History of the San Francisco Police Department explained

The San Francisco Police Department began operations on August 13, 1849 during the California Gold Rush in San Francisco, California, under the command of Captain Malachi Fallon.

History

At the time of founding on August 13, 1849, Chief Malachi Fallon had a force of one deputy captain, three sergeants, and thirty officers.[1]

In 1851, Albert Bernard de Russailh wrote about the nascent San Francisco police force:

As for the police, I have only one thing to say. The police force is largely made up of ex-bandits, and naturally the members are interested above all in saving their old friends from punishment. Policemen here are quite as much to be feared as the robbers; if they know you have money, they will be the first to knock you on the head. You pay them well to watch over your house, and they set it on fire. In short, I think that all the people concerned with justice or the police are in league with the criminals. The city is in a hopeless chaos, and many years must pass before order can be established. In a country where so many races are mingled, a severe and inflexible justice is desirable, which would govern with an iron hand.[2]

On October 28, 1853, the Board of Aldermen passed Ordinance No. 466, which provided for the reorganization of the police department.[3] Sections one and two provided as follows:

In July 1856, the "Consolidation Act" went into effect. This act abolished the office of City Marshal and created in its stead the office of Chief of Police. The first Chief of Police elected in 1856 was James F. Curtis a former member of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance.[4]

In early August 1975, the SFPD went on strike over a pay dispute, violating a California law prohibiting police from striking.[5] The city quickly obtained a court order declaring the strike illegal and enjoining the SFPD back to work. The court messenger delivering the order was met with violence and the SFPD continued to strike.[5] Only managers and African-American officers remained on duty,[6] with 45 officers and three fire trucks responsible for a city population of 700,000.[7] Supervisor Dianne Feinstein pleaded Mayor Joseph Alioto to ask Governor Jerry Brown to call out the National Guard to patrol the streets, but Alioto refused. When enraged civilians confronted SFPD officers at the picket lines, the officers arrested them.[5] The strike was joined by the city's firefighters.[8] The ACLU obtained a court order prohibiting strikers from carrying their service revolvers. Again, the SFPD ignored the court order.[5] On August 20, a bomb detonated at the Mayor's home with a sign reading "Don't Threaten Us" left on his lawn.[9] On August 21, Mayor Alioto advised the San Francisco Board of Supervisors that they should concede to the strikers' demands.[9] The Supervisors unanimously refused. Mayor Alioto immediately then declared a state of emergency, assumed legislative powers, and granted the strikers' demands.[10] City Supervisors and taxpayers sued but the court found that a contract obtained through an illegal strike is still legally enforceable.[10]

In 1997, the San Francisco International Airport Police merged with SFPD, becoming the SFPD Airport Bureau.[11]

On September 8, 2011, ground was broken for San Francisco's new Public Safety Building (PSB) in Mission Bay. A replacement facility for the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) Headquarters and Southern District Police Station located at 850 Bryant, the PSB also contained a fire station to serve the burgeoning neighborhood. The building was completed in 2015.[12]

The first African American police officer on SFPD in the 19th-century was Edward Dennis, the son of George Washington Dennis.[13] [14] In 2014, the San Francisco Police academy graduated its first publicly reported transgender police officer, Mikayla Connell.[15]

List of key events in the history of the SFPD

1850–1875

1875–1900

1900–1925

1925–1950

1950–1975

1975–2000

2000–present

References

Notes and References

  1. Web site: SFPD History . Ackerson . Sherman . Tully . Dewayne . amp . San Francisco Police Department . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070807095555/http://www.sfgov.org/site/police_index.asp?id=20204 . August 7, 2007.
  2. Book: Benard de Russailh, Albert . Crane . Clarkson . Benard de Russailh . Albert . 1931 . Last Adventure: San Francisco in 1851 . San Francisco . The Westgate Press.
  3. Book: Duke, Thomas Samuel . Celebrated Criminal Cases of America . 1910 . The James H. Barry Company . 7.
  4. Book: Williams, Mary Floyd . History of the San Francisco Committee of vigilance of 1851: A study of social control on the California frontier in the days of the Gold Rush . 1921 . University of California Press . 442.
  5. Emergency Mayoral Power: An Exercise in Charter Interpretation . Appel . Brent . May 1977 . . 65 . 3 . 686-719 . August 13, 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150613170944/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2411&context=californialawreview . June 13, 2015.
  6. Book: Crouch, Winston W. . Organized Civil Servants: Public Employer-Employee Relations in California . 1978 . University of California Press . Berkeley . 19 April 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150615153835/http://www.ucpress.edu/op.php?isbn=9780520036260 . June 15, 2015.
  7. Appel (1977), citing San Francisco Chronicle, August. 20, 1875, at p. 1, col. 2.
  8. Web site: Gerald A. Crowley, who led only police strike in S.F., dies . Nolte . Carl . 23 October 2014 . SFGate.
  9. Book: Organized Civil Servants: Public Employer-Employee Relations in California . Crouch . Winston W. . 1978 . University of California Press . Berkeley . 288 . 19 April 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150615153835/http://www.ucpress.edu/op.php?isbn=9780520036260 . June 15, 2015.
  10. Web site: Verreos v. City and County of San Francisco & Board of Supervisors . October 27, 1976 . . February 12, 2016 . live . January 13, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160113013153/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16387861686343720306&hl=en&as_sdt=2006.
  11. Web site: SFPD Airport Bureau . City and County of San Francisco . September 7, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091009150541/http://www.sfgov.org/site/police_index.asp?id=19888 . October 9, 2009.
  12. News: New S.F. police headquarters commands respect, if not love . King . John . 2015-05-25 . San Francisco Chronicle . 2022-04-18.
  13. News: George Dennis -- won freedom, riches . Johanesen . Harry . 1968-07-26 . . 14 . 2024-04-20 . . 2574-593X.
  14. Book: Beasley, Delilah L. . The Negro Trail Blazers of California . Delilah Beasley . 1919 . Los Angeles . 119–121 . George Washington Dennis . Internet Archive.
  15. Web site: San Francisco Police academy graduates first transgender officer . Walker . Noelle . 2014-08-15 . . 2014-08-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140819071909/http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/local/san-francisco-police-department-adds-first-transge/ng4DL/ . August 19, 2014.
  16. Web site: The 1856 Committee of Vigilance . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20060927105906/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/vigil56.html . September 27, 2006.
  17. Kentucky Privateers In California . Gilbert . Benjamin Franklin . July 1940 . . 38 . 124 . 256-266.
  18. Web site: Black Bart . Gibson . Beth . April 2000 . AOL Hometown . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070322113956/http://members.aol.com/Gibson0817/BlackBart.htm . March 22, 2007.
  19. News: Chinese Tongs Sign Treaty; San Francisco Police Seize It . August 8, 1922 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171826/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C02E6DC1339EF3ABC4053DFBE668389639EDE . March 3, 2016.
  20. News: Fear New Tong War; San Francisco Police Warn Chinese Against Any Outbreak . February 14, 1922 . The New York Times . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171231/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F02EFDB1E30EE3ABC4C52DFB4668389639EDE . March 3, 2016.
  21. Book: McConnell, Virginia A. . 2001 . Sympathy for the Devil: The Emmanuel Baptist murders of old San Francisco . Westport, Conn . Praeger . 0-275-97054-X.
  22. News: A Detective's Suicide . Peoples Advocate . 3 . 51 . 20 September 1895 . Nineteenth Century U.S. Newspapers . June 7, 2015 . live . January 21, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160121020803/http://find.galegroup.com/ncnp/newspaperRetrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=Relevance&tabID=T003&prodId=NCNP&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchId=R6&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=14&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28tx%2CNone%2C20%29San+Francisco+Police%24&retrieveFormat=MULTIPAGE_DOCUMENT&userGroupName=berk89308&inPS=true&contentSet=LTO&&docId=&docLevel=FASCIMILE&workId=&relevancePageBatch=GT3006192499&contentSet=UDVIN&callistoContentSet=UDVIN&docPage=article&hilite=y.
  23. News: Dumpville Is No More . November 11, 1895 . . California Digital Newspaper Collection . February 12, 2016 . live . March 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025850/http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18951111.2.106.
  24. Web site: Death of a Union: The 1907 San Francisco Streetcar Strike . Bionaz . Robert Emery . San Francisco State University . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033731/http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~epf/1996/street.html . July 17, 2011.
  25. Web site: Unsolved Death of Chief William Biggy . Museum of the City of San Francisco.
  26. News: Biggy Despondent Just Before Death - San Francisco Police Chief Strangely Drowned, Complained of Being Hounded. Prominent in Ruef Case Miss Elisor in Charge of Ruef - Blamed for Suicide of Haas, Heney's Assailant. . December 2, 1908 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . live . October 13, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121013211308/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A00E4D9113EE033A25751C0A9649D946997D6CF.
  27. San Francisco Examiner, June 13, 1977.
  28. Los Angeles Times, March 14, 1912, p. 12.
  29. Web site: On exhibit: Lady Hooch Hunter . Kratz . Jessie . April 7, 2015 . U.S. National Archives - Pieces of History . June 8, 2015 . live . January 13, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160113233641/http://blogs.archives.gov/prologue/?p=15241.
  30. News: Six Held in Bomb Plot. - San Francisco Police Think They Have Defense Day Murderers. . July 28, 1916 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . October 13, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121013211319/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9907E3DC1E3FE233A2575BC2A9619C946796D6CF . live.
  31. News: Talk of Reopening the Mooney Case - San Francisco Police Chief Will Act if Ohioan's Confession Is Well Supported. Presiding Judge Shifts: He Admits That He Now Believes Perjured Testimony Sent Mooney to Prison. . November 10, 1929 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722101751/https://www.nytimes.com/1929/11/10/archives/talk-of-reopening-the-mooney-case-san-francisco-police-chief-will.html . live.
  32. Book: Asbury, Herbert . The Barbary Coast, An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld . Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. . New York . 1933.
  33. Los Angeles Times, September 1, 1917, p. II4.
  34. News: San Francisco Police Orders I.W.W. TO GO - 18 Alleged Radicals Are Arrested in Two-Day Raids-Tutor Children, Is Charge. . November 16, 1919 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . October 13, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121013211157/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D01E6DB123FE432A25755C1A9679D946896D6CF . live.
  35. News: Arbuckle is Jailed On Murder Charge in Woman's Death - San Francisco Police Declare Evidence Sufficient in Case of Miss Rappe, Film Actress. But Refuse to Reveal It: Movie Actor, Cautioned by Attorney, Refuses to Make Any Statement on the Case. He is Locked in Bare Cell: Police Are Understood to Rely on Evidence of Miss Prevon, Guest at Party . September 12, 1921 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . October 13, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121013211327/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E2DE153EEE3ABC4A52DFBF66838A639EDE . live.
  36. News: Break Dock Strike With Guns and Gas - San Francisco Police and Stevedores Battle as Trucks Haul First Cargoes. Injured Fill Hospitals: Employers Plan to Renew Movement of Merchandise From Piers Tomorrow. Break Dock Strike With Guns and Gas . July 4, 1934 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095850/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/07/04/archives/break-dock-strike-with-guns-and-gas-san-francisco-police-and.html . live.
  37. News: General Walkout in San Francisco Blocked, 165 to 8 - Conservative Union Men Defeat Move in Sympathy With Dock Strikers. As Protest at Shootings Food Trucks Are Held Up as Riots End and Cargoes Are Moved Again. Roosevelt Action Urged Labor Board Calls Hearing on the Strike - Unions to Weigh Portland Tie-Up. San Francisco Police in Battle With Longshoremen. General Walkout Blocked, 165 TO 8 . July 7, 1934 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722100030/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/07/07/archives/general-walkout-in-san-francisco-blocked-165-to-8-conservative.html . live.
  38. Web site: General Strike Roundup of San Francisco Communists – 1934 . July 17, 1934 . Museum of the City of San Francisco . September 7, 2011 . June 28, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110628235520/http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist4/maritime15.html . live.
  39. Web site: Smashwords – The 1937 San Francisco Police Graft Report by Edwin Atherton – a book by Hank Chapot . Hank . Chapot . February 11, 2012 . Smashwords.com . February 12, 2016 . March 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054813/http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/131865/ . live.
  40. News: Golden Gate Bridge Riot - 50 San Francisco Police Battle 'Polk Gulch' Mob at Fiesta . May 30, 1937 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . September 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930072352/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F17F73D5D12738DDDA90B94DD405B878FF1D3 . live.
  41. San Francisco Chronicle, October 25, 1943.
  42. Web site: Ships called to aid Island prison . . December 29, 2017 . March 25, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160325112147/https://www.loc.gov/item/2002712921/ . live.
  43. News: Coast Chinatown Loses Tie to Past - San Francisco Police Detail, Started in Days of Tong, Passes Tomorrow . August 7, 1955 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . December 8, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003825/http://www.nytimes.com/1955/08/07/archives/coast-chinatown-loses-tie-to-past-san-francisco-police-detail.html . live.
  44. News: What About A New Hall? . The San Francisco Policeman . 1 . 7 . May 14, 1956 . SF Police Officers Association . February 12, 2016 . March 17, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160317005247/http://sfpoa.org/journal_archives/Vol_1_No_7_May_1956.pdf . dead.
  45. The New York Times, September 2, 1958. p. 25.
  46. Web site: 1961 police raid pivotal for gay rights in S.F. . Gary . Kamiya . June 22, 2013 . SFGate . April 16, 2021 . April 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210416225950/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/1961-police-raid-pivotal-for-gay-rights-in-S-F-4615713.php . live.
  47. Chicago Daily Defender, April 15, 1964, p. 8.
  48. Web site: History of San Francisco Pride . October 10, 2006 . Compton's Cafeteria Riot . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061010093558/http://www.comptonscafeteriariot.org/csw.html . October 10, 2006.
  49. News: 'War of the Flea' at San Francisco State . Bunzel . John H. . November 9, 1969 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095930/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/11/09/archives/war-of-the-flea-at-san-francisco-state.html . live.
  50. News: Police Tighten Control at Coast College . December 12, 1968 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722125558/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/12/12/archives/police-tighten-control-at-coast-college.html . live.
  51. News: Police Disperse a Campus Crowd - Students in San Francisco Withdraw Peacefully . Wallace . Turner . December 5, 1968 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . September 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930183019/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0816FB355C147493C7A91789D95F4C8685F9 . live.
  52. News: Policeman's Killing Called Retaliation for Jackson's . Douglas E. . Kneeland . August 31, 1971 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . September 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930072221/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A15F7355B1A7493C3AA1783D85F458785F9 . live.
  53. News: Loss of Rights in San Francisco . Jordan . Vernon E. . May 1, 1974 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . September 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930072532/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0812FF3F5D12738DDDA80894DD405B848BF1D3 . live.
  54. Web site: Photo: Line-up of Nova's, San Francisco, CA, Police . July 16, 2002 . Fotki.com . September 7, 2011 . September 27, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030712/http://public.fotki.com/copcardotcom/contributions_by_name/by_last_name_s_through_z/tony_sollecito/ts020.html . live.
  55. News: Seven Blacks Seized in 'Zebra' Murders . May 2, 1974 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . September 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930072621/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0915F73E59127A93C0A9178ED85F408785F9 . live.
  56. News: 4 In 'Zebra' Killing, Sentenced to Life . March 30, 1976 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722101805/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/30/archives/4-in-zebra-killing-sentenced-to-life.html . live.
  57. News: A.C.L.U. Sues to Bar Searches Of Blacks in Drive to Find Killer . Turner . Wallace . April 23, 1974 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095827/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/23/archives/aclu-sues-to-bar-searches-of-blacks-in-drive-to-find-killer-special.html . live.
  58. News: Coast Trial Told of 'Death Angels' - Zebra Case Witness Says Purpose of Killings Was to Start a Race War . April 20, 1975 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722101726/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/20/archives/coast-trial-told-of-death-angels-zebra-case-witness-says-purpose-of.html . live.
  59. News: 'Cold Trail' Led to the Fugitives - 'Cold Trail' Led to the Arrest Of Miss Hearst and Harrises . Douglas E. . Kneeland . September 20, 1975 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722101832/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/20/archives/cold-trail-led-to-the-fugitives-cold-trail-led-to-the-arrest-of.html . live.
  60. News: Police Call Strike In San Francisco In Bid for 13% Raise . August 19, 1975 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722100141/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/19/archives/police-call-strike-in-san-francisco-in-bid-for-l3-raise.html . live.
  61. News: Police Out, San Francisco Faces Fire and Transit Strikes - New Tie-Ups Loom in San Francisco . Malcolm . Andrew H. . August 20, 1975 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . September 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930183416/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F14FD3B5B1A7493C2AB1783D85F418785F9 . live.
  62. News: Ford Escapes Harm As Shot is Deflected - 2D Coast Episode: The Suspect Had Been Queried but Freed by Secret Service . Shabecoff . Philip . September 23, 1975 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722100429/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/23/archives/ford-escapes-harm-as-shot-is-deflected-2d-coast-episode-the-suspect.html . live.
  63. News: Failure to Restrict Miss Moore Linked To Role as Informer . Crewdson . John M. . September 27, 1975 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . September 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930072226/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70912FE355B107B93C5AB1782D85F418785F9 . live.
  64. News: Miss Moore's Guilty Plea In Ford Attack Accepted . Buckley . Tom . December 17, 1975 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . September 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930072553/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F5061EF73C5B117B93C5A81789D95F418785F9 . live.
  65. News: Secret Service and Bay Police Differ Over Whether Sara Moore Was Considered a Threat to the President . Lyons . Richard D. . October 2, 1975 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . September 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930072717/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0815F8395E16738DDDAB0894D8415B858BF1D3 . live.
  66. News: Secret Service Heard of Threat 2 Days Before President's Trip - Secret Service Told of Threat Before Ford's Visit . Crewdson . John M. . September 24, 1975 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . September 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930072728/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C14FC3B5D137B93C6AB1782D85F418785F9 . live.
  67. News: San Francisco Police Will Hire Homosexuals . August 26, 1977 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722101836/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/26/archives/san-francisco-police-will-hire-homosexuals.html . live.
  68. News: Chinatown Attack Kills 5, Wounds 10 In San Francisco . Turner . Wallace . September 5, 1977 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722100413/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/05/archives/new-jersey-pages-chinatown-attack-kills-5-wounds-10-in-san.html . live.
  69. News: San Francisco Ambush Called Chinese Gang Revenge . September 12, 1977 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . September 30, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930072539/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A11FF3D5E167493C0A81782D85F438785F9 . live.
  70. News: Ex-Aide Held in Moscone Killing Ran as a Crusader Against Crime . Carlsen . William . November 29, 1978 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . February 5, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180205152712/http://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/29/archives/exaide-held-in-moscone-killing-ran-as-a-crusader-against-crime.html . live.
  71. News: Trial Opens In Murder of Mayor And Supervisor in San Francisco - Insanity Will Be Plea . Turner . Wallace . April 24, 1979 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095934/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/24/archives/trial-opens-in-murder-of-mayor-and-supervisor-in-san-francisco.html . live.
  72. News: 2 Deaths Mourned by San Franciscans - 25,000 Pay Tribute at City Hall to Slain Mayor and Supervisor . Ledbetter . Les . November 29, 1978 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . February 7, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180207071254/http://www.nytimes.com/1978/11/29/archives/2-deaths-mourned-by-san-franciscans-25000-pay-tribute-at-city-hall.html . live.
  73. News: Job-Bias Lawsuit Settled By San Francisco Police - Support of Board and Mayor . Turner . Wallace . January 28, 1979 . The New York Times . September 7, 2011 . July 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180722100628/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/01/28/archives/jobbias-lawsuit-settled-by-san-francisco-police-support-of-board.html . live.
  74. Book: Koskovich, Gerard . Leyland . Winston . 2002 . Out in the Castro: Desire, Promise, Activism . Remembering a Police Riot: The Castro Sweep of October 6, 1989 . San Francisco . Leyland Publications . 189–198 . 0-943595-88-6.
  75. News: Judge Dismisses More Than 39,000 Matrix Charges / S.F. trying for 'kinder' action on homeless . Glen . Martin . April 17, 1996 . San Francisco Chronicle . September 7, 2011.
  76. News: Policing the Vice Squad: Investigations launched into money collected from massage parlor workers . Huang . Renata . December 16, 1998 . . June 14, 2024.
  77. Web site: Melee closes S.F. high school . Van Derbeken . Jaxon . Asimov . Nanette . amp . October 12, 2002 . SFGate.
  78. News: The tragedy of Idriss Stelley . Thompson . A.C. . April 2, 2002 . . April 2, 2012 . September 7, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120907042132/http://www.sfbg.com/36/17/news_tragedy.html . live.
  79. Web site: Resource List: Idriss Stelley Foundation . Rubick . Jade . October 5, 2004 . Stop Abuse For Everyone (SAFE) . April 2, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111011121405/http://www.safe4all.org/resource-list/view/35355 . October 11, 2011.
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