Hitchhiking Explained

Hitchhiking (also known as thumbing, autostop or hitching) is a means of transportation that is gained by asking individuals, usually strangers, for a ride in their car or other vehicle. The ride is usually, but not always, free.

Signaling methods

Hitchhikers use a variety of signals to indicate they need a ride. Indicators can be physical gestures or displays including written signs.^[1] The physical gestures, e.g., hand signals, hitchhikers use differ around the world:

• In some African countries, the hitchhiker's hand is held with the palm facing upwards.^[2]
• In most of Europe, North America, South America and Australia, most hitchhikers stand with their back facing the direction of travel. The hitchhiker typically extends their arm towards the road with the thumb of the closed hand pointing upward or in the direction of vehicle travel.

Legal status

Hitchhiking is historically a common practice worldwide and hence there are very few places in the world where laws exist to restrict it. However, a minority of countries have laws that restrict hitchhiking at certain locations.^[3] In the United States, for example, some local governments have laws outlawing hitchhiking, on the basis of drivers' and hitchhikers' safety. In Canada, several highways have restrictions on hitchhiking, particularly in British Columbia and the 400-series highways in Ontario. In all countries in Europe, it is legal to hitchhike and in some places even encouraged. However, worldwide, even where hitchhiking is permitted, laws forbid hitchhiking where pedestrians are banned, such as the Autobahn (Germany), Autostrade (Italy), motorways (United Kingdom and continental Europe, with the exception of, at least, Lithuania) or interstate highways (United States), although hitchhikers often obtain rides at entrances and truck stops where it is legal at least throughout Europe ^{[4] [5]} with the exception of Italy.^[6]

Community

In recent years, hitchhikers have started efforts to strengthen their community. Examples include the annual Hitchgathering, an event organized by hitchhikers, for hitchhikers, and websites such as hitchwiki, which are platforms for hitchhikers to share tips and provide a way of looking up good hitchhiking spots around the world.

Decline

In 2011, Freakonomics Radio reviewed sparse data about hitchhiking, and identified a steady decline in hitchhiking in the US since the 1970s, which it attributed to a number of factors, including a greater lack of trust of strangers, lower air travel costs due to deregulation, the presence of more money in the economy to pay for travel and more numerous and more reliable cars.^[7] A marked increase in fear of hitchhiking is thought to have been spurred by movies such as The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), The Hitcher (1986), and a few real incidents involving imperiled hitchhikers, including the kidnapping of Colleen Stan in California.^[7] See, below.

Some British researchers discuss reasons for hitchhiking's decline in the UK, and possible means of reviving it in safer and more-organized forms.^[8]

Public policy support

Since the mid-2010s, local authorities in rural areas in Germany have started to support hitchhiking, and this has spread to Austria and the German-speaking region of Belgium. The objectives are both social and environmental: as ride sharing improves mobility for local residents (particularly young and old people without their own cars) in places where public transport is inadequate, thus improving networking among local communities in an environmentally friendly way. This support typically takes the form of providing hitchhiking benches (in German Mitfahrbänke) where people hoping for a ride can wait for cars. These benches are usually brightly coloured and located at the exit from a village, sometimes at an existing bus stop lay-by where vehicles can pull in safely. Some are even provided with large fold-out or slide-out signs with place names allowing hitchers to clearly signal where they want to go. Some Mitfahrbänke have been installed with the help of the EU's LEADER programme for rural local development^[9]

In Austria, Mitfahrbänke are especially common in Lower Austria and Tyrol, and are promoted by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism under its klimaaktiv climate protection initiative.^[10] In 2018 the Tyrolean MobilitäterInnen network published a Manual for the Successful Introduction of Hitch-hiking Benches.^[11]

Safety

Limited data is available regarding the safety of hitchhiking.^[12] Compiling good safety data requires counting hitchhikers, counting rides, and counting problems: a difficult task.^[13]

Two studies on the topic include a 1974 California Highway Patrol study and a 1989 German federal police (Bundeskriminalamt Wiesbaden) study. The California study found that hitchhikers were not disproportionately likely to be victims of crime.^[14] The German study concluded that the actual risk is much lower than the publicly perceived risk; the authors did not advise against hitchhiking in general.^[15] They found that in some cases there were verbal disputes or inappropriate comments, but physical attacks were very rare.^[16]

Recommended safety practices include:^[17]

• Asking for rides at gas stations instead of signaling at the roadside
• Refusing rides from alcohol impaired drivers
• Hitchhiking during daylight hours
• Trusting one's instincts
• Traveling with another hitchhiker; this measure decreases the likelihood of harm by a factor of six^[18]

Around the world

Cuba

In Cuba, picking up hitchhikers is mandatory for government vehicles, if passenger space is available. Hitchhiking is encouraged, as Cuba has few cars, and hitchhikers use designated spots. Drivers pick up waiting riders on a first come, first served basis.^[19]

Israel

See main article: Hitchhiking in Israel. In Israel, hitchhiking is commonplace at designated locations called (in Hebrew, derived from the German). Travelers soliciting rides, called, wait at, typically junctions of highways or main roads outside of a city.

Poland

Hitchhiking in Poland has a long history and is still popular. It was legalised and formalised in 1957 so hitchhikers could buy booklets including coupons from travel agencies.^[20] These coupons were given to drivers who took hitchhikers. By the end of each season drivers who collected the highest number of coupons could exchange them for prizes, and others took part in a lottery. This so-called "Akcja Autostop" was popular till the end of the 1970s, but the sale of the booklet was discontinued in 1995.^[21]

United States

Hitchhiking became a common method of traveling during the Great Depression and during the Counterculture of the 1960s.Warnings of the potential dangers of picking up hitchhikers were publicized to drivers, who were advised that some hitchhikers would rob drivers and, in some cases, sexually assault or murder them. Other warnings were publicized to the hitchhikers themselves, alerting them to the same types of crimes being carried out by drivers. Still, hitchhiking was part of the American psyche and many people continued to stick out their thumbs, even in states where the practice had been outlawed.^[22]

Today, hitchhiking is legal in 44 of the 50 states, provided that the hitchhiker is not standing in the roadway or otherwise hindering the normal flow of traffic. Even in states where hitchhiking is illegal, hitchhikers are rarely ticketed. For example, the Wyoming Highway Patrol approached 524 hitchhikers in 2010, but only eight of them were cited (hitchhiking was subsequently legalized in Wyoming in 2013).^[23]

See also

• Murders of Jacqueline Ansell-Lamb and Barbara Mayo – two unsolved murders of hitchhikers in England in 1970
• Carpool
• Flexible carpooling – hitchhiking formalized via designated meeting points
• Freighthopping
• Hitchwiki
• Ridesharing company
• Slugging – hitchhiking motivated by high-occupancy vehicle lanes in several urban areas

Bibliography

• Brunvand, Harold (1981). The Vanishing Hitchhiker. American Urban Legends and Their Meaning. New York NY: Norton & Company.
• Griffin, John H. (1961). Black Like Me. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Hawks, Tony (1996). Round Ireland with a Fridge. London: Ebury.
• Laviolette, Patrick (2016). Why did the anthropologist cross the road? Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology. 81(3): 379–401.
• Nwanna, Gladson I. (2004). Americans Traveling Abroad: What You Should Know Before You Go, Frontier Publishers, .
• Packer, Jeremy (2008). Hitching the highway to hell: Media hysterics and the politics of youth mobility. Mobility Without Mayhem: Safety, Cars, and Citizenship. Chapel Hill: Duke Univ. Press (77–110).
• Reid, Jack. (2020) Roadside Americans: The Rise and Fall of Hitchhiking in a Changing Nation. Chapel Hill: Univ, of North Carolina Press.
• Smith, David H. & Frauke Zeller (2017). The death and lives of hitchBOT: the design and implementation of a hitchhiking robot. Leonardo. 50(1): 77–8.
• Sykes, Simon & Tom Sykes (2005). No Such Thing as a Free Ride. UK Edition. London: Cassell Illustrated.
• Tobar, Héctor (2020). The Last Great Road Bum. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• Kabourkova, Michaela (2022). Solo Female Traveller: What I Learnt from Hitchhiking in 70 Countries. Valencia: Amazon.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Why Do Hitchhikers Say "(Destination)...Or Bust!"?. Kovalchik, Kara. January 9, 2015. Mental Floss.
2. Web site: Hitchhiker's guide - what you should know? . 2022-07-30 . myluggage.io . en.
3. Nwanna, p.573
4. Web site: Hitchhiking Basics.
5. Web site: Hitchhiking . 4 December 2012 . 7 December 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121207065538/http://asitoughttobe.com/2009/10/19/hitchhiking-trainhopping-part-ii/ . dead .
6. Web site: Italy - Hitchwiki: The Hitchhiker's guide to Hitchhiking.
7. News: Huynh, Diana . Where Have All the Hitchhikers Gone? . Freakonomics Radio Podcast . 10 October 2011 . 21 September 2016 . 15 September 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160915053357/http://freakonomics.com/podcast/where-have-all-the-hitchhikers-gone-a-new-freakonomics-radio-podcast/ . dead .
8. Sociological Research Online. 6. 3 . Chesters, Graeme . Smith, David . 2001. 'The Neglected Art of Hitch-hiking: Risk, Trust and Sustainability . 63–71. 10.5153/sro.605. 143681275.
9. News: Projekt: Nersingen will Mitfahrbänke aufstellen . Bianca Frieß . Südwest Presse . 2018-08-10 . 2019-04-25 . 25 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190425215900/https://www.swp.de/suedwesten/landkreise/kreis-neu-ulm-bayern/nersingen-will-mitfahrbaenke-aufstellen-27322168.html . dead .
10. Web site: Die Mitfahrbank als unkomplizierte Mitfahrbörse für alle BürgerInnen . Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus . 2018-08-20 . 2019-04-25 . 29 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200929173733/https://www.klimaaktiv.at/mobilitaet/mobilitaetsmanagem/kommunalregional/Die-Mitfahrbank.html . dead .
11. Book: Handbuch für eine erfolgreiche Einführung von Mitfahrbänken . MobilitäterInnen . 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190425215859/http://www.mobilitaeterinnen.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/mobilitaeter-handbuch-web.pdf . 2019-04-25 . live.
12. Web site: Wechner . Bernd . A dearth of research: Does anyone really know anything about hitch-hiking? . dmy-all .
13. Web site: Wechner . Bernd . The Pros and Cons of Hitch-Hiking . There are no statistics on hitch-hiking, at least none that are meaningful and reliable. Compiling useful statistics would require counting hitchers and the amount of rides they receive, and comparing them to the problems reported, which would be a difficult task. . dmy-all . bernd.wechner.info.
14. News: McLeod . Jamie . The 'better' Better Way . 3 May 2013 . The Eyeopener . 10 January 2007 . The most recent hard evidence I could find about hitchhiking danger was a 1974 study conducted by the California Highway Patrol examining crimes committed by and on hitchhikers. It found that in 71.7 per cent of hitchhiker related crimes the hitchhiker was the victim. It also found that only 0.63 per cent of the crimes reported during the period of the study were hitchhiker-related, and that hitchhikers were not disproportionately victims of crime. . Citing: News: California Crimes And Accidents Associated With Hitchhiking . California Highway Patrol . February 1974 . No independent information exists about hitchhikers who are not involved in crimes. Without such information, it is not possible to conclude whether or not hitchhikers are exposed to high danger. However, the results of this study do not show that hitchhikers are over-represented in crimes or accidents beyond their numbers. . dmy-all . Also available as a PDF.
15. Web site: Anhalterwesen und Anhaltergefahren: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des "Kurztrampens". Joachim Fiedler. Bundeskriminalamt Wiesbaden. 1989. Wiesbaden, Germany. de. 21676123. etal.
16. News: Trampen ohne großes Risiko. Zeit Online. 1990. "In one of 10,000 rides, a woman is raped and in two of 1,000 rides, there is an attempted rape."
17. Web site: Hitchhiker's safety. Hitchwiki. 1 January 2014. This is a link to the referenced article; but, note that it has not been fully peer-reviewed, and that we cannot guarantee its validity.
18. Based on: Thumbs Down: America and the Decline of Hitchhiking . BA thesis . Compagni Portis . Julian . 2015 . Wesleyan University . 44 . Citing: News: California Crimes And Accidents Associated With Hitchhiking . California Highway Patrol . Table 18 . dmy-all . Also available as a PDF.
19. http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/cuba/Cuba-Hitchhiking-Guide/255 Cuba Hitchhiking Guide
20. Web site: booklets. 20 October 2012. 10 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100710111111/http://www.autostopem.net/g-12-ksiazeczki_autostopu_78__81.html. dead.
21. Jakub Czupryński (red.), "Autostop polski. PRL i współczesność", Korporacja Ha!art, Kraków 2005.
22. Book: Dooling, Michael C. . Clueless in New England: The Unsolved Disappearances of Paula Welden, Connie Smith and Katherine Hull. The Carrollton Press. 2010.
23. News: Laura Hancock . Wyoming Senate committee debates, advances hitchhiking bill . Casper Star-Tribune . 13 January 2013 . 30 May 2014.