Ho-Kwang Mao Explained

Ho-Kwang Mao
Native Name Lang:毛河光
Birth Date:June 18, 1941
Birth Place:Shanghai, China
Fields:Geology, Material Sciences
Workplaces:Carnegie Institution of Washington
Alma Mater:1963 B.S. National Taiwan University 1966 M.S. University of Rochester 1968 Ph.D University of Rochester
Doctoral Advisor:Bill Bassett and Taro Takahashi [1]
Known For:High Pressure techniques, X-ray sciences
Awards:Inge Lehmann Medal (2007)
Balzan Prize (2005)
Gregori Aminoff Prize (2005)
Roebling Medal (2005)
Arthur L. Day Prize (1990)
P. W. Bridgman Award (1989)
Mineralogical Society of America Award (1979)
Website:https://sites.google.com/carnegiescience.edu/ho-kwangmao/cv
Spouse:Agnes Mao

Ho-Kwang (Dave) Mao (; born June 18, 1941) is a Chinese-American geologist. He is the director of the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research in Shanghai, China.[2] He was a staff scientist at Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution for Science[3] for more than 30 years. Mao is a recognized leading scientist in high pressure geosciences and physical science. There are two minerals named after him, Davemaoite and Maohokite.

Biography

Mao was born in Shanghai in 1941. His father, General Mao Sen (毛森), was a high-ranking official of the intelligence department of the Republic of China. When Mao was seven years old, he moved to Taiwan with his family, fleeing with the rest of the government of the Republic of China to the province.[4] [5] Mao received his BS from National Taiwan University in 1963. Mao further pursued his studies in the United States, and obtained MS in 1966 and PhD in 1968 from the University of Rochester, New York.

From 1968 to 1972, Mao did his postdoctoral research at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW). From then on Mao has spent his career at Geophysical Laboratory as a Senior Staff scientist.

In 2013, Mao founded Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research in his birthplace, Shanghai.[6] He takes the director role at the center and leads a group of international scientists to tackle world-class scientific challenges. The center has a Nature index of 17.68 in 2021 and was on an increasing trend since 2016.[7]

Mao has three daughters - Cyndy, Linda, and Wendy. His youngest daughter, Wendy Mao, is a professor of geological sciences at Stanford University.[8]

Research

Achieving high pressure and pressure calibration methods

Mao is one of the most prolific users of the diamond anvil cell for research at high pressures. Although at the time the claim was controversial,[9] his work with Peter M. Bell is now generally accepted as being the first verified static pressure in excess of 1 Megabar.[10] [11]

Mao and colleagues first calibrated ruby fluorescence pressure scale to 80 GPa and this method has been widely used in almost every diamond anvil cell experiments.[12] This work has been cited by 3921 times as of Jan 15, 2022, according to google scholar.

In 2018, 400 GPa was achieved by his team and a detailed description of pressure loading and distribution, gasket thickness variation, and diamond anvil deformation was reported.[13] [14]

Towards metallic hydrogen

Mao is a pioneer in experimentally exploring the possible metallic hydrogen phase under high pressure. His work on solid hydrogen starts in 1988, where he reported single-crystal structure of hydrogen up to 26.5 GPa.[15] He later published a review paper on transitions in solid hydrogen in 1994.[16] In 1996, his team's work[17] suggested a more compressible solid hydrogen than previously thought. More recently in 2019, his team published results on single crystal diffraction of the lightest material in the world, hydrogen, up to 254 GPa and revealed isostructural electronic transitions in solid hydrogen at around 220 GPa.[18]

In 1987, Mao and a colleague at the Geophysical Laboratory, Robert Hazen, identified the composition and structure of the first high-temperature superconductor to have a critical temperature above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen.[19]

Iron peroxide in Earth's interior

Mao discovered formation of FeO2Hx from goethite FeOOH[20] or from iron-water reaction[21] under Earth's lower mantle conditions. The novel FeO2Hx phase processes a pyrite structure. Since this phase can contain varied amount of hydrogen,[22] it would have important implications for the deep water cycle.[23] [24]

Honors and awards

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Ho-Kwang Mao . 2022-01-14. honors.agu.org.
  2. Mao. Ho-kwang. July 2016. High pressure presses ahead. Nature Materials. en. 15. 7. 694–695. 10.1038/nmat4642. 27329457 . 2016NatMa..15..694M . 44666542 . 1476-4660.
  3. Witze . Alexandra . Diamond delivers long-sought mineral from the deep Earth . Nature . 11 November 2021 . 10.1038/d41586-021-03409-2 . 34764468 . 244039394 .
  4. Book: Li, Wei. 折戟沉沙: 英雄無淚. 秀威資訊科技股份有限公司. 2010. 9789862214282. 236–237. zh.
  5. Web site: 军统特务毛森简历 毛森的后代. 2022-01-14. ishare.ifeng.com. zh.
  6. O’Meara. Sarah. March 2019. Materials science is helping to transform China into a high-tech economy. Nature. 567. 7748. S1–S5. 10.1038/d41586-019-00885-5. 30894738 . 2019Natur.567S...1O . 84186042 . 0028-0836. free.
  7. Web site: Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR). 2022-01-14. Nature Index. en.
  8. Web site: Ho-Kwang Mao . 2022-01-14. honors.agu.org.
  9. Bassett. William A.. 2009-06-01. Diamond anvil cell, 50th birthday. High Pressure Research. 29. 2. 163–186. 10.1080/08957950802597239. 2009HPR....29..163B . 15204168 . 0895-7959.
  10. Book: Hazen. Robert M.. The diamond makers. 1999. Cambridge University Press. New York. 0521654742. Rev..
  11. Mao . H. K. . Bell . P. M. . High-Pressure Physics: The 1-Megabar Mark on the Ruby R 1 Static Pressure Scale . Science . 27 February 1976 . 191 . 4229 . 851–852 . 10.1126/science.191.4229.851 . 17730998 . 1976Sci...191..851M . 12416002 .
  12. Mao. H. K.. Xu. J.. Bell. P. M.. 1986. Calibration of the ruby pressure gauge to 800 kbar under quasi-hydrostatic conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research. 91. B5. 4673. 10.1029/jb091ib05p04673. 1986JGR....91.4673M . 0148-0227.
  13. Li. Bing. Ji. Cheng. Yang. Wenge. Wang. Junyue. Yang. Ke. Xu. Ruqing. Liu. Wenjun. Cai. Zhonghou. Chen. Jiuhua. Mao. Ho-kwang. 2018-02-05. Diamond anvil cell behavior up to 4 Mbar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115. 8. 1713–1717. 10.1073/pnas.1721425115. 29432145 . 5828636 . 2018PNAS..115.1713L . 0027-8424. free .
  14. Web site: 2018-02-13. How a diamond anvil cell works up to 4 Mbar. 2022-01-15. Geophysical Laboratory. en.
  15. Mao. H. K.. Jephcoat. A. P.. Hemley. R. J.. Finger. L. W.. Zha. C. S.. Hazen. R. M.. Cox. D. E.. 1988. Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Measurements of Single-Crystal Hydrogen to 26.5 Gigapascals. Science. 239. 4844. 1131–1134. 10.1126/science.239.4844.1131 . 1700584 . 17791973 . 1988Sci...239.1131M . 28007172 . 0036-8075.
  16. Mao. Ho-kwang. Hemley. Russell J.. 1994-04-01. Ultrahigh-pressure transitions in solid hydrogen. Reviews of Modern Physics. 66. 2. 671–692. 10.1103/revmodphys.66.671. 1994RvMP...66..671M . 0034-6861.
  17. Loubeyre. P.. LeToullec. R.. Hausermann. D.. Hanfland. M.. Hemley. R. J.. Mao. H. K.. Finger. L. W.. Oct 1996. X-ray diffraction and equation of state of hydrogen at megabar pressures. Nature. 383. 6602. 702–704. 10.1038/383702a0. 1996Natur.383..702L . 4372789 . 0028-0836.
  18. Ji. Cheng. Li. Bing. Liu. Wenjun. Smith. Jesse S.. Majumdar. Arnab. Luo. Wei. Ahuja. Rajeev. Shu. Jinfu. Wang. Junyue. Sinogeikin. Stanislav. Meng. Yue. 2019-09-25. Ultrahigh-pressure isostructural electronic transitions in hydrogen. Nature. 573. 7775. 558–562. 10.1038/s41586-019-1565-9. 31554980 . 2019Natur.573..558J . 1567058 . 202762596 . 0028-0836.
  19. Book:
  20. Hu. Qingyang. Kim. Duck Young. Yang. Wenge. Yang. Liuxiang. Meng. Yue. Zhang. Li. Mao. Ho-Kwang. 2016-06-08. FeO2 and FeOOH under deep lower-mantle conditions and Earth's oxygen–hydrogen cycles. Nature. 534. 7606. 241–244. 10.1038/nature18018. 27279220 . 2016Natur.534..241H . 10702618 . 0028-0836.
  21. Liu. Jin. Hu. Qingyang. Young Kim. Duck. Wu. Zhongqing. Wang. Wenzhong. Xiao. Yuming. Chow. Paul. Meng. Yue. Prakapenka. Vitali B.. Mao. Ho-Kwang. Mao. Wendy L.. Nov 2017. Hydrogen-bearing iron peroxide and the origin of ultralow-velocity zones. Nature. 551. 7681. 494–497. 10.1038/nature24461. 29168804 . 2017Natur.551..494L . 1423460 . 4463870 . 0028-0836.
  22. Hu. Qingyang. Kim. Duck Young. Liu. Jin. Meng. Yue. Yang. Liuxiang. Zhang. Dongzhou. Mao. Wendy L.. Mao. Ho-kwang. 2017-01-31. Dehydrogenation of goethite in Earth's deep lower mantle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114. 7. 1498–1501. 10.1073/pnas.1620644114. 28143928 . 5320987 . 2017PNAS..114.1498H . 0027-8424. free .
  23. Mao. Ho-Kwang. Hu. Qingyang. Yang. Liuxiang. Liu. Jin. Kim. Duck Young. Meng. Yue. Zhang. Li. Prakapenka. Vitali B. Yang. Wenge. Mao. Wendy L. 2017-09-08. When water meets iron at Earth's core–mantle boundary. National Science Review. 4. 6. 870–878. 10.1093/nsr/nwx109. 2095-5138. free.
  24. Book: 1991-01-01. Four-Dimensional Model Assimilation of Data. 10.17226/1830. 978-0-309-04536-0 .
  25. Web site: Ho-kwang Mao. 2022-01-14. www.nasonline.org.
  26. News: Shao. Danlei. 25 Dec 2020. World-Renowned Scientist Ho-Kwang Mao joins Zhejiang University as Honorary Professor. 14 Jan 2022.
  27. Prewitt . C. T. . Presentation of the Roebling Medal for 2005 of the Mineralogical Society of America to Ho-kwang Mao . American Mineralogist . 1 May 2006 . 91 . 5–6 . 965–966 . 10.2138/am.2006.459 . 2006AmMin..91..965P .
  28. Mao . H.-k. D. . Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Roebling Medal for 2005 . American Mineralogist . 1 May 2006 . 91 . 5–6 . 967–968 . 10.2138/am.2006.460 . 2006AmMin..91..967M .

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