| Former Names: | Holme Abbey (1172–1536) Rantzauholm (1568–1667) |
| Location Town: | Faaborg-Midtfyn Municipality |
| Location Country: | Denmark |
| Coordinates: | 55.15°N 32°W |
| Owner: | Catharina Reventlow-Mourier Bottke |
Brahetrolleborg is a castle about 10 kilometres north-west of Fåborg on the Danish island of Fyn. Before the Reformation, the structure was a Cistercian monastery known as Holme Abbey (Danish: Holme Kloster; Latin: Insula Dei).[1] After the reformation, the property was renamed Rantzausholm in 1568 before receiving its current name in 1667.
The church dates to the 13th century, while the main structure was originally constructed in the 15th century. Significant extensions and refurbishments have changed the building since, altering its original romanesque style.
The estate has been owned by the Reventlow family since 1722. It is currently owned by Catharina Reventlow-Mourier, the 9th generation of the family.[2] Together with the neighboring Brændegård property, the estate covers a total of 2607 hectares, much of which is forest.[3]
The abbey was founded and settled in 1172 from the Cistercian Herrevad Abbey in Scania, now in Sweden, of which it was a daughter house.[4] [5] The monastery was initially constructed on directly on the lake of Nørresø, perhaps on a small island, hence the abbey's latin name: Insula Dei . The original building was destroyed in a fire in 1243 and the abbey was moved to the location of the current castle. In 1288, 1324, and again in 1414 the privileges of the abbey were confirmed and expanded. Although the abbey was of relatively distinguished in the Middle Ages, little of its history survives as its archive has been lost.
After the Reformation in Denmark, the monastery, along with all other religious properties, became a property of the crown. In 1538, the property was leant to Clemens von der Wisch for 9,000 Lübeck Marks. In exchange, von der Wisch was to oversee the maintenance of the remaining monks at the abbey. In 1539, the monastery was leant to Christoffer Johansen Lindenov, who was to maintain the property, but no mention of the monks was made in his lease. It is likely that the abbey was quickly vacated by the Cistercian monks in the wake of the reformation.
In 1540, Jakob Hadenberg purchased the property from the crown. After Jakob's death, his widow Sophie Lykke maintained the property until 1551 when it was reacquired by the crown. The crown reimbursed Sophie the 42,000 Lübeck Marks her late husband had paid for the property, but ordered that she return the object which they had removed from the property, including: some lead, a bell, and other ornaments. She was also required to compensate the crown for lands which had been sold off from the property and for the deterioration and demolition of some of the monastery's buildings which had occurred under her ownership.[6] After the property had been reacquired by the crown, it was managed by Eskil Oxe and then Queen Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg.
The crown maintained ownership of the property until 1568 when Frederick II sold it to Heinrich Rantzau for 55,000 rigsdaler. The deed allowed Heinrich to establish an estate on the former abbey's grounds to be inherited by his male descendants. The estate was thus established as Rantzausholm. After Heinrich's death in 1598, the estate was inherited by his son Breide Rantzau. After Briede's death in 1618, the estate passed to his son Kai Rantzau who died in 1623 and left the estate to his brother Frands. After Frands drowned in 1632, the estate was transferred to Kai Rantzau's only child, Sophie, before being transferred to his widow, Anne Lykke, in 1635. Anne died in 1641 and the property was transferred to her brother Frands Lykke, and then to his son Kai Lykke in 1646. After accusing Queen Sophie Amalie of adultery, Kai Lykke was involved in a scandal in the 1660s which led to his conviction, exile, and the confiscation of all of his properties by the crown.[7] [8] [9] As a result, the estate once again became a possession of the crown in 1661.
After the Carl Gustav wars, the manor had become dilapidated and was in severe disrepair. In 1664, Frederick III granted the estate to his court favourite, the German merchant and politician Christoffer Gabel. In 1667, the estate again was returned to the crown.
In 1668 the estate, along with patronage of its two churches, was deeded to Birgitte Trolle. Brigitte married into the Brahe family, and on 2 February 1672, she was made a baroness and the barony of Brahetrolleborg was formed from the former lands of Rantzauholm and the neighboring Brendegård property. Her brother and heir, privy councilor Corfitz Trolle died in 1684, and therefore when Birgitte died in 1687, the estate and her title were inherited by Corfitz's son, Frederik Trolle. Frederik established several schools on the estate, the last of which remained operational until 1900. After Frederik's death in 1700, Brahetrolleborg passed to his brother Niels Trolle. Niels died in 1722 with no descendants and so the property once again fell back to the crown.
On 28 December 1722, Frederick IV granted Brahetrolleborg to his brother-in-law, Christian Detlev Reventlow (1671–1738). The estate has remained in the possession of the Reventlow family ever since.[10] [11] [12] After Christian Detlev's death, the estate passed to his son Conrad Detlev Reventlow, and then to Conrad's son Christian Detlev Reventlow (1735–1759). He died without an heir, and so the property passed to his uncle Christian Ditlev Reventlow (1710–1775). It was then inherited by his son Johan Ludvig Reventlow, who introduced a new school system to the area and implemented forestry practices which made Brahetrolleborg famous.[13] The estate was inherited by Ditlev Christian Ernst Reventlow in 1854. He died without an heir in 1854, and the property passed to his cousin Ferdinand Otto Carl Reventlow, and then to Ferdinand's son Christian-Einar Ferdinand Ludvig Eduard Reventlow in 1875.
In 1979, the church passed into private ownership in 1979.
The former Cistercian church, laid out according to the plan of Saint Bernard, is now the chapel of Brahetrolleborg. The church was constructed between c. 1250 and 1325. The church's tower was an addition made between 1868 and 1870.[14] The church possesses a crucifix sculpted by Claus Berg around 1500.
The main structure consists of a partially enclosed quadrangle surrounded by four wings, with the church constituting the northern wing. The west wing contains an inscription in sandstone commemorating the transfer of the property to Heinrich Rantzau in 1568. The west wing was part of the original monastery and is complete with vaulted cellars containing the original well. The southern wing has similar vaulted cellars and was likely constructed as part of the monastery too, but was rebuilt in 1585 by Breide Rantzau who left an inscription on the wing's north wall. The eastern wing was likely built in 1620 by Kai Rantzau. It has two short octagonal towers, one at the south-east corner of the building and the other facing the interior courtyard. The entrance gate outside of the eastern wing has an inscription commemorates the restoration of the building in 1768. By 1870, a square stairwell was installed in the south-east corner of the courtyard and a covered passage was built on the southern side of the courtyard.
On 14 September 1888, a memorial obelisk was erected in honour of Johan Ludvig Reventlow in the property's garden.