.
    62. Web site: Log of /stable/9/sys/dev/nvme . FreeBSD source tree . The FreeBSD Project . 3 July 2013.
    63. Web site: FreeBSD 10.2-RELEASE Release Notes . The FreeBSD Project . 5 August 2015.
    64. Web site: Release notes for the Genode OS Framework 18.05 . genode.org.
    65. Web site: #9910 NVMe devices support . dev.haiku-os.org . 2019-04-18.
    66. Web site: NVMe Driver Now Available - Haiku Project . www.haiku-os.org . 2016-07-28.
    67. Web site: 4053 Add NVME Driver Support to Illumos . github.com . 2016-05-23.
    68. Web site: iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus Preliminary Results . Ho . Joshua . . September 28, 2015 . 2016-06-01.
    69. Web site: The iPhone SE Review . Brandon . Chester . May 16, 2016 . AnandTech.
    70. Web site: NVM Express driver . Matthew Wilcox . . 2011-03-03 . 2013-11-05 . dead . https://archive.today/20120717195616/http://sb.lwn.net/Articles/431103/ . 2012-07-17.
    71. Web site: Linux NVMe Driver . 2013-08-12 . 2013-11-05 . Keith Busch . flashmemorysummit.com.
    72. Web site: IDF13 Hands-on Lab: Compiling the NVM Express Linux Open Source Driver and SSD Linux Benchmarks and Optimizations . 2013 . 2014-01-11 . activeevents.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140111004350/https://intel.activeevents.com/sf13/connect/fileDownload/session/FF44850B359CA1CD47D3E6A3437446FD/SF13_SSDL001_100.pdf . 2014-01-11.
    73. Web site: Merge git://git.infradead.org/users/willy/linux-nvme . 2012-01-18 . 2013-11-05 . kernel.org.
    74. HMB in DRAM-less NVMe SSDs: Their usage and effects on performance . 2020 . 7051071 . Kim . K. . Kim . T. . PLOS ONE . 15 . 3 . e0229645 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0229645 . 32119705 . 2020PLoSO..1529645K . free.
    75. Web site: Linux 4.13 has been released on Sun, 3 Sep 2017..
    76. Web site: Pci.c « host « nvme « drivers - kernel/Git/Stable/Linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree.
    77. Web site: Faster 'NVM Express' SSD Interface Arrives on Retina MacBook and OS X 10.10.3 . macrumors.com . 11 April 2015 . 11 April 2015.
    78. Web site: nvme -- Non-Volatile Memory Host Controller Interface . NetBSD manual pages . 2021-05-16 . 2021-05-16.
    79. Web site: non volatile memory express controller (/sys/dev/ic/nvme.c) . BSD Cross Reference . David Gwynne . 2014-04-16 . 2014-04-27.
    80. Web site: man 4 nvme . OpenBSD man page . David Gwynne . 2016-04-14 . 2016-08-07.
    81. Web site: NVME . Arca Noae wiki . 2021-04-03 . Arca Noae, LLC . 2021-06-08.
    82. Web site: nvme(7D) . Oracle . 2014-12-02.
    83. Web site: Intel Solid-State for NVMe Drivers . 2015-09-25 . 2016-03-17 . intel.com.
    84. Web site: VMware Compatibility Guide for NVMe devices . 2016-03-17 . vmware.com.
    85. Web site: VSAN Now Supporting NVMe Devices . 2015-11-11 . 2016-03-17 . vmware.com.
    86. Web site: Windows 8.1 to support hybrid disks and adds native NVMe driver . Myce.com . 2013-09-06 . 2014-01-11.
    87. Web site: Update to support NVM Express by using native drivers in Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2 . Microsoft . 2014-11-13 . 2014-11-17.
    88. Web site: Recommended AHCI/RAID and NVMe Drivers . 10 May 2013.
    89. Web site: lorihollasch . 2023-08-09 . NVMe Feature and Extended Capability Support - Windows drivers . 2024-04-11 . learn.microsoft.com . en-us.
    90. Web site: Windows NVM Express . Project web site . September 18, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130612081416/https://www.openfabrics.org/resources/developer-tools/nvme-windows-development.html . June 12, 2013.
    91. Web site: Nvmewin - Revision 157: /Releases . 2016-08-13 . 2017-05-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170510114242/https://svn.openfabrics.org/svnrepo/nvmewin/releases/ . dead.
    92. Web site: ChangeLog/1.6 . qemu.org . 21 March 2015.
    93. Web site: Download EDK II from . SourceForge.net . 2014-01-11.
    94. Web site: NVM Express control utility . 2018-03-12 . The FreeBSD Project . 2019-07-12.
    95. Web site: GitHub - linux-nvme/nvme-cli: NVMe management command line interface. . 2019-03-26 . linux-nvme. 2019-03-27.

    This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "NVM Express".

    Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.