Hitch (fish) explained

The hitch (Lavinia exilicauda) is a cyprinid fish endemic to central California, and was once very common. The common name may derive from a Pomoan word for this species. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Lavinia.

Taxonomy

The hitch was first formally described in 1854 by Spencer Fullerton Baird and Charles Frédéric Girard with its type locality given as the Sacramento River in California. While the hitch is closely related to the California roach (Hesperoleucus symmetricus), and the two species can hybridize, leading some authorities to place H. symmetricus in Lavinia, genomic data appear to support the fishes' separate lineages.[1] The Lavinia genus has been placed in the subfamily Leuciscinae of the family Cyprinidae in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.[2] Other authorities classify the Leuciscidae as a family and place the genus Lavinia in the subfamily Laviniinae of that family.[3]

Three distinct population segments (DPS)[4] or subspecies of the hitch are recognized:

These common names or DPS correspond to the subspecies Lavinia exilicauda chi Hopkirk, 1974,[6] [7] Lavinia exilicauda harengus Girard, 1856[8] [9] and Lavinia exilicauda exilicauda Baird and Girard in Girard, 1854,[10] respectively.

Description

The hitch shape is deep and laterally compressed, with a small head, and a terminal mouth pointing upwards. They are generally silver all over; younger fish have a black spot at the base of the tail, losing it as they age, and becoming generally darker as well. The anal fin is noticeably longer than for other California minnows, with 11–14 rays, while the dorsal fin has 10–13 rays, and is placed further back, the base being positioned between pelvic and anal fins. The tail fin is large and deeply forked. They can get large for minnows, with lengths of up to 36cm (14inches) total length. All of these features make them look much like the golden shiner. The hitch is closely related to the California roach (Hesperoleucus symmetricus complex), and these taxa can hybridize with each other.[1]

Hitch are omnivores of the open water, eating a combination of filamentous algae, insects, and zooplankton. They can be found in lakes, sloughs, and slow-moving sections of rivers and streams. With the highest temperature tolerance among the native fish of the Central Valley, they can be found in both warm and cool water; they also have considerable salt tolerance, for instance occurring in Suisun Marsh (7–8 ppt salinity), and Salinas River lagoon (9 ppt).

Distribution

Their range includes the Sacramento RiverSan Joaquin River System of the Central Valley, the Russian River, Clear Lake, Pajaro River, and Salinas River. Although once abundant, but no longer commercially fished in Clear Lake, populations have been declining. The most likely cause appears to be loss of springtime spawning water flows due to water diversion and damming.

Conservation

The Clear Lake hitch was listed as threatened under the California Endangered Species Act in 2014.[11]

References

Notes and References

  1. Jason Baumsteiger . Peter B. Moyle . & . 2019 . A reappraisal of the California Roach/Hitch (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Hesperoleucus/Lavinia) species complex . Zootaxa . 4543 . 2 . 221–240 . 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.3. 30647303 . 58561676 .
  2. Book: Fishes of the World . 5th . J. S. Nelson . T. C. Grande . M. V. H. Wilson . 2016 . 181–186 . Wiley . 978-1-118-34233-6 . 2022-12-19 . 2019-04-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ . dead .
  3. Schönhuth. Susana. Vukić. Jasna. Šanda. Radek. Yang. Lei. Mayden. Richard L.. Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Holarctic family Leucisidae (Cypriniformes: Cyprinoidei). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127. October 2018. 781–799. 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.026. 29913311 . 49292104 .
  4. Baumsteiger. Jason. Young. Matthew. Moyle. Peter B.. Using the Distinct Population Segment (DPS) Concept to Protect Fishes with Low Levels of Genomic Differentiation: Conservation of an Endemic Minnow (Hitch). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 148. 2. 2019. 406–416. 10.1002/tafs.10144. 92315840 .
  5. Web site: State May Declare Unique NorCal Fish Threatened. KCET. Public Media Group of Southern California. 30 July 2014. Clarke. Chris. 13 December 2022.
  6. Book: Hopkirk, John D.. Endemism in Fishes of the Clear Lake Region of Central California. 1974. University of California Press. 0520094042. University of California Publications in Zoology Vol. 96.
  7. Web site: Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: References. Reference no. 2199. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes. 1 November 2022. 13 December 2022. California Academy of Sciences. Fricke. Ron.
  8. Girard. C.F.. Researches upon the cyprinoid fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of the United States, west of the Mississippi Valley, from specimens in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1856. 8. 165–213. 4059153.
  9. The Status of Lavinia ardesiaca, a Cyprinid Fish from the Pajaro-Salinas River Basin, California. Miller. Robert B.. Copeia. 1945. 4. 1945. 197–204. 1438351. 10.2307/1438351.
  10. Descriptions of new fishes, collected by Dr. A.L. Heermann, naturalist attached to the survey of the Pacific Railroad Route, under Lieut. R.S. Williamson, U.S.A.. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1854. 7. 129–140. Girard. Charles. 4059036.
  11. Web site: Feds deny protection for Clear Lake hitch fish, prompting outcry. Kovner. Guy. The Press Democrat. 4 December 2020. 14 December 2022.