Lerwick Explained

Official Name:Lerwick
Static Image Name:File:The waterside of the houses on Twageos Road, Lerwick - geograph.org.uk - 6015394.jpg
Static Image Caption:Lodberries, Lerwick
Static Image Width:270px
Label Position:left
Country:Scotland
Population Ref:
Area Total Km2:3.15
Area Footnotes:[1]
Os Grid Reference:HU474414
Coordinates:60.155°N -1.145°W
Post Town:SHETLAND
Postcode Area:ZE
Postcode District:ZE1
Dial Code:01595
Constituency Westminster:Orkney and Shetland
Civil Parish:Lerwick
Unitary Scotland:Shetland
Lieutenancy Scotland:Shetland
Constituency Scottish Parliament:Shetland

Lerwick (or ; Norse, Old: Leirvik; Larvik) is the main town and port of the Shetland archipelago, Scotland. Shetland's only burgh, Lerwick had a population of about 7,000 residents in 2010.[2]

Centred 123miles off the north coast of the Scottish mainland and on the east coast of the Shetland Mainland, Lerwick lies 211miles north-by-northeast of Aberdeen; 222miles west of the similarly sheltered port of Bergen in Norway; and 228miles south east of Tórshavn in the Faroe Islands. One of the UK's coastal weather stations is situated there, with the local climate having small seasonal variation due to the maritime influence. Being located further north than Saint Petersburg and all mainland Nordic capitals, Lerwick's nights in the middle of summer only get dark twilight and winters have below six hours of complete daylight.[3] [4]

History

Lerwick is a name with roots in Old Norse and its local descendant, Norn, which was spoken in Shetland until the mid-19th century. The name "Lerwick" means bay of clay. The corresponding Norwegian name is Norwegian: Leirvik, meaning clay and meaning "bay" or "inlet". Towns with similar names exist in southwestern Norway (Norwegian: [[Leirvik]]|italic=no, Norwegian: [[Lervik]]|italic=no) and on the Faroe Islands (Faroese: [[Leirvík]]|italic=no).[5]

Evidence of human settlement in the Lerwick area dates back to the Neolithic (4000–2500 BC) and the Bronze Age (2500–800 BC) known from paleoenvironmental records for human activity and the recovery of artefacts, including a stone axe head submerged in Bressay Sound. Iron Age (800 BC – AD 800) settlement is known at the Broch of Clickimin, which was constructed as early as 400 BC.[6] The first settlement to be known as Lerwick was founded in the 17th century as a herring and white fish seaport to trade with the Dutch fishing fleet. This settlement was on the mainland (west) side of Bressay Sound, a natural harbour with south and north entrances between the Shetland mainland and the island of Bressay. Its collection of wooden huts was burned to the ground twice: once in the 17th century by the residents of Scalloway on the western side of Mainland, then the capital of Shetland, who disapproved of the immoral and drunken activities of the assembled fishermen and sailors; again in 1702 by the French fleet.[7]

Fort Charlotte was built in the mid 17th century on Lerwick's waterfront, and permanent stone-built buildings began to be erected around the fort and along the shoreline. The principal concentration of buildings was in the "lanes" area: a steep hillside stretching from the shoreline to Hillhead at the top. Lerwick became capital of the Shetland Islands in 1708, taking over the function from Scalloway. The civil parish of Lerwick had been in 1701 created from a small part of the parish of Tingwall, to which Scalloway still belongs. When Lerwick became more prosperous through sea trade and the fishing industry during the 19th century, the town expanded in 1891 to the west of Hillhead, thereby including the former civil parishes of Gulberwick and Quarff, as well as the islands parish of Burra. Lerwick Town Hall was built during this period of expansion.

Lerwick war memorial dates from 1923 and was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer.[8] The next period of significant expansion was during the North Sea oil boom of the 1970s when large housing developments were built to the north of Staney Hill (located in Lerwick) and to the south (Nederdale and Sandveien).[9]

Climate

Lerwick has recently transitioned from a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) to a maritime climate (Cfb, yet closely bordering on Cfc), with cool to cold temperatures all year long. The lack of trees is mostly due to man clearing the islands for grazing and agriculture thousands of years ago.[10]

Lerwick is a very cloudy town, averaging only 1,110 sunshine hours annually. February is the coldest month, with high temperatures averaging around 5.8C. In August, the warmest month, average high temperatures are 14.7C. This produces an extremely narrow difference for an area north of the 60th parallel. In terms of average monthly precipitation, October to January are the year's wettest months, with over 130mm of precipitation each month; May and June are the driest months, with average monthly precipitation less than 60mm each. Snowfall can occur, primarily from December to March, but snow accumulation is rarely heavy and usually short-lived. The exposed North Atlantic location and proximity to autumn and winter storm tracks means high winds are a regular occurrence, alongside high levels of cloudiness and precipitation. Temperatures are likely to be slightly milder in the town centre at sea level, as the weather station is at an elevation of 82m (269feet).[11]

Owing to its northerly location, winter months are extremely dark in Lerwick. On the day of the winter solstice it gets only 5 hours and 49 minutes of daylight.[12] In sharp contrast daylight lasts 18 hours and 55 minutes on the day of the summer solstice.[13] As a result, nights never get completely dark for a period of time in summer, with dark blue elements remaining in the sky. The maritime influence tempers the climate effects of these swings in daylight, but in many areas of the world this latitude has hostile winters. Farther north in the world, only the Faroe Islands and a few places in Norway like Kinn have such high January averages as Lerwick and fellow Shetland station at Baltasound – with the warm Atlantic currents preventing ice formation. Only when temperatures in continental areas are record cold does Lerwick experience some cold as was the case in December 2010 during the severe cold wave affecting the British Isles and Europe that covered much of mainland UK in snow.[14] Even so, average highs remained above 3C and frosts were light. Mild summers are also rare with the warmest recorded month being July 2006 at an average high of 16C.[15]

Colspan=14Climate data for Lerwick
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Average sea temperature °C 9.3
8.8
8.6
8.8
9.9
11.5
13.0
13.4
12.8
11.9
11.4
10.3
10.8
Mean daily daylight hours7.010.012.014.017.019.017.015.013.010.08.06.012.4
Average Ultraviolet index0123455431002.4
Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"Source: Weather Atlas[16]

Demography

Lerwick has 6,958 residents, as of 2011. It is 97.0% White (83.3% White Scottish, 8.9% White Other British, 2.6% White Other, 1.4% White Polish, 0.8% White Irish), 2.2% Asian or Asian Scottish or British Asian, and 0.8% other ethnic groups. Lerwick's residents are 2.5% unemployed, 17.3% are part-time employees, and 50.3% are full-time employees.[17]

Industry and economy

Lerwick is a busy fishing and ferry port. The harbour also services vessels supporting the offshore oil industry.[18]

Power supply

Main power supply is from Lerwick Power Station located in Gremista.[19]

Notable buildings

Significant buildings in Lerwick include Fort Charlotte,[20] Lerwick Town Hall, the Böd of Gremista, Shetland Museum[21] and Broch of Clickimin.[22]

Because of the historic nature of the area, some scenes from BBC's Shetland were filmed in Lerwick.[23]

Transportation

Lerwick is served by the Tingwall Airport located a few miles away and Sumburgh Airport that is further south and flies all year to some Scotland destinations.[24]

NorthLink Ferries operate a daily overnight ferry service between Lerwick and Aberdeen, regularly calling in to Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands.[25]

The Shetland Islands Council operate a ro-ro ferry service to Out Skerries and Bressay from a terminal in the centre of the town.[26]

The local bus service is provided by the Regional Transport Partnership (ZetTrans) and operated by a number of different local bus service operators.[27] The town has a bus station, Viking bus station.[28]

Schools and education

Lerwick's secondary school is Anderson High School.[29]

Shetland College, a constituent partner institution of the University of the Highlands and Islands, is also based in the town, offering degree-level education (along with further education courses) to locals who may have difficulty travelling further afield to study.[30]

Hospitals and healthcare

The Gilbert Bain Hospital provides secondary care services to all of Shetland. The Montfield Hospital, a few hundred metres away, is an older hospital than the Gilbert Bain, but has become a secondary health care service for the people of Lerwick over time.[31]

Sport

The town is home to four football teams, Lerwick Spurs, Lerwick Thistle, Lerwick Celtic and Lerwick Rangers.[32] The Clickimin Leisure Complex provides sports facilities for the town such as a swimming pool and open court.[33]

Media

Television signals are received from the Bressay TV transmitter.[34] Local independent radio station SIBC broadcasts daily from a studio in Market Street. BBC Radio Shetland, a BBC Radio Scotland regional opt out, has its studios in Pitt Lane. The Shetland Times, a weekly local newspaper, has its premises in Gremista on the northern outskirts of Lerwick.[35] Millgaet Media Group, a multi-media production company, is based at the North Ness Business Park.[36]

Culture

Lerwick has strong ties with Scandinavian countries, particularly Norway (Lerwick has a friendship agreement with Måløy in Norway).[37]

Events

Lerwick is the focus of most events in Shetland, including the largest of the annual Up Helly Aa fire festivals which takes place on the last Tuesday of January every year.[38]

Places of worship

There are several churches in Lerwick, including:

In the 19th century there were more churches in Lerwick, including a Free Church on South Hill Head.[44]

While there is not currently a Muslim place of worship in Lerwick, there are plans to refurbish the old Lochside Stores building into a mosque.[45]

Notes and references

Notes
  • References
  • External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: 1901 – Ordnance gazetteer of Scotland (1065) Page 1057 . 19 June 2017 . 27 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211027204350/https://digital.nls.uk/archive/assets/skins/da3/assets/backgrounds/97491608/background.css . live .
    2. Web site: Visit.Shetland.org. Visit Shetland. 25 December 2010. 22 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722122259/http://visit.shetland.org/lerwick. live.
    3. Web site: Sunrise and sunset times for Lerwick (Shetland Islands), June 2022. Timeanddate.com. 11 January 2022.
    4. Web site: Sunrise and sunset times for Lerwick (Shetland Islands), December 2022. Timeanddate.com. 11 January 2022.
    5. Book: The Leirvik 'Bonhústoftin' and the Early Christianity of the Faroe Islands, and beyond.. J. . Sheehan. S. S. . Hansen. 2006. University College Cork (Department of Archaeology). 56364631 .
    6. Edwards. Kevin J.. Whittington. Graeme. Robinson. Marie. Richter. Daniela. 2005-12-01. Palaeoenvironments, the archaeological record and cereal pollen detection at Clickimin, Shetland, Scotland. Journal of Archaeological Science. 32. 12. 1741–1756. 10.1016/j.jas.2005.06.004. 2005JArSc..32.1741E . 0305-4403. 11 April 2020. 11 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200411085510/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440305001299. live.
    7. Book: Linklater, Eric. Orkney and Shetland: An Historical, Geographical, Social and Scenic Survey. Hale. 1971. 181. 9780709117544 .
    8. Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Robert Lorimer
    9. Web site: North Stanley Hill Masterplan. Shetland Council . 27. 23 October 2022.
    10. Web site: Root and branch – the story of Shetland's trees . 19 April 2021 .
    11. Web site: Lerwick climate information. Lerwick climate information. 9 August 2015. 10 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150910210248/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gfxnj5fx4. live.
    12. Web site: Lerwick sunrise and sunset – December. Sunrise and Sunset. 27 October 2015. 3 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230722/http://www.sunrise-and-sunset.com/en/sun/united-kingdom/lerwick/2015/december. live.
    13. Web site: Sunrise and sunset for Lerwick – June. Sunrise and Sunset. 27 October 2015. 3 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230821/http://www.sunrise-and-sunset.com/en/sun/united-kingdom/lerwick/2015/june. live.
    14. Web site: Met Office Station Data for Lerwick. Met Office. 27 October 2015. 25 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161221/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/pub/data/weather/uk/climate/stationdata/lerwickdata.txt. live.
    15. Web site: Met Office Station Data for Lerwick. Met Office. 27 October 2015. 25 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161221/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/pub/data/weather/uk/climate/stationdata/lerwickdata.txt. live.
    16. Web site: Lerwick, Scotland – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data . Weather Atlas . 25 January 2019 . 27 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211027204350/https://www.weather-atlas.com/porpoiseant/army.gif?orig=0&sts=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. live .
    17. http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/area.html Scotland's Census 2011
    18. Web site: Oil and Gas. Lerwick Port Authority. 23 October 2022.
    19. http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst9849.html "Lerwick Power Station"
    20. Web site: Visitscotland Fort Charlotte, Lerwick Lerwick Fort Welcome . 2008-12-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080821180135/http://guide.visitscotland.com/vs/guide/5,en,SCH1/objectId,SIG49191Svs,curr,GBP,season,at1,selectedEntry,home/home.html . 21 August 2008 . dmy-all .
    21. Web site: New Shetland Museum & Archives. The Wood Awards. 23 April 2012.
    22. Web site: Clickimin Broch. . 1 Sep 2013.
    23. News: 9 April 2015 . Street Closed for Filming Television Crime Series . Shetland Times . 14 February 2017 . 17 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150417000223/http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2015/04/09/street-closed-for-television-crime-series-filming . live .
    24. Web site: Sumburgh Airport. Highlands and Islands Airports Limited. 23 October 2022.
    25. Web site: Accessibility information for the NorthLink Ferries Lerwick Ferry Terminal. NorthLink Ferries. 23 October 2022.
    26. Web site: Routes and destinations. Shetland.gov. 19 August 2016. 26 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131026004829/http://www.shetland.gov.uk/ferries/mapofservices.asp. live.
    27. Web site: Shetland's Transport Partnership Website . 27 October 2011 . 23 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181023130150/http://www.zettrans.org.uk/ . live .
    28. Web site: Viking Bus Station, Lerwick . Shetland Museum and Archives . 2021-06-13.
    29. Web site: 17 February 2019. The entrepreneur who went from fish curing to smuggling diplomats. The National.
    30. News: Positive report for Shetland College hailed . . Johnson . Peter . 10 January 2014 . 29 June 2014.
    31. Web site: Orkney and Shetland. 19 May 2015 . Historic Hospitals. 8 March 2020.
    32. Web site: Shetland Islands – List of cup winners. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 23 October 2022.
    33. Web site: Clickimin Leisure Complex. Clickimin Leisure Complex. 13 May 2023.
    34. Web site: Full Freeview on the Bressay transmitter. 1 May 2004. UK Free TV. 9 October 2023.
    35. Web site: About. https://web.archive.org/web/20141007033830/http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/about. 2014-10-07. The Shetland Times.
    36. Web site: Public money handed over to Millgaet Media. 4 July 2008. Shetland Times. 23 October 2022.
    37. Web site: Norway's Centenary Celebrations. 8 June 2005. Scottish Parliament. 23 October 2022.
    38. Web site: Lerwick Up Helly Aa. Shetland.org. en-GB. 2020-02-24.
    39. Web site: Adam Clarke Memorial Methodist Church, Lerwick. 8 May 2017. Scotland's Churches Trust. 23 October 2022.
    40. Web site: About. Lerwick Baptist Church. 5 February 2019. 7 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190207064858/http://lerwickbaptist.org.uk/about/. live.
    41. Web site: Related pages. 21 August 2008 . https://archive.today/20080821104404/http://www.shetlandcommunities.org/lbpc/.
    42. Web site: St Magnus', Lerwick. St Magnus' Episcopal Church, Lerwick, and St Colman's Episcopal Church, Burravoe. 5 February 2019. 7 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020304/http://episcopalshetland.org.uk/st-magnus-lerwick/. live.
    43. Web site: Lerwick RC Parish Church. Catholic Scotland. 23 October 2022.
    44. Web site: 25 inch 1892–1949. National Library of Scotland. Ordnance Survey. 26 October 2017. 30 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121130162106/http://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=18&lat=60.1518&lon=-1.1444&layers=168&b=1. live.
    45. Web site: Plans for mosque. The Shetland Times. 20 June 2022 . 13 May 2023.