List of honours of Winston Churchill explained

Winston Churchill received numerous honours and awards throughout his career as a British Army officer, statesman and author.

Perhaps the highest of these was the state funeral held at St Paul's Cathedral, after his body had lain in state for three days in Westminster Hall,[1] an honour rarely granted to anyone other than a British monarch. Queen Elizabeth II also broke protocol by giving precedence to a subject, arriving at the cathedral ahead of Churchill's coffin.[2] The funeral also saw one of the largest assemblages of statesmen in the world.[3]

Throughout his life, Churchill also accumulated other honours and awards. He was awarded 37 other orders and medals between 1895 and 1964. Of the orders, decorations and medals Churchill received, 20 were awarded by the United Kingdom, three by France, two each by Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg and Spain, and one each by the Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Libya, Nepal, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United States. Ten were awarded for active service as a British Army officer in Cuba, India, Egypt, South Africa, the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium. The greater number of awards were given in recognition of his service as a minister of the British government.[4]

Coat of arms

Churchill was not a peer, never held a title of nobility, and remained a commoner all his life. As the grandson of 7th Duke of Marlborough, he bore the quartered coat of arms of the Spencer and Churchill families, as the Spencer-Churchills did ever since Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough. Paul Courtenay observes that "It would be normal in [Charles Spencer's] circumstances for the paternal arms (Spencer) to take precedence over the maternal (Churchill), but because the Marlborough dukedom was senior to the Sunderland earldom, the procedure was reversed in this case." In 1817, an augmentation of honour was granted commemorating the victory of Blenheim by the 1st Duke.[5]

As Churchill's father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was the surviving second son of the 7th Duke of Marlborough, his arms should have been differenced, by strict heraldic rules, with a mark of cadency. Traditionally, this would have been a heraldic crescent. Those differenced arms would have been inherited by Winston Churchill. This never seems to have been used by Lord Randolph or Winston. As arms are used to differentiate two bearers, there does not seem to have been any confusion between Churchill's arms as a gentleman with many decorations and later Knight Companion of the Garter, those of his brother as a plain gentleman, and his cousin, the Duke of Marlborough, which were adorned with the insignia of a duke. As a Knight Companion of the Garter, Churchill was also entitled to supporters in his achievement. But, he never seems to have got around to applying for them.[6]

The resulting heraldic achievement is: quarterly 1st and 4th, Sable a lion rampant Argent on a canton of the second a cross Gules (Churchill); 2nd and 3rd, quarterly Argent and Gules, in the second and third quarters a fret Or, over all on a bend Sable three escallops of the first (Spencer); in chief, on an escutcheon Argent a cross Gules surmounted by an inescutcheon Azure charged with three fleurs-de-lys Or.

When he became a Knight Companion of the Garter in 1953, his arms were encircled by the garter of the order, and at the same time the helms were made open, which is the mark of a knight. His motto was that of the Dukes of Marlborough, Fiel pero desdichado (Spanish for "Faithful but unfortunate").[7]

Honorary citizen

On 9 April 1963, United States President John F. Kennedy, acting under authorization granted by an Act of Congress, proclaimed Churchill the first honorary citizen of the United States. Churchill was physically incapable of attending the White House ceremony, so his son and grandson accepted the award for him.[8] [9]

He had previously been made an honorary citizen of the City of Paris on 12 November 1944 while visiting the city following the liberation. During the ceremony at the Hôtel de Ville he received the Nazi flag that once flew from the Hôtel de Ville.[10]

Proposed dukedoms

In 1945, King George VI offered to make Churchill the Duke of Dover – the first non-royal dukedom to be created since 1874 – as well to appoint him a Knight Companion of Order of the Garter; however, Churchill turned down both.[11] [12] Since 1900, only members of the British royal family have been made dukes, so the offer was exceptional.[13]

In 1955, after retiring as prime minister, Churchill was again offered elevation to the peerage in the rank of duke by Queen Elizabeth II. By custom, prime ministers retiring from the Commons were usually offered earldoms, so a dukedom was a sign of special honour. One title that was considered was Duke of London, a city whose name had never been used in a peerage title. Churchill had represented divisions of three different counties in Parliament, and his home, Chartwell, was in a fourth, so the city in which he had spent most of his time during fifty years in politics was seen as a suitable choice. Churchill considered accepting the offer of a dukedom but eventually declined it; the lifestyle of a duke would have been expensive, and accepting any peerage might have cut short a renewed career in the Commons for his son Randolph, and in due course, might also have prevented one for his grandson Winston.[14] At the time, there was no procedure for disclaiming a title; the procedure was first established by the Peerage Act 1963. Upon inheriting a peerage, either Randolph or Winston would immediately be unseated from the House of Commons.[15]

Political and government offices

Other honours

In 1913, Churchill was appointed an Elder Brother of Trinity House as result of his appointment as First Lord of the Admiralty.[18]

In 1922, he was invested as a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour and in 1946 he became a Member of the Order of Merit. In 1953, he was invested as a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter, the highest ranking British order of knighthood.

On 4 April 1939, Churchill was made an Honorary Air Commodore of No. 615 (County of Surrey) Squadron ("Churchill's Own") in the Auxiliary Air Force.[19] In March 1943, the Air Council awarded Churchill honorary wings. He retained the appointment until 11 March 1957 when 615 Squadron was disbanded. He did, however, continue to hold the rank of Honorary Air Commodore. He frequently wore his uniform as an Air Commodore during World War II.

He was the Colonel of the 4th Queen's Own Hussars (his old regiment) and, after its amalgamation, the first Colonel of the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars, which he held until his death in 1965. He was also Honorary Colonel of the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars.[20] [21]

From 1941 to his death, he was the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, a ceremonial office. In 1941, Canadian Governor General Alexander Cambridge, Earl of Athlone, swore him into the King's Privy Council for Canada. Although this allowed him to use the honorific title The Honourable and the post-nominal letters PC, both of these were trumped by his membership in the Imperial Privy Council, which allowed him the use of The Right Honourable. He was also appointed Grand Seigneur of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1956.[22]

In 1945, he was mentioned by Halvdan Koht among seven candidates that were qualified for the Nobel Peace Prize. However, he did not explicitly nominate any of them. Actually, he nominated Cordell Hull.[23]

On 4 July 1947, Churchill was admitted as an hereditary member of the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati. He was presented with his insignia and diploma when he visited Washington, D.C., on January 16, 1952.[24]

A prolific painter in oils, in 1948 he was elected as an Honorary Academician Extraordinary by the Royal Academy: a highly unusual honour for an amateur artist.[25]

In 1949, Churchill held the office of Deputy Lieutenant (DL) of Kent.[26]

In 1953, he was made a Knight Companion of the Garter, which gave him the title Sir Winston Churchill, KG. He also won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending high human values."[27]

He was Chancellor of the University of Bristol, as well as, in 1959, Father of the House, the MP with the longest continuous service.[28]

In 1956, Churchill received the Karlspreis (known in English as the Charlemagne Award), an award by the German city of Aachen to those who most contribute to the European idea and European peace.[29]

The Royal Society of Literature made Churchill one of the first five authors to be named a Companion of Literature in 1961.[30]

Also in 1961, the Chartered Institute of Building[31] named Churchill as an Honorary Fellow for his services and passion for the construction industry.

In 1964, Civitan International presented Churchill with its first World Citizenship Award for service to the world community.[32]

Churchill was also appointed a Kentucky Colonel.[33] [34]

When Churchill was 88, he was asked by the Duke of Edinburgh how he would like to be remembered. He replied with a scholarship like the Rhodes scholarship but for the wider masses. After his death, the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust was established in the United Kingdom and Australia. A Churchill Trust Memorial Day was held in Australia, raising $4.3 million. Since that time, the Churchill Trust in Australia has supported over 3,000 scholarship recipients in a diverse variety of fields, where merit, either on the basis of past experience or potential, and the propensity to contribute to the community, have been the only criteria.

One of the four sets of false teeth that Winston Churchill wore his whole life to keep his unique way of speaking is now in the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons in England.[35]

Namesakes

Ships, trains and tanks

Two Royal Navy warships have been named HMS Churchill: the destroyer (I45) (1940–1944) and the submarine (1970–1991).

On 10 March 2001, the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer was commissioned into the United States Navy. The launch and christening of the ship two years earlier had been co-sponsored by Churchill's daughter, Lady Soames.[36]

In addition, the Danish DFDS line named a car ferry Winston Churchill, and the Corporation of Trinity House named one of their lighthouse tenders similarly. A sail training ship was named Sir Winston Churchill.

In September 1947, the Southern Railway named a Battle of Britain class steam locomotive, No. 21C151, after him. Churchill was offered the opportunity to perform the naming ceremony, but he declined. Later, the locomotive was used to pull his funeral train, and it is now kept in York's National Railway Museum.

The Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway locomotive No. 9, Winston Churchill.

The Churchill tank, or Infantry Tank Mk IV; was a British Second World War tank named after Churchill, who was Prime Minister at the time of its design.[37]

Parks and geographic features

The Winston Churchill Range in the Canadian Rockies was named in his honour. Also in Canada, Sir Winston Churchill Provincial Park and Churchill Lake in Saskatchewan were named after him, and Churchill Falls on the Churchill River in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Winston Churchill Square is a garden and sitting area in Manhattan, New York City.

Churchill Park, Glendowie, New Zealand.

The Churchill National Park in Australia, which was established on 12 February 1941 as the Dandenong National Park, was renamed in 1944 in his honour. Churchill Island and Churchill Island Marine National Park in Victoria, Australia were also named after him.

The Churchill Park (Danish: Churchillparken) located in central Copenhagen, Denmark, is named after Churchill in commemoration of Churchill and the British help to Denmark in the liberation of Denmark during World War II.

Roads

The main road connecting the border with Spain and the airport to the city centre is called Winston Churchill Avenue.

In the Netherlands, about ninety roads and streets are named after Winston Churchill, including , a major avenue in Leiden (part of the N206 road) and , an avenue in Amsterdam.[39]

The main road through Crofton Downs, a suburb of Wellington is named Churchill Drive. Several streets in the Suburb are named after Winston Churchill (including Winston Street and Spencer Street,) family members (including Randolph Road and Clementine Way,) or other connections to Churchill (including Downing Street, Chartwell Drive and Admirialty Street.) [40]

Streets in the cities of Trondheim and Tromsø are named in Winston Churchill's honour. Namely "Churchills vei"[41] in Jakobsli, Trondheim and "Winston Churchills vei" in Tromsø.

Streets in the cities of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Netanya and Daliyat al-Karmel are named in Winston Churchill's honour.

Schools

Many schools have been named after him.

Ten schools in Canada are named in his honour: one each in Vancouver, Winnipeg, Thunder Bay, Hamilton, Kingston, St. Catharines, Lethbridge, Calgary, Toronto (Scarborough) and Ottawa also in London,Ont. Churchill Auditorium at the Technion is named after him.

At least five American high schools carry his name; these are located in Potomac, Maryland; Livonia, Michigan; Eugene, Oregon; East Brunswick, New Jersey and San Antonio, Texas.

Buildings, public squares and infrastructure

(Winston Churchill Square) is located behind The Main Train Station in Prague, Czech Republic.

The town of Churchill, Victoria.

A large dock in the Port of Antwerp was named after him by Queen Elizabeth II at a ceremony in 1966.

, a square in Rotterdam. Also the square in front of the World Forum in The Hague is named after him.

Churchill Park (Lautoka) stadium.

Other objects

He appeared on the 1965 crown, the first commoner to be placed on a British coin.[45] He made another appearance on a crown issued in 2010 to honour the 70th anniversary of his Premiership.[46]

Pol Roger's prestige cuvée Champagne, Cuvée Sir Winston Churchill, is named after him. The first vintage, 1975, was launched in 1984 at Blenheim Palace. The name was accepted by his heirs as Churchill was a faithful customer of Pol Roger. Following Churchill's death in 1965, Pol Roger added a black border to the label on bottles shipped to the UK as a sign of mourning. This was not lifted until 1990.[47]

The Julieta (7" × 47), a size of cigar, is also commonly known as a Churchill.

Churchill's Toyshop.

Polls

Churchill has been included in numerous polls, mostly connected with greatness. Time named him its Man of the Year for 1940,[48] and "Man of the Half-Century" in 1949.[49] A BBC survey, of January 2000, saw Churchill voted the greatest British prime minister of the 20th century. In 2002, BBC TV viewers and web site users voted him the greatest Briton of all time in a ten-part series called Great Britons, a poll attracting almost two million votes.[50]

Statues

Many statues have been created in likeness and in honour of Churchill. Numerous buildings and squares have also been named in his honour. The most prominent example of a statue of Churchill is the official statue commissioned by the government and created by Ivor Roberts-Jones which now stands in Parliament Square. It was unveiled by Churchill's widow, Lady Churchill, on 1 November 1973, and was Grade II listed in 2008.[51] [52] In June 2020 when anti-racism protests occurred in the United Kingdom during the George Floyd protests, the statue of Sir Winston Churchill located in Parliament Square was vandalised when a protester painted graffiti on the statue reading “was a racist” underneath Churchill’s name which was crossed out by the same vandal who wrote the sentence. A couple of days after this event took place the statue was cleaned and it did not sustain any permanent damage.

Another Roberts-Jones statue of Churchill displaying the V sign[53] is prominently placed in New Orleans (erected in 1977).

In addition several other statues have also been made, including a bronze bust of Winston Churchill by Jacob Epstein (1947), several statues by David McFall at Woodford (1959), William McVey outside the British embassy in Washington, D.C. (1966), Franta Belsky at Fulton, Missouri (1969), at least three from Oscar Nemon: one on the front lawn of the Halifax Public Library branch on Spring Garden Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia (1980); one in the British House of Commons (1969); a bust of his head along with that of Franklin Roosevelt commemorating the Quebec Conference, 1943 next to Port St. Louis in Quebec City (1998); and one in Nathan Phillips Square outside of Toronto City Hall (1977), and Jean Cardot beside the Petit Palais in Paris (1998).[54] A statue of Churchill and Roosevelt, sculpted by Lawrence Holofcener is located in New Bond Street, London. There is an oversized bust of Churchill at the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site in Hyde Park, New York. It is paired with a similar bust of President Roosevelt.

After Churchill was declared the greatest Briton of all time in the BBC poll and television series Great Britons (see above), a statue was erected in his honour and now stands at the BBC television studios. Churchill is also memorialised by many statues and a public square in New York, in recognition of his life, and also because his mother was from New York. His maternal family is also memorialised in streets, parks, and neighbourhoods throughout the city.

In 2012, a statue of Churchill was erected in Jerusalem in recognition of his "staunch and unwavering support of the Jewish cause and their desire for a homeland".[55]

Orders, decorations and medals

This is a list of the orders, decorations, and medals received by Winston Churchill, arranged in order of precedence.

British orders and medals

Foreign honours

Orders

Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold with Palm (Belgium, 1945)[13]

Decorations

Service medals

Military ranks and titles

Academic

Honorary degrees

Churchill received many honorary doctorates from British universities as well other universities in the world, e.g.:

Other distinctions

Membership in lineage societies

Freedom of the City

Churchill received a worldwide total of 42 Freedoms of Cities and Towns in his lifetime, a record for a lifelong British citizen.[148]

Notes and References

  1. Picknett, et al., p. 252.
  2. Web site: Winston Churchill's History-Making Funeral.
  3. News: Gould . Peter . Europe | Holding history's largest funeral . BBC News . 8 April 2005 . 9 August 2009.
  4. Web site: The Life of Churchill. 18 June 2008.
  5. Paul Courtenay, The Armorial Bearings of Sir Winston Churchill The Armorial Bearings of Sir Winston Churchill (accessed 20 July 2013).
  6. Paul Courtenay, The Armorial Bearings of Sir Winston Churchill The Armorial Bearings of Sir Winston Churchill (accessed 02 February 2018).
  7. Robson, Thomas, The British Herald, or Cabinet of Armorial Bearings of the Nobility & Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland, Volume I, Turner & Marwood, Sunderland, 1830, p. 401 (CHU-CLA).
  8. Plumpton. John. A Son of America Though a Subject of Britain. Finest Hour. Summer 1988. 60.
  9. Web site: April 9, 1963 – President John F. Kennedy declares Winston Churchill an honorary citizen of the USA. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/cEcGEyB2MA0 . 2021-12-15 . live. HelmerReenberg. 29 May 2013. YouTube.
  10. Book: Winston S. Churchill: Road to Victory, 1941–1945. 9780795344664. Gilbert. Martin. 6 April 2015.
  11. Rintala . Marvin . 1985 . Renamed Roses: Lloyd George, Churchill, and the House of Lords . pdf . Biography . University of Hawai'i Press . 8 . 3 . 248–264 . 0162-4962 . 24 January 2023 . JSTOR . 10.1353/bio.2010.0448 . 23539091 . 159908334 .
  12. Book: Winchester . Simon . 1981 . Their Noble Lordships : The hereditary peerage today . registration . en . London, United Kingdom . Faber and Faber . 0-571-11069-X . Internet Archive . 72 .
  13. The Orders, Decorations and Medals of Sir Winston Churchill by Douglas Russell
  14. Book: Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend Since 1945 . Columbia University Press . Ramsden, John . 2002 . registration . 113, 597 . 9780231131063.
  15. Web site: Welcome to WinstonChurchill.org. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070207054857/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=398. 7 February 2007. dmy-all.
  16. Web site: Sir Winston Churchill: A chronology . Churchill Archives Centre . Churchill College, University of Cambridge . 2 July 2022.
  17. Web site: Privy Council Office – Bureau du Conseil privé.
  18. Book: Fedden, Robin. Churchill at Chartwell: Museums and Libraries Series. Elsevier. 15 May 2014. 9781483161365. en.
  19. News: Questions Answered: Winston Churchill in uniform and Ralph or Rafe. 14 June 2010. The Times. 13 September 2008.
  20. Web site: THE QUEEN’S OWN OXFORDSHIRE HUSSARS AND BLENHEIM . International Churchill Society . 24 June 2023.
  21. Web site: Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars . Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars . 24 June 2023.
  22. Web site: Winston Churchill—A Painter at Marrakech . Classic Chicago Magazine . 24 June 2023.
  23. Web site: Record from The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace, 1901–1956 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130904010737/http://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/nomination.php?action=show&showid=3319 . dead . 4 September 2013 . 14 May 2010 . Nobel Foundation.
  24. Web site: The Society of the Cincinnati . 5 November 2019 . 22 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191022001236/https://www.societyofthecincinnati.org/collections/featured/churchill . dead .
  25. Web site: Sir Winston Churchill (1874 - 1965) . Royal Academy . 25 June 2023.
  26. Web site: Winston Churchill- Deputy Lieutenant . America's National Churchill Museum . 24 June 2023.
  27. Web site: Literature 1953 . Nobelprize.org . 9 August 2009.
  28. Web site: Winston Churchill hero file . More or Less . AU . 9 August 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091016104226/http://www.moreorless.au.com/heroes/churchill.html . 16 October 2009 .
  29. Web site: Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen – Detail . Karlspreis . DE . 9 August 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001140/http://www.karlspreis.de/index.php?id=12&doc=7 . 27 September 2007.
  30. Web site: Companions of Literature. Royal Society of Literature.
  31. [Chartered Institute of Building|CIOB]
  32. Book: Armbrester, Margaret E. . The Civitan Story . 1992 . Ebsco Media . Birmingham, AL . 96–97 .
  33. Web site: Colonels web site . Kycolonels.org . 9 August 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090625033818/http://kycolonels.org/index.cgi?id=54 . 25 June 2009 .
  34. Web site: Kentucky: Secretary of State – Kentucky Colonels . Sos.ky.gov . 26 October 2006 . 9 August 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090709034200/http://sos.ky.gov/executive/kentuckycolonels.htm . 9 July 2009 .
  35. Web site: The Teeth That Saved The World? — The Royal College of Surgeons of England. https://web.archive.org/web/20070422042229/http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/museums/exhibitions/churchill. 22 April 2007. 29 November 2005.
  36. Web site: Home – USS W.S. Churchill . Churchill.navy.mil . 9 August 2009.
  37. Web site: Chris Shillito . The Churchill Tank . Armourinfocus.co.uk . 9 August 2009.
  38. News: Sale threatens future of Churchill Arms. 18 March 2014. Ottawa Citizen. 1 April 1986.
  39. Web site: René Dings . Naar welke personen zijn de meeste straten genoemd? . René Dings . 30 August 2016 . 17 November 2021.
  40. News: Crofton Downs' stately links to Britain . The Wellingtonian . 24 August 2012 . 14 March 2015 . Greenland, James.
  41. Web site: Norway Rd . Churchill NOrway – Google Maps . Google Maps . 1 January 1970 . 14 June 2013.
  42. Web site: Churchill College : Churchill Archives Centre . Chu.cam.ac.uk . 6 March 2009 . 9 August 2009.
  43. Web site: 5 Things You Probably Didn't Know About The Churchill Arms . Londonist . 8 December 2016 . 28 March 2021. Of course, the pub wasn't named after him, anyway, until after the end of the second world war..
  44. Web site: The Churchill at 300 East 40th St. In Murray Hill.
  45. Web site: 1965 Churchill Crown . 24carat.co.uk . 9 August 2009.
  46. Web site: Winston Churchill £5 Crown from the British Royal Mint . CoinUpdate.com . 23 July 2010.
  47. http://www.polroger.co.uk/champagne_churchill.php Pol Roger UK: Sir Winston Churchill
  48. GREAT BRITAIN: Man of the Year. https://archive.today/20130204131806/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,765143,00.html. dead. 4 February 2013. 26 December 2010. Time. 6 January 1941.
  49. Winston Churchill, Man of the Year. https://web.archive.org/web/20061207064546/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0%2C16641%2C19500102%2C00.html. dead. 7 December 2006. 26 December 2010. Time. 2 January 1950.
  50. https://web.archive.org/web/20060514084331/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons.shtml BBC – Great Britons
  51. News: Churchill statue 'had the look of Mussolini'. 18 August 2011 . Sherna Noah. 1 January 2004. The Independent.
  52. Web site: Sir Winston Churchill. 18 August 2011. Greater London Authority. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110712135021/http://www.london.gov.uk/parliamentsquare/about/churchill.jsp. 12 July 2011.
  53. Web site: Winston Churchill - New Orleans, LA - Statues of Historic Figures on Waymarking.com.
  54. Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer (1874–1965), prime minister – Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 2004 . 10.1093/ref:odnb/32413 .
  55. Web site: Sir Winston Churchill: Zionist hero . The Independent . Catrina . Stewart . 3 November 2012 . 11 September 2021.
  56. News: 21 July 2015 . THE STATE FUNERAL OF SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL (NEWS IN COLOUR) - COLOUR IS VERY GOOD . 10 August 2024 . . Youtube.
  57. Web site: Seznam osobností vyznamenaných letos při příležitosti 28. října. ČTK. ceskenoviny.cz. (in Czech)
  58. Web site: White Lion goes to Winton and Winston . The Prague Post . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160117001211/http://praguepost.com/czech-news/42318-white-lion-goes-to-winton-and-winston . 17 January 2016 . It was conferred on same occasion as the same award was given to Sir Nicholas Winton.
  59. Web site: Luxembourg's WW2 Medals . Users.skynet.be . 14 June 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130813003456/http://users.skynet.be/hendrik/eng/39luxemb.html . 13 August 2013 .
  60. (Although some references report Churchill was awarded the French Legion of Honour, it is not listed among his honours at the Churchill Centre. However, it is significant that Churchill received the Médaille militaire, which is only awarded (for high leadership) to holders of the Legion's Grand Cross). The Listing of Foreign recipients of the Legion of Honour reports Churchill as "Sir Winston Churchill, Grand-croix de la Légion d'honneur (1958);" (The Grand-croix being awarded to Foreign Heads of state).
  61. Web site: Khedive's Sudan Medal 1896–1908.
  62. https://www.spanamwar.com/medalsspancubavol.htm Cuban Campaign Volunteer Medal 1895-1898
  63. Web site: Churchill's Commissions and Military Attachments. John. Olsen. 17 October 2008 . 12 March 2017.
  64. Who Was Who, 1961–1970. p. 206.
  65. Web site: Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars. https://web.archive.org/web/20071219043134/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vcav/oxford.htm. dead. 19 December 2007. Regiments.org. 15 January 2017.
  66. The Quarterly Army List, July 1942. Vol. 1., p. 474.
  67. The Quarterly Army List, July 1942. Vol. 1., p. 925.
  68. The Quarterly Army List, July 1942. Vol. 1., p. 317.
  69. The Quarterly Army List, July 1942. Vol. 1., p. 1067.
  70. Web site: 4th Battalion, the Essex Regiment [UK] . www.regiments.org . 12 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071109131252/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-ea/ex-4-5.htm . 9 November 2007 . dead.
  71. Web site: 4th Queen's Own Hussars. https://web.archive.org/web/20060303073806/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/D04h.htm. dead. 3 March 2006. regiments.org. 2 October 2016.
  72. Web site: Winston Churchill- Fellow of the Royal Society. National Churchill Museum.
  73. Web site: Aberdeen academic explores Churchill's leadership success and his links to Scotland . University of Aberdeen . 24 June 2023.
  74. Web site: The Rector . The University of Edinburgh . 24 June 2023.
  75. Web site: Bristol University – News – 2004: Chancellor.
  76. Web site: Sir Winston Churchill – Artist – Royal Academy of Arts. royalacademy.org.uk.
  77. Web site: Salman Rushdie named honorary visiting professor . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 24 June 2023.
  78. Index biographique des membres et associés de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1769–2005). p. 55
  79. Web site: Brothers in Arms: Winston Churchill Receives Honorary Degree – Harvard Library. library.harvard.edu. 14 May 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170906183339/http://library.harvard.edu/08282013-1614/brothers-arms-winston-churchill-receives-honorary-degree. 6 September 2017. dead.
  80. http://churchillpictures.co.uk/2018/03/21/1926-belfast-brdw-1-2-107/ “1926, Belfast” (BRDW 1/2/107)
  81. Web site: Commencement history: Winston Churchill addresses Class of 1941 by radio. 11 May 2016.
  82. http://www.rochester.edu/provost/achievement-and-service-awards/honorary-degrees/honorary-degree-recipients-1940-1949/ Office of the Provost: Honorary Degree Recipients 1940–1949
  83. https://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/honorary-degrees Honorary Degrees
  84. Web site: XYZ. 2023-08-17.
  85. http://www6.miami.edu/miami-magazine/fall2011/alumnidigest/alumnistory3.html Alumni Digest: Winston Churchill, UM Class of 1946
  86. https://movingimage.nls.uk/film/2797 Winston Churchill visits Aberdeen
  87. Web site: National Churchill Museum – Blog. nationalchurchillmuseum.org.
  88. Web site: How Sir Winston Churchill became a Leiden Honorary Doctor. 9 May 2016 . Leiden University.
  89. Web site: London Varsity Honours Churchill (1948). https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/YI2MncGBYpg . 2021-12-15 . live. British Pathé. 13 April 2014. YouTube.
  90. Web site: Churchill Degree (1948). https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/UAixyDEQugY . 2021-12-15 . live. British Pathé. 13 April 2014. YouTube.
  91. https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/commsec/calendar/Honorary,Graduates,of,the,University.pdf Honorary Graduates of the University
  92. https://universitetshistorie.ku.dk/personer_og_priser/aeresdoktorer/ Aeresdoktorer
  93. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 . The Nobel Prize . 30 January 2019.
  94. Web site: Presentation To Winston Churchill At Beaver Hall (1956). https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/YQCm3o7ZnR8 . 2021-12-15 . live. British Pathé. 13 April 2014. YouTube.
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  116. Web site: Mr Winston Churchill seen receiving the Freedom of Eastbourne, Sussex from Councillor Randolph E as a 22"x18" (58x48cm) Framed Print. Media Storehouse. 31 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170801043510/https://www.mediastorehouse.com/mr-winston-churchill-seen-receiving-the-freedom/print/11259030.html. 1 August 2017. dead.
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  128. Web site: Picture Sheffield.
  129. Web site: Retro: Sheffield honours Churchill with freedom of city.
  130. Web site: Retro: Sheffield honours Churchill with freedom of city. thestar.co.uk. 5 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171226020635/https://www.thestar.co.uk/retro/retro-sheffield-honours-churchill-with-freedom-of-city-1-7005908. 26 December 2017. dead.
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  132. Web site: Eliot Crawshay-Williams – Program Signed 08/15/1951 – Autographs & Manuscripts – HistoryForSale Item 52843. HistoryForSale Autographs & Manuscripts.
  133. Web site: Honorary Freemen. Talat Chaudhri.
  134. Web site: Dover's Home Guard. 16 April 2016.
  135. News: City Schedules Churchill Fete . The Windsor Daily Star . 17 January 1953 . 13.
  136. Web site: Churchill Visits Jamaica . Colonial Film . 15 August 2013.
  137. Web site: Churchill is awarded The Freedom of Portsmouth.
  138. Web site: Freedom of the city & keys of the city.
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  140. News: Freedom of city was last granted in 1963. 2 May 2000. The Irish Times.
  141. Web site: The Glasgow Herald – Google News Archive Search.
  142. Web site: SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL RECEIVES FREEDOM OF THE CITY OF BELFAST & LONDONDERRY . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131019111826/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//ITVProgs/1992/01/07/Y05870109/ . 19 October 2013 .
  143. Web site: Selected Originals – Ulster Honours Churchill Aka Ulster Honours Sir Winston Aka Churchill 2 (1955). https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/mfRqlTN4g5w . 2021-12-15 . live. British Pathé. 13 April 2014. YouTube.
  144. Web site: SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL – HONORARY CITIZEN. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/n2Wji0XpN-Q . 2021-12-15 . live. British Movietone. 21 July 2015. YouTube.
  145. Web site: Emery and Wendy Reves "La Pausa" Goes on Sale - the International Churchill Society . 5 September 2018 . 20 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200920135219/https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/emery-and-wendy-reves-qla-pausaq-goes-on-sale/ . dead .
  146. Web site: Douglas Borough Council – Freedom of the Borough of Douglas. douglas.gov.im.
  147. Book: Sandys. Celia. Chasing Churchill: The Travels of Winston Churchill. 2014. Andrews UK Limited. 9781910065297. en.
  148. Book: McWhirter, Ross and Norris. The Guinness Book of Records. registration. 1972. Guinness Superlatives Ltd. 184. 0900424060. At the time of publication the world record was the 57 conferred on Andrew Carnegie who was born in Scotland but emigrated in 1848, subsequently becoming a US citizen.

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